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Introduction: Pleural contact is present when the underlying pathology of the pleural tag (PT) involves the pleura. This study aimed to preoperatively predict PI by lung adenocarcinomas (ACCs) with PT, exploring CT imaging parameters indicative of PT consisting of pleura and tumor invasiveness. Methods: This single-center, retrospective study included 84 consecutive patients diagnosed with solid ACCs with PT, who underwent resection at our hospital between May 2019 and July 2023. CT imaging parameters analyzed included: LPT (the length of PT), defined as the shortest distance from the tumor edge to the retracted pleura. Patients were divided into PI -ve group and PI +ve group according to PI status. Regression analyses were used to determine predictive factors for PI. Results: The study evaluated 84 patients (mean age, 62.0 ± 13.8 years; 45 females) pathologically diagnosed with ACCs with PT on CT. Multivariate regression analysis identified tumor size (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.29, p = 0.000), LPT (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.91, p = 0.03) and multiple PTs to multiple types of pleura (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.13-11.20, p = 0.03) as independent predictors for PI. The combination of these CT features improved the predictive performance for preoperatively identifying PI, achieving high specificity and moderate accuracy. The sensitivity of predicting PI with only LPT < 3 mm was 96.9%. Conclusion: This study determined that LPT is effective for predetermining PI in ACCs with PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While nuclear power offers a viable solution to the ever-growing energy demands, the piling up of nuclear waste remains a looming threat, endangering life on Earth. Safe disposal of radionuclides, especially highly volatile ones such as iodine, is a grave concern to be addressed for operational safety. Even though porous adsorbents for iodine capture have been widely investigated, less focus has been directed toward nonporous materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis of nonporous, macrocyclic Calix[4]-resorcinarenes (C4Rs) via a near solventless green protocol mediated by Keggin-type phosphovanadotungstic acid and avoiding the use of mineral acids. The applicability of the synthesized C4Rs for iodine absorption at elevated temperatures has been explored. Facile synthesis strategy and metal-free nature coupled with moisture and temperature stability endorse our interest in C4Rs as highly attractive substrates for iodine sorption, with the substituent functionalities playing an important role in adsorption efficiency. We hereby report a novel C4R, DEAS, with an exceptional iodine sorption capability. The retention of iodine in the macrocyclic framework, mainly in the form of polyiodides, could be ascertained through a detailed characterization. The adsorption was found to follow pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption of iodine from an aqueous solution was also subjected to investigation. Furthermore, theoretical investigation into the guest–host interactions between C4Rs and I2 has been attempted for better insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a graphene organic framework (GOF-LS) was successfully prepared by cross-linking nanosheets of graphene oxide (GO) with dimethyl-4,4'-(methylenebis (2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3,1-diyl)) dibutyrate (LS) as a pillaring agent via a transesterification process. GOF-LS have been characterized by various analyses, such as Fourier transform infrared, BET, powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, thermogravimetric analysis, and FE-SEM. The oxygenic functional groups in GO and the sulfur atoms of LS give mesoporous GOF-LS a strong affinity for iodine molecules due to the formation of charge-transfer complexes between the host framework's sulfur and oxygen atoms and the guest iodine molecules. Therefore, GOF-LS exhibited a high adsorption capacity of 1315.105 mg/g for removing iodine from the iodine/cyclohexane solution. In addition, GOF-LS also displayed extraordinary stability toward iodine, with an excellent capacity of 232 wt % for volatile iodine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report aiming at iodine uptake with a GOF built on a thioamide-based ligand. This study also aimed to investigate the antibacterial properties of GOF-LS. The antibacterial activity of GOF-L suspensions (80 μg/mL) was tested against four species of bacteria, including two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus). The results indicated that the GOF-LS were effective against all bacterial species, with especially remarkable growth inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, GOF-LS demonstrated promising results in controlling antibiotic-resistant strains of E. coli and S. aureus in the environment. This study will contribute to the development of a cost-effective, metal-free, stable, and environmentally friendly multifunctional framework for the remediation of iodine-containing pollutants and the control of bacterial infections, addressing critical needs in environmental protection and public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on modulation of iodine uptake by thyroid cells could help improve radioiodine treatment of dogs with thyroid tumors. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), thyroglobulin, thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), sodium iodide symporter (NIS), pendrin, thyroid peroxidase (TPO), vimentin, and Ki-67 in follicular cell thyroid carcinomas (FTCs) and medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs), and to compare protein expression between FTC causing hyperthyroidism and FTC of euthyroid dogs. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 25 FTCs (9 follicular, 8 follicular-compact, and 8 compact) and 8 MTCs. FTCs and MTCs were positive for TTF-1, and expression was higher in FTCs of euthyroid dogs compared with FTCs of hyperthyroid dogs (P =.041). Immunolabeling for thyroglobulin was higher in follicular and follicular-compact FTCs compared with compact FTCs (P =.001), while vimentin expression was higher in follicular-compact FTCs compared with follicular FTCs (P =.011). The expression of TSHR, NIS, pendrin, and TPO was not significantly different among the different subtypes of FTCs or between FTCs causing hyperthyroidism and FTCs in euthyroid dogs. TSHR, NIS, pendrin, and TPO were also expressed in MTCs. Ki-67 labeling index was comparable between FTCs and MTCs, and between FTCs causing hyperthyroidism and FTCs in euthyroid dogs. Proteins of iodine transport were also expressed in canine MTCs, which could have implications for diagnosis and treatment. The different expression of thyroglobulin and vimentin between FTC histological subtypes could reflect variations in tumor differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionPleural contact is present when the underlying pathology of the pleural tag (PT) involves the pleura. This study aimed to preoperatively predict PI by lung adenocarcinomas (ACCs) with PT, exploring CT imaging parameters indicative of PT consisting of pleura and tumor invasiveness.MethodsThis single-center, retrospective study included 84 consecutive patients diagnosed with solid ACCs with PT, who underwent resection at our hospital between May 2019 and July 2023. CT imaging parameters analyzed included: LPT (the length of PT), defined as the shortest distance from the tumor edge to the retracted pleura. Patients were divided into PI -ve group and PI +ve group according to PI status. Regression analyses were used to determine predictive factors for PI.ResultsThe study evaluated 84 patients (mean age, 62.0 ± 13.8 years; 45 females) pathologically diagnosed with ACCs with PT on CT. Multivariate regression analysis identified tumor size (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.29, p = 0.000), LPT (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.91, p = 0.03) and multiple PTs to multiple types of pleura (OR 3.58, 95% CI 1.13-11.20, p = 0.03) as independent predictors for PI. The combination of these CT features improved the predictive performance for preoperatively identifying PI, achieving high specificity and moderate accuracy. The sensitivity of predicting PI with only LPT < 3 mm was 96.9%.ConclusionThis study determined that LPT is effective for predetermining PI in ACCs with PT.

Radioactive iodine pollution from nuclear waste poses a major threat to both the environment and human health. Therefore, capturing and storing radioactive iodine are of paramount significance. Herein, three amide-linked porous organic polymers (POPs), viz., CD-POP, PD-POP, and BD-POP were synthesized for the uptake of iodine in solution and vapor phases. The amide-linked POPs were prepared by the polycondensation of cis,cis-1,3,5-cyclohexanetricarbonyl chloride with trans-1,4-cyclohexanediamine, p-phenylenediamine, and benzidine, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report for iodine uptake by amide-based POPs. PD-POP, CD-POP, and BD-POP were found to be efficient for the capture of iodine in the vapor phase showing an uptake capacity of 3.53, 2.60, and 0.84 g·g–1, respectively, at 75 °C. Furthermore, for the removal of iodine from the cyclohexane solution, they exhibited uptake capacities of 297, 286, and 248 mg·g–1 for PD-POP, CD-POP, and BD-POP, respectively. These thermally robust, insoluble amide-based polymers have shown impressive recycling capabilities, with performance maintained for at least five cycles without a significant decrease in the adsorption capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of triazine-based covalent organic polymers were successfully constructed through a one-pot and catalyst-free polycondensation approach. More specifically, two kinds of aromatic aldehyde containing different hydroxyl content named terephthalaldehyde and 2, 4, 6-trihydroxyisophthalaldehyde were selected and the derived polymers (denoted as POPs-1 and POPs-2) with large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas (> 360 m2/g), high total pore volume (> 0.47 m3/g), good stability and different heteroatoms (such as N and O) contents were prepared. Interestingly, POPs-1 featuring high BET surface area and N content (up to 34.83 %) exhibited excellent iodine vapor uptake of 441 wt% at 348 K/1.0 bar, POPs-2 with high O content (up to 25.83 %) showed better CO2 adsorption capacity (91.8 mg/g) at 273 K/1.0 bar and higher isosteric heat of adsorption (up to 85.0 kJ/mol) than that of POPs-1. This value of the isosteric heat is the highest value reported to date for porous organic polymers. This excellent adsorption performance was resulted either from the large BET surface area or high heteroatoms (N and O) contents of the porous adsorbents. The study offer an alternative route to develop high-performance porous adsorbents to capture carbon dioxide and iodine.

Regulating of pore environment is an efficient way to improve the performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for specific application requirements. Herein, the design and synthesis of two pyrene‐based 2D COFs with ‐H or ‐Me substituents, TFFPy‐PPD‐COF and TFFPy‐TMPD‐COF are reported. Both of them show long order structure and high porosity, in which TFFPy‐PPD‐COF displays a larger pore volume and bigger BET surface area (2587 m2 g−1, 1.17 cm3 g−1). Interestingly, TFPPy‐TMPD‐COF exhibits a much higher vapor iodine capacity (4.8 g g−1) than TFPPy‐PPD‐COF (2.9 g g−1), in contrast to their pore volume size. By using multiple techniques, the better performance of TFPPy‐TMPD‐COF in iodine capture is ascribed to the altered pore environment by introducing methyl groups, which contributes to the formation of polyiodide anions and enhances the interactions between the frameworks and iodine. These results will be helpful for understanding the effect of pore environment in COFs for iodine uptake and constructing novel structure with high iodine capture performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medi-MOF-1 is a highly porous Metal-Organic framework (MOF) constructed from Zn(II) and curcumin. The obtained crystal was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A micrometer-sized crystal with similar morphology was successfully obtained using the solvothermal method. Thanks to its high surface area, good stability, and abound pores, the as-synthesized medi-MOF-1 could be used as a functional porous material to adsorb different gases (H2, CO2, CH4, and N2) and iodine (I2). The activated sample exhibited a high I2 adsorption ability of 1.936 g g–1 at room temperature via vapor diffusion. Meanwhile, the adsorbed I2 could be released slowly in ethanol, confirming the potential application for I2 adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) with indolent progression have general good prognosis after standard primary treatments including surgery, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. However, there are still some patients suffered from recurrence or distant metastasis after initial treatment. They may lose the ability of uptaking iodine during their natural course of disease or treatment and could not benefit from subsequent RAI treatment, which will result in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC). Options are very limited for RAIR-DTC patients, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, with the research advances on the molecular mechanism of RAIR-DTC, redifferentiation combined with RAI therapy have been increasingly used to treat RAIR-DTC, and some outcomes are quite encouraging. This paper reviews the progress of signaling pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, retinoids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists in redifferentiating therapy of RAIR-DTC.

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an emerging and the most genotoxic iodinated disinfection byproduct to date. IAA can disrupt the thyroid endocrine function in vivo and in vitro, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, transcriptome sequencing was used to investigate the effect of IAA on the cellular pathways of human thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-ori 3–1 and determine the mechanism of IAA on the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) in Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. Results of transcriptome sequencing indicated that IAA affected the TH synthesis pathway in Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. IAA reduced the mRNA expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, sodium iodide symporter, thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, paired box 8 and thyroid transcription factor-2, inhibited the cAMP/PKA pathway and Na+-K+-ATPase, and decreased the iodine intake. The results were confirmed by our previous findings in vivo. Additionally, IAA downregulated glutathione and the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1, leading to increased reactive oxygen species production. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanisms of IAA on TH synthesis in vitro. The mechanisms are associated with down-regulating the expression of genes related to TH synthesis, inhibiting iodine uptake, and inducing oxidative stress. These findings may improve future health risk assessment of IAA on thyroid in human.

In this work, we have prepared two new sulfur CPs with group 12 transition metals, namely, [Zn (NCS)Cl(μ2‐L)]n(1) and [Hg (SCN)2(μ2‐L)]n(3). [Cd (NCS)Cl(μ2‐L)]n(2), which is isostructural with 1, was synthesized for a comparison from our published work. These compounds have been characterized by FT‐IR, UV–Vis, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis (CHNS), scanning electron microscopy (Fe‐SEM), TGA, BET, and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis for 1 and 3. In the structure of all polymers, the bbit ligand [L = bbit = 1,1‐bis(3‐methyl‐4‐imidazoline‐2‐thion)butane] is bridged between metal centers by the anti‐anti‐anti conformation to form an infinite 1D zigzag chain. The considered polymers were used for the removal of a substantial amount of I2 from cyclohexane solution. Despite the nonporous and low dimensional frameworks of title polymers, their maximum iodine adsorption capacities were notable and in order of 817.68, 906.48, and 911.08 mg/g for polymers 1–3, respectively, with an extraordinary stability toward iodine. The capacity of micro‐sized structures was almost double as compared with their bulk ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series of open metal site MOFs, HKUST-1 and MIL-100(Fe), have been successfully prepared using different methods of synthesis. Their features depend on the synthetic route as well as their role play in different environmental applications. The stability and performance of these BTC-based MOFs have been tested bearing in mind Congo Red (CR) removal, humidity adsorption and iodine capture and release. HKUST-1 and MIL-100(Fe) samples could offer a remarkable role in the adsorption of CR from aqueous solutions. However, the lability of HKUST-1 in water is revealed as a drawback for its reutilization in both static and agitation conditions. The former contrasts to the stability under ambient moisture. MIL-100(Fe) shows promising properties in both CR adsorption in aqueous solutions and humidity adsorption. Nonetheless, the performance largely depends on the synthesis conditions. Although CR removal is based on surface interaction, there is a relation between the adsorpted quantity and the specific surface area. The size and nature of iodine allows the diffusion in the pores of both HKUST-1 and MIL-100(Fe) MOFs. This way, the uptake of iodine is driving by the porosity and surface area of samples rather than their inherent nature. As a rule, the results of this work indicate that not only is it important the specific nature of the MOF chosen for a given application but also the way in which it has been synthesized and the conditions in which they are used. MIL-100(Fe)-R is revealed as the best suitable candidate to be used as a sorbent for CR in aqueous solutions, moisture and I 2 gas. Two series of open metal site Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), HKUST-1 and MIL-100(Fe), were synthesized using different methods to explore their potential in various environmental applications. The synthesis route significantly influences their structural characteristics and functional performance. [Display omitted] • Sorption capabilities of HKUST-1 and MIL-100(Fe) depend on their textural properties. • MOFs have been used in the adsorption of water from the vapour phase. • The elimination of congo red from water solutions has been evaluated. • The adsorption of vapour iodine has successfully carried out. • The conditions of the experiments limit the application of HKUST-1 samples in aqueous media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDDs) is one of the most prevailing and common health issues in mountainous communities. An effective way to control the prevalence and emergence of IDDs in remote areas is to use iodized salt. However, recent studies indicated that iodized salt is mostly lost during the cooking process. The current study of iodine biofortification differed from the previous studies in two main aspects: it involved exogenous organic iodine (OI), and inorganic iodine such as potassium iodide (KI), added in the amended soils, which previous studies did not consider. Moreover, the translocation, transformation, and distribution of iodine from soil to plants are poorly understood in amended soil. Thus, identifying an effective management option to enhance iodine (I) bioavailability in nutrient-deficient soils is currently a significant challenge. Therefore, a greenhouse study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic soil amendments on the uptake of different iodine sources in coriander crops. Results showed that applying an inorganic iodine source significantly enhanced the iodine edible part of the crop compared to the control (p

The majority patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) with indolent progression have general good prognosis after standard primary treatments including surgery, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression and radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy. However, there are still some patients suffered from recurrence or distant metastasis after initial treatment. They may lose the ability of uptaking iodine during their natural course of disease or treatment and could not benefit from subsequent RAI treatment, which will result in radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC). Options are very limited for RAIR-DTC patients, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, with the research advances on the molecular mechanism of RAIR-DTC, redifferentiation combined with RAI therapy have been increasingly used to treat RAIR-DTC, and some outcomes are quite encouraging. This paper reviews the progress of signaling pathway inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, retinoids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists in redifferentiating therapy of RAIR-DTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medi-MOF-1 is a highly porous Metal-Organic framework (MOF) constructed from Zn(II) and curcumin. The obtained crystal was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A micrometer-sized crystal with similar morphology was successfully obtained using the solvothermal method. Thanks to its high surface area, good stability, and abound pores, the as-synthesized medi-MOF-1 could be used as a functional porous material to adsorb different gases (H2, CO2, CH4, and N2) and iodine (I2). The activated sample exhibited a high I2 adsorption ability of 1.936 g g–1 at room temperature via vapor diffusion. Meanwhile, the adsorbed I2 could be released slowly in ethanol, confirming the potential application for I2 adsorption.

Context: Patients with radioactive iodine (RAI) refractory metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have poor prognosis. Early identification of RAI refractoriness may improve care. Objective: This work aimed to characterize DTC patients with distant metastases (DM) at diagnosis who presented with non–iodine-avid disease. Methods: Retrospective analyses of DTC patients with DM at diagnosis who presented between 2012 and 2020 were performed. Iodine uptake in DM was correlated with tumor histology and mutational profile. The difference in uptake between BRAF V600E-like (BVL) and RAS-like (RL) cancers based on insights from The Cancer Genome Atlas was evaluated. Results: Among 78 patients, 48.7% had negative uptake in DM on the first posttherapy scan. Negative scans were highly prevalent in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with papillary architecture, PTC with BRAF V600E mutation, and PTC with both BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations (71.1%, 80.9%, and 100%, respectively). BVL and RL tumors exhibited distinct uptake patterns with negative scan prevalence of 76.9% and 14.3% (P = .005). Multivariate logistical regression confirmed high odds of negative uptake in BVL tumors with either BVL mutations or papillary architecture, 19.8 (95% CI, 2.72-144), and low odds of negative uptake in RL tumors with either RL mutations or follicular architecture, 0.048 (95% CI, 0.006-0.344), after adjusting for age, sex, race, RAI preparation method, bone metastases, and RAI dose. Patients with negative scans were significantly older (62.4 vs 47.0 years, P = .03). Conclusion: Among DTC patients with DM at diagnosis, non–iodine-avid disease is highly prevalent in patients with BVL cancers, particularly with BRAF V600E and TERT promoter mutations, and is associated with an older age. Better strategies are needed to improve RAI treatment response for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of multiple heteroatoms in porous polymers enable Lewis acid-base type host-guest interactions for the excellent uptake of iodine in vapor phase. [Display omitted] • A set of phosphate-based porous polymers were made via nucleophilic substitution of various aromatic alcohols with POCl 3. • Among them, AZO-POP-P showed excellent iodine uptake capacity of 356 wt% in vapour phase with reusability for five times. • The DFT based complexation energy was maximum for AZO-POP-P (501.6 kcal/mol) agreeing well with the experimental trend. • The possibility of facile host-guest charge transfer was evident from the XPS, EPR and Raman spectra. Radioactive iodine pollution from nuclear waste poses significant threat to both the environment and human health. As a result, the utmost importance lies in the capture and safe storage of radioactive iodine. To address this concern, a set of porous organic polymers with phosphate linkages, namely AZO-POP-P , OPN-3 , OPN-4 , and OPN-5 , were synthesized for the uptake of iodine in vapor phase. Additionally, a triazine-based porous organic polymer, AZO-POP-T was also synthesized to compare the iodine uptake capacity. Syntheses of these phosphate-linked and triazine-based polymers involved a nucleophilic substitution reaction of various aromatic alcohols with POCl 3 or cyanuric chloride, respectively. This study represents an inaugural investigation into the iodine uptake capability by phosphate-based porous organic polymers. They exhibited efficient iodine capture from vapor phase, demonstrating uptake capacities of 3.56, 1.30, 2.70, and 0.63 g.g−1 for AZO-POP-P , OPN-3 , OPN-4 , and OPN-5 respectively, at 75 °C. Meanwhile, the triazine-based AZO-POP-T exhibited an uptake capacity of 1.83 g.g−1 at 75 °C. These porous organic polymers demonstrated easy and scalable synthesis, high thermal stability, and recyclability for at least five cycles without significant decrease in the uptake capacity towards volatile iodine from vapour phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of local tumor progression (LTP) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) and microwave ablation (MWA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging. The goal of this study was to identify cases with insufficient ablation and prevent HCC recurrencies by measuring iodine uptake using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). In 54 HCC-patients, the volumetric iodine concentration (VIC) of the central and peripheral ablation area was evaluated by DECT within 24 h after IRE or MWA. Follow-up was performed with CT and/or MRI at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. In both groups, LTP was solely detected in the peripheral area (IRE: n = 4; MWA: n = 4) and LTP patients showed significantly higher VIC values in the peripheral zone than patients without LTP (IRE: * p = 0.0005; MWA: * p = 0.000). In IRE-LTP patients, no significant difference between the VIC values of non-ablated liver tissue and the peripheral zone was detected (p = 0.155). The peripheral zones of IRE patients without LTP (* p = 0.000) and MWA patients, irrespective of the presence of LTP (LTP: * p = 0.005; without LTP: * p = 0.000), showed significantly lower VIC values than non-ablated liver parenchyma. Higher BCLC tumor stages were indicative for LTP (* p = 0.008). The study suggests that elevated iodine uptake in the peripheral ablation zone could help identify LTP after IRE and MWA of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seung Hyun Son,1,2,* Prakash Gangadaran,1,2,* Byeong-Cheol Ahn1,2 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: This study was designed to explore a novel approach for transferring NIS protein to cells using extracellular vesicle (EV) and enhancing iodine avidity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells.Methods: We transfected the HCC cells (Huh7) with NIS gene, designated as Huh7/NIS, and isolated the EVs from them. Presence of NIS protein in EVs and EV-mediated transport of NIS protein to recipient Huh7 cells were tested using Western blotting. We also examined radioiodine uptake in Huh7 cells treated with EV-Huh7/NIS.Results: Successful transfer of NIS protein into Huh7 cells was confirmed by WB and microscopy. EVs showed high levels of NIS protein in them. Treatment of Huh7 cells with EV-Huh7/NIS increased the NIS protein level and enhanced 125I uptake in recipient Huh7 cells. In addition, EV-huh7/NIS pre-treatment enhanced the cytotoxicity of 131I therapy against Huh7 cells by inducing increased DNA damage/increased γH2A.X foci formation. Conclusion: This is the first-of-its-kind demonstration of successful transportation of the NIS protein to cells via EVs, which increased radioiodine uptake. This approach can revert radioiodine-resistant cancers into radioiodine-sensitive cancers. Keywords: sodium iodide symporter (NIS), extracellular vesicle, iodine uptake, hepato-cellular carcinoma

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) derived radiomics model to predict peritoneal metastasis (PM) in patients with gastric cancer (GC).MethodsThis retrospective study recruited 239 GC (non-PM = 174, PM = 65) patients with histopathological confirmation for peritoneal status from January 2015 to December 2019. All patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 160) and a testing cohort (n = 79). Standardized iodine-uptake (IU) images and 120-kV-equivalent mixed images (simulating conventional CT images) from portal-venous and delayed phases were used for analysis. Two regions of interest (ROIs) including the peritoneal area and the primary tumor were independently delineated. Subsequently, 1691 and 1226 radiomics features were extracted from the peritoneal area and the primary tumor from IU and mixed images on each phase. Boruta and Spearman correlation analysis were used for feature selection. Three radiomics models were established, including the R_IU model for IU images, the R_MIX model for mixed images and the combined radiomics model (the R_comb model). Random forest was used to tune the optimal radiomics model. The performance of the clinical model and human experts to assess PM was also recorded.ResultsFourteen and three radiomics features with low redundancy and high importance were extracted from the IU and mixed images, respectively. The R_IU model showed significantly better performance to predict PM than the R_MIX model in the training cohort (AUC, 0.981 vs. 0.917, p = 0.034). No improvement was observed in the R_comb model (AUC = 0.967). The R_IU model was the optimal radiomics model which showed no overfitting in the testing cohort (AUC = 0.967, p = 0.528). The R_IU model demonstrated significantly higher predictive value on peritoneal status than the clinical model and human experts in the testing cohort (AUC, 0.785, p = 0.005; AUC, 0.732, p

Objective: To develop and validate a dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) derived radiomics model to predict peritoneal metastasis (PM) in patients with gastric cancer (GC). Methods: This retrospective study recruited 239 GC (non-PM = 174, PM = 65) patients with histopathological confirmation for peritoneal status from January 2015 to December 2019. All patients were randomly divided into a training cohort (n = 160) and a testing cohort (n = 79). Standardized iodine-uptake (IU) images and 120-kV-equivalent mixed images (simulating conventional CT images) from portal-venous and delayed phases were used for analysis. Two regions of interest (ROIs) including the peritoneal area and the primary tumor were independently delineated. Subsequently, 1691 and 1226 radiomics features were extracted from the peritoneal area and the primary tumor from IU and mixed images on each phase. Boruta and Spearman correlation analysis were used for feature selection. Three radiomics models were established, including the R_IU model for IU images, the R_MIX model for mixed images and the combined radiomics model (the R_comb model). Random forest was used to tune the optimal radiomics model. The performance of the clinical model and human experts to assess PM was also recorded. Results: Fourteen and three radiomics features with low redundancy and high importance were extracted from the IU and mixed images, respectively. The R_IU model showed significantly better performance to predict PM than the R_MIX model in the training cohort (AUC, 0.981 vs. 0.917, p = 0.034). No improvement was observed in the R_comb model (AUC = 0.967). The R_IU model was the optimal radiomics model which showed no overfitting in the testing cohort (AUC = 0.967, p = 0.528). The R_IU model demonstrated significantly higher predictive value on peritoneal status than the clinical model and human experts in the testing cohort (AUC, 0.785, p = 0.005; AUC, 0.732, p <0.001, respectively). Conclusion: DECT derived radiomics could serve as a non-invasive and easy-to-use biomarker to preoperatively predict PM for GC, providing opportunity for those patients to tailor appropriate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early detection of local tumor progression (LTP) after irreversible electroporation (IRE) and microwave ablation (MWA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains challenging. The goal of this study was to identify cases with insufficient ablation and prevent HCC recurrencies by measuring iodine uptake using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT). In 54 HCC-patients, the volumetric iodine concentration (VIC) of the central and peripheral ablation area was evaluated by DECT within 24 h after IRE or MWA. Follow-up was performed with CT and/or MRI at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, respectively. In both groups, LTP was solely detected in the peripheral area (IRE: n = 4; MWA: n = 4) and LTP patients showed significantly higher VIC values in the peripheral zone than patients without LTP (IRE: * p = 0.0005; MWA: * p = 0.000). In IRE-LTP patients, no significant difference between the VIC values of non-ablated liver tissue and the peripheral zone was detected (p = 0.155). The peripheral zones of IRE patients without LTP (* p = 0.000) and MWA patients, irrespective of the presence of LTP (LTP: * p = 0.005; without LTP: * p = 0.000), showed significantly lower VIC values than non-ablated liver parenchyma. Higher BCLC tumor stages were indicative for LTP (* p = 0.008). The study suggests that elevated iodine uptake in the peripheral ablation zone could help identify LTP after IRE and MWA of HCC.

Accumulation of iodine by potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativus) plants cultivated on different soils (sand, sandy silt, and silt) using irrigation water containing iodine at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L was investigated. In the edible organs of potato and carrot control plants grown on sand, sandy silt, and silt soils, the iodine concentrations were 0.15, 0.17, and 0.20 mg/kg (potato) and 0.012, 0.012, and 0.013 mg/kg (carrot); after the treatment by applying 0.5 mg/L iodine dosage, the iodine concentrations were 0.21, 0.19, 0.27 mg/kg (potato) and 3.5, 3.7, 3.0 mg/kg (carrot), respectively. Although the iodine treatment had no significant effect on the biomass production of these plants, in potato tubers, it resulted in higher Fe and lower Mg and P concentrations, whereas no similar trend was observable in carrot roots. The accumulation of Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in the edible part of both plants was not influenced by the iodine treatment. The soil properties did not have a significant impact on biomass production under the same environmental conditions. The concentration and the distribution of iodine in both plants were slightly modified by the growing medium; however, the photosynthetic efficiency and the chlorophyll content index of potato plants cultivated in silt soil increased significantly. Potato plant was not suitable for biofortification with iodine, while considering the iodine concentration and the moisture content of carrot roots, it can be calculated that consuming 100 g fresh carrot would cover about 38% of the daily iodine intake requirement for an average adult person.

Accumulation of iodine by potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L. var. sativus) plants cultivated on different soils (sand, sandy silt, and silt) using irrigation water containing iodine at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L was investigated. In the edible organs of potato and carrot control plants grown on sand, sandy silt, and silt soils, the iodine concentrations were 0.15, 0.17, and 0.20 mg/kg (potato) and 0.012, 0.012, and 0.013 mg/kg (carrot); after the treatment by applying 0.5 mg/L iodine dosage, the iodine concentrations were 0.21, 0.19, 0.27 mg/kg (potato) and 3.5, 3.7, 3.0 mg/kg (carrot), respectively. Although the iodine treatment had no significant effect on the biomass production of these plants, in potato tubers, it resulted in higher Fe and lower Mg and P concentrations, whereas no similar trend was observable in carrot roots. The accumulation of Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in the edible part of both plants was not influenced by the iodine treatment. The soil properties did not have a significant impact on biomass production under the same environmental conditions. The concentration and the distribution of iodine in both plants were slightly modified by the growing medium; however, the photosynthetic efficiency and the chlorophyll content index of potato plants cultivated in silt soil increased significantly. Potato plant was not suitable for biofortification with iodine, while considering the iodine concentration and the moisture content of carrot roots, it can be calculated that consuming 100 g fresh carrot would cover about 38% of the daily iodine intake requirement for an average adult person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogens causing endocrine disruption. While production of PCBs is now banned, wildlife exposure still occurs due to environmental contamination. We investigated thyroid toxicity in wild ungulates using three-dimensional primary thyrocyte cultures exposed to PCB 138 for 24, 48, and 72 h at concentrations ranging within 0--3000 ng/ml. Thyrocyte viability ranged within 78.71--118.34%, 98.14--104.45%, and 84.16--106.70% in fallow deer-, mouflon-, and roe deer-derived cells, respectively. Viability decreased significantly in fallow deer (P = 0.012) and roe deer (P = 0.002) thyrocytes exposed for 48 h at 30 ng/ml. While cytotoxicity ranged within 2.36--16.37%, 3.19--9.85%, and 2.76--11.21% in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively, only roe deer displayed significantly higher cytotoxicity at a 3 ng/ml exposure (P < 0.05) and lower cytotoxicity at 30 ng/ml (P < 0.01). Exposure to 30 ng/ml for 24 and 48 h induced reactive oxygen species in fallow deer. Iodide uptake at 30 ng/ml exposure increased after 24 h in fallow and roe deer, but showed a significant drop after 48 and 72 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer. Thyroxine T4 release at 30 ng/ml exposure decreased significantly after 48 and 72 h; 24, 48 and 72 h; and 48 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively. Our findings indicate time- and species-dependent effects of PCB on performance and thyrocyte function. Use of cell culture models reduces the number of experimental specimens, increases test species welfare and replaces whole organisms with specific target cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covalent triazine‐based framework (TDPDB) has been prepared by Friedel‐Crafts polymerization reaction of N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐di(m‐tolyl)benzidine (DPDB) with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (TCT) catalyzed by methanesulfonic acid. The yield of the reaction (94.85%) is very high. TDPDB was provided with Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller specific surface area of 592.18 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.5241 cm3 g−1. TDPDB demonstrated an excellent capacity for capturing iodine (3.93 g g−1) and an outstanding ability to fluorescent sensing to iodine with Ksv of 5.83 × 104 L mol−1. It also showed high fluorescent sensing sensitivity to picric acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• These methimazole derivatives have good iodine adsorption capacity. • The title compounds can be nominated as new anti-thyroid drugs. • Docking and DFT calculation were applied for all title compounds. • These ligands are strongly suggested for designing novel CPs/MOFs and COFs with iodine uptake purpose. Charge transfer adducts formed between iodine and several chemical families, such as thiourea and its derivatives, thiocyanates, and isothiocyanates have been studied for their pharmaceutical importance in hyperthyroidism treatment. The anti-thyroid activity of a sulfur-containing compound in vivo is directly related to the ease of charge transfer from sulfur to iodine [S(n.b) → σ *(I 2)]. In the current work, for the first time six methimazole-based bidentate ligands (L 0 –L 6) have been selected to investigate their anti-thyroid activity by in silico studies using docking and root mean square deviations (RMSD) calculations. Furthermore, their iodine adsorption ability has been studied experimentally and theoretically using DFT. The geometrical and electronic properties of these compounds were examined and compared with each other, and the nature of the S I I bond has also been discussed. These compounds can adsorb iodine 3 to 9 times more than their weight in solution and vapor phase, which is an incredible record considering their simple structure. A comparison of the obtained result with methimazole as a known anti-thyroid drug indicates that, these compounds can be nominated as new anti-thyroid drugs. Regarding the extraordinary capacities of iodine adsorption, these linkers are strongly suggested for designing novel CPs/MOFs and COFs with iodine uptake purpose. [Display omitted] Methimazole derivatives were considered as anti-thyroid drugs. These compounds with two sulfur donor atoms can adsorb iodine much more than free methimazole. Two mechanisms verified the interaction of the considered compounds: iodine adsorption by substantial charge transfer [S(n.b) → σ * (I 2)] transition and interaction with thyroid enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioactive iodine is one of the nuclear wastes which might be released from nuclear accident. Ionic liquids could uptake iodine by halogen bonding. However, ionic liquids are generally expensive. Therefore, it is desired to enhance the iodine uptake in ionic liquids by cheap materials. In this work, the iodine uptake by mixtures of ionic liquids with various biomass (cellulose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, cyclodextrin, starch, chitosan, chitin, lignin, lysine, serine, glycine, proline, glutamine, alanine, and histidine), solvents (water, DMSO, DMF, CH3OH, and CH3CN), and supported material (montmorillonite, SiO2, coarse activated carbon, and graphene) was investigated. The results showed that iodine uptake could be enhanced by some types of amino acids, biomass polymers, and carbohydrate compounds. The proline dissolved in [BMIM][Ac]/DMSO mixture with a mass ratio of 1:1 can absorbed 92% iodine in 5 h. The glucose and sucrose manifested the highest capacity of 92%, while fructose, chitin, and starch had the lower capacity around 78%. However, the effects of solvents on the iodine uptake depended on the ionic liquids and solvents. Addition of DMSO into I2-phobic ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4] could greatly enhance the iodine uptake, while the addition of solvents into I2-philic ionic liquid [BMIM][Ac] either had no effect or had negative effect on the iodine uptake. Besides that, montmorillonite could enhance iodine uptake for I2-phobic ionic liquid [BMIM][BF4], and water had negative effect on the efficiency of iodine uptake by I2-philic ionic liquid [BMIM][Ac]; thus, the impurities should not be ignored in the iodine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Three new triazine-based conjugated microporous polymers with nitrogen as cores containing triphenylamine (TPA), 4,4′,4″-tris(N,N-diphenylamino)triphenylamine (TDATA) and 4,4′,4″-tri[phenyl(m -tonyl)amino]triphenylamine moieties (TMDATA) (TTPA, TTDATA and TTMDATA) were constructed via Friedel-Crafts reaction catalysed by methanesulfonic acid. The resulting CMPs possess high BET surface area of over 308, 491 and 456 m2 g−1, large pore volumes, good stability, and display efficient and reversible guest uptake of 4.92, 4.72 and 4.49 g g−1 in iodine vapour which are higher than that of the CMPs with benzene as core. Two ways to release the adsorbed iodine were explored: either slow release into ethanol or quickly release upon heating (with a high degree of control). Spectral studies make us known that the strong affinity for I 2 is mainly due to large porosity, a conjugated π-electron aromatic system, C N bonds, and propeller-like twisted structures. Furthermore, luminescent study indicated that TTPA exhibits high sensitivity to electron-deficient I 2 via fluorescence quenching. TTPA shows the largest amount of iodine adsorption and was the first CMP used fluorescence sensing iodine. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Three triazine-based CMPs with nitrogen as core have been synthesized. • Iodine adsorption capacities of the CMPs are up to 4.92, 4.72 and 4.49 g g−1. • TTPA can sense for I 2 with high sensitivity via fluorescence quenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of thyroid cancer has increased the past few decades, the most frequent type has been identified to be the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Following thyroidectomy, radioiodine ablation treatment on PTC is routinely performed. However, many patients do not benefit from radioiodine therapy. Therefore, novel targeted therapies to suppress tumor growth and improve radioiodine uptake are required. La ribonucleoprotein domain family member (LARP)7 is a member of the LARP family and functions as a potential suppressor of the progression of carcinoma. In the present study, the expression status of LARP7 in PTC tissues and cell lines was investigated, and the cell viability, proliferation and apoptotic rate, radioiodine uptake ability of PTC cells with overexpression of LARP7 in vitro was determined. Expression levels of LARP7 were significantly downregulated in PTC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of LARP7 inhibited the proliferation and increased the radioiodine uptake ability of PTC cells in vitro and inhibited the tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, LARP7 overexpression inhibited the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway and increased sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) expression. However, treatment with recombinant human SHH partially reduced radioiodine uptake ability and NIS expression induced by LARP7. In conclusion, LARP7 may act as a tumor suppressor in PTC by inhibiting the SHH signaling pathway and may be a promising therapeutic target in patients with PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogeochemistry of iodine in temperate coastal ecosystems is largely mediated by macroalgae, which act as a major biological sink and source of iodine. Their capacity to accumulate, retain and release iodine has been associated with abiotic and biotic stressors, but quantitative information is limited. We evaluated the seasonal iodine retention capacity of eleven macroalgal species belonging to different systematic groups, collected from two sites in Ireland. Iodine accumulation and retention were then further quantified in Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata in relation to I− concentrations in seawater and temperature. In general, iodine contents were ~101–102 μmol · (g dw)−1 for Laminariales, 100–101 μmol · (g dw)−1 for Fucales, 10−1–100 μmol · (g dw)−1 for Rhodophyta, and 10−1 μmol · (g dw)−1 for Chlorophyta. Typically, algal iodine contents were above average in winter and below average in summer. Iodine accumulation in F. vesiculosus and L. digitata depended on I− availability and followed the Michaelis‐Menten kinetic. The ratio of maximum accumulation rate to half accumulation coefficient (ρmax: Kt) was 2.4 times higher for F. vesiculosus than for L. digitata, suggesting that F. vesiculosus was more efficient in iodine accumulation. Both species exhibited a temperature‐dependent net loss of iodine, and only an exposure to sufficient external I− concentrations compensated for this loss. This study revealed that both environmental (e.g., I− in seawater, temperature) and organismal (e.g., the status of the iodine storage pool) variables determine retention and variability in iodine in temperate seaweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer remains a major health problem, and only less than 20% of patients have resectable disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Systemic chemotherapy is often used in the patients with borderline resectable, locally advanced unresectable disease and metastatic disease. CT is often used to assess for therapeutic response; however, conventional imaging including CT may not correctly reflect treatment response after chemotherapy. Dual-energy (DE) CT can acquire datasets at two different photon spectra in a single CT acquisition, and permits separating materials and extract iodine by applying a material decomposition algorithm. Quantitative iodine mapping may have an added value over conventional CT imaging for monitoring the treatment effects in patients with pancreatic cancer and potentially serve as a unique biomarker for treatment response. In this pictorial essay, we will review the technique for iodine quantification of pancreatic cancer by DECT and discuss our observations of iodine quantification at baseline and after systemic chemotherapy with conventional cytotoxic agents, and illustrate example cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous carbons as solid-state adsorbents have recently attracted considerable interest in the areas of storage and capture of CO 2 as well as the adsorption of radioactive matters. In this work, cigarette butts, one kind of common wastes referring to the filters, were utilized to prepare highly porous carbons by KOH activation in argon atmosphere. The resulting porous carbon shows a high specific surface area of up to 2751 m 2 g −1 with abundant micropores. The resulting porous carbon exhibits excellent iodine uptake of 262 wt% and high CO 2 adsorption capacity of 6.0 mmol g −1 at ambient pressure and 273 K, which both are among the highest values reported to date. Given these excellent iodine uptake, CO 2 adsorption capacity, ease of preparation as well as good physiochemical stability, the porous carbons derived from cigarette butts show great potential in the reversible adsorption of radioactive iodine and CO 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is an emerging and the most genotoxic iodinated disinfection byproduct to date. IAA can disrupt the thyroid endocrine function in vivo and in vitro , but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, transcriptome sequencing was used to investigate the effect of IAA on the cellular pathways of human thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-ori 3–1 and determine the mechanism of IAA on the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone (TH) in Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. Results of transcriptome sequencing indicated that IAA affected the TH synthesis pathway in Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. IAA reduced the mRNA expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor , sodium iodide symporter , thyroid peroxidase , thyroglobulin , paired box 8 and thyroid transcription factor-2 , inhibited the cAMP/PKA pathway and Na+-K+-ATPase, and decreased the iodine intake. The results were confirmed by our previous findings in vivo. Additionally, IAA downregulated glutathione and the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 , leading to increased reactive oxygen species production. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanisms of IAA on TH synthesis in vitro. The mechanisms are associated with down-regulating the expression of genes related to TH synthesis, inhibiting iodine uptake, and inducing oxidative stress. These findings may improve future health risk assessment of IAA on thyroid in human. • IAA downregulated the expression of genes related to thyroid hormone synthesis. • IAA inhibited the cAMP/PKA pathway, Na+-K+-ATPase, and iodine intake. • IAA downregulated the GSH and GPx1 mRNA and increased the ROS production. • IAA disrupted thyroid hormone synthesis in Nthy-ori 3–1 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nanoscale COFs are uniformly encapsulated in celluloses to yield hybrid aerogels. • Functionalized celluloses enable a robust encapsulation of COFs. • The hybrid aerogel keeps intact under a COF loading of up to 50 wt%. • Hybrid aerogels show high uptake performances toward dissolved and gaseous iodine. • Well-shaped aerogel columns realize dynamic iodine capture. Efficient capture and storage of radioiodine are of great importance for developing nuclear energy and tackling nuclear waste, which however remain challenging due to the scarcity of powerful materials. In this work, we rationally design and fabricate a hybrid material by encapsulating covalent organic frameworks (COFs) into ultralight cellulose aerogels for efficient iodine (I 2) capture. Two kinds of functionalized cellulose precursors that can be covalently cross-linked are synthesized. Solvothermally synthesized COF particles with a uniform diameter of ∼ 500 nm are then introduced into the precursors followed by freeze drying to produce hybrid aerogels. With the presence of rich and ordered micropores afforded by COFs, these highly porous aerogels exhibit excellent organic solvent absorption performances and high uptake capacities toward solvent-dissolved and vaporized I 2. More importantly, in view of the processable and robust structure, we realize the shaping of hybrid aerogels into aerogel columns to effectively capture I 2 vapor and I 2 solute in continuous operations. Therefore, this work not only provides a new way to shape COF materials but also could inspire the design of viable platforms for high-performance I 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological iodine cycling has been widely studied in marine environments, but rarely considered in terrestrial waters. In this work, a microalgae biofilm, with an iodine content of 350 ± 29 mg kg −1 , is shown to potentially be a significant iodine cycler in a groundwater holding pond. Cultivation of the biofilm in extracted groundwater was carried out at bench scale. In parallel, iodine release from an iodine-rich biofilm kept in the dark was monitored. Iodine uptake and release were found to be proportional to algal growth and decay, with the maximum growth rate and specific decay rate being 0.53 ± 0.05 g m −2 d −1 and 0.12 ± 0.02 d −1 respectively. Iodine update and release in an engineered groundwater holding pond (1 m 3 :1 m 2 × 1 m) was simulated. The results indicated that bioaccumulation causes non-steady state conditions in such ponds, and in extreme circumstances decay events can elevate iodine concentrations to problematic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thyroid cells are polarized and the follicle structure, consisting of follicle epithelial cells, is a prerequisite for thyroid hormone synthesis. However, a reliable in vitro model simulating thyroid function is not currently available. To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports for the first time a simulated follicle by inoculation of human thyroid cells on the filter in a Transwell plate to maintain the polarity of thyroid cells. The iodine uptake was analyzed by arsenic and cerium catalysis spectrophotometry, as well as the secretion of free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) by direct chemiluminescence. The data showed that thyroid cells growing in the Transwell chamber synthesized and secreted FT3 and FT4, while the monolayer cells directly seeded in the 6-well-plate did not produce these two thyroid hormones. Regarding the iodine uptake, cells in the Transwell chamber demonstrated a markedly higher capability than the monolayer cells. The data proved that the polarity of thyroid cells could be restored using the Transwell plate, which was critical for iodine uptake and thyroid hormone synthesis. The presence of FT3 and FT4 in follicles may be correlated with the quick secretion of thyroid hormones under certain physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel hydrazone-linked COF (Hz-COF) was synthesized by solvent-mediated method. • The method effectively reduced hydrazone bonds without affecting the crystallinity, porosity, or topology. • Self-adaptive pores and elasticity of the NH-COF provide excellent active sites for iodine adsorption. • The iodine adsorption were performed in both gas and liquid phases for NH-COF and Hz-COF. • The flexibility of NH-COF increasing the adsorption capacities for iodine from gas and liquid phases. Radio iodine is one of the essential gaseous pollutions needed to be removed by the growth in nuclear energy consumption. The current paper deals with preparing an amine-linked covalent organic framework (COF) with certain advantages compared to the mainstream rigid imine-linked COFs. The flexibility and abundance of the NH groups in the structure provide an excellent medium for adopting iodine from liquid and gas phases. A hydrazone-linked COF (Hz-COF) was synthesized in a room temperature solvent-mediated method, and its linkages were reduced using NaBH 4 (NH-COF). The synthesized Hz-COF and NH-COF were utilized in the iodine adsorption experiment from solution and gas phases. The NH-COF exhibited an excellent iodine uptake from gas phase at 80 °C as high as 2.60 g g−1 that is higher than Hz-COF at the same conditions (2.05 g g−1). More interestingly, NH-COF represents a q e of 173 mg g−1 for iodine uptake from iodine solution (300 mg L−1). The iodine adsorption isotherm is best fitted to the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic obeys the pseudo-second-order model. The flexibility of NH-COF and the presence of –NH– groups in the NH-COF structure endows it with accommodative adaptability to guest molecules, increasing the adsorption capacities compared to Hz-COF. Full reusability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and a high level of polar functional groups made NH-COF an excellent adsorbent for I 2 capture performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental treatment for papillary thyroid carcinoma ( PTC) involves total or subtotal thyroidectomy. Iodine-131 (131 I) is routinely utilized to target remnant thyroid cancer and metastasis after thyroidectomy. The effectiveness of other therapeutic modalities remains unsatisfactory; thus, these patients have a poor prognosis. The manner in which the ability of 131 I uptake can be improved is vital for their prognosis. Bortezomib has been used as a re-differentiation agent for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma; however, little is reported about the role of bortezomib in thyroid cancer. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of bortezomib in a human PTC cell line, expression of paired-box 8 ( Pax8) protein was determined using Western blot in PTC, normal thyroid, and anaplastic/undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma ( ATC) cells. The expression of Pax8 protein in PTC cells pretreated with bortezomib was determined using the same method. Iodine uptake was determined using 131 I radioactivity assay. The level of Pax8 protein in normal thyroid cells was significantly higher than in PTC ( P < 0.05) and ATC cells ( P < 0.05); its expression in PTC cells was also significantly higher than in ATC cells ( P < 0.05). The PTC cells in the bortezomib-treated group showed a higher expression of Pax8 protein than the control group ( P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bortezomib can increase the expression of Pax8, but does not significantly increase the iodine uptake of PTC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Cobalt (Co) is an essential element in humans as a component of vitamin B12. However, at high levels Co exposure has been shown to have detrimental effects. This study was designed to identify a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) for Co. Currently available data indicate that non-cancer health effects associated with Co exposure may include hematological, neurological, immunological, reproductive, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses. This analysis employs the standard US EPA risk assessment methodology for establishing a chronic RfD. In this analysis, the Jaimet and Thode (1955) 10-week, multiple dose human study of thyroid effects (decreased iodine uptake) in children was determined to be the most robust and sensitive study for identifying a potential point of departure dose (POD). A dose of 0.9mgCo/kg-day was chosen as the POD. Consistent with the US EPA’s previous derivation of the perchlorate RfD, which is also based on decreased iodine uptake in humans, we considered several uncertainly factors (UFs), and determined that a factor of 10 for human variability was appropriate, as well as a factor of three for database adequacy. Applying an aggregate uncertainty factor of 30 to the POD yields a chronic oral RfD of 0.03mg/kg-day. We believe this value would be protective of non-cancer health effects in the general population for a lifetime of daily exposure to Co. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thyroid gland has the unique ability to concentrate iodine. This phenomenon offers a perfect background for a wide range of diagnostic tests utilizing radioactive iodine nuclides of iodine and technetium. Despite the very good availability of ultrasonography and other imaging modalities, radionuclide methods are still inevitable in a various cases of thyroid disease. In this article, a comprehensive review of all these methods used in the diagnosis of benign thyroid diseases is presented. Iodine and technetium uptake tests are briefly described. Indications to thyroid scan in the context of iodine supply are also presented. Finally, the significance of thyroid findings in PET images is pointed out. The article is illustrated by some typical patterns of radionuclide thyroid images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess changing trends in histological types of thyroid cancer in an Irish hospital over the past 30 years. Biographical data, tumour characteristics, treatment and outcome from 190 patients with thyroid carcinoma from 1970 to 2000 were reviewed retrospectively. Detailed records of 190 patients with thyroid cancer were identified with a mean age at presentation of 50 years. From 1970 to 1979 the distribution of histological types was: papillary carcinoma; 9 patients (4.7%), follicular; 17 patients (8.9%), anaplastic; 9 patients (4.7%), medullary; 1 patient (0.5%) and lymphoma; 1 patient (0.5%). From 1980 to 1989 papillary carcinoma accounted for 32 patients (16.8%), follicular; 14 patients (7.3%), anaplastic; 13 patients (6.8%), medullary; 7 patients (3.7%) and lymphoma; 5 patients (2.6%). From 1990 to 1999 papillary cancer accounted for 48 patients (25.2%), follicular; 14 patients (7.3%), anaplastic; 8 patients (4.2%), medullary; 7 patients (3.7%) and lymphoma; 5 patients (2.6%). Survival rates were significantly better for those aged less than 45 years ( P < 0.0001), female sex ( P < 0.01) and those with papillary carcinoma ( P < 0.01). This study demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of papillary carcinoma. This may be related to increasing dietary iodine intake and may be significant as papillary carcinoma is associated with a more favourable prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Analogous anionic porous networks bearing phosphate unit were fabricated. • The adsorption performance of IPN-CSUs in iodine vapor reached up to 357 wt%. • The adsorption was investigated with experimental studies and theoretical analyses. Although significant advance has been achieved in developing porous organic polymers for effective iodine capture, the underlying principle for the adsorption behavior is not fully understood. Herein, analogous anionic porous networks (IPN-CSUs) bearing phosphate unit were fabricated via a one-pot Friedel-Crafts alkylation, in which heteroatom-containing triphenylamine (N) and 9,10-anthraquinone (O) were picked up as co-building blocks. The compositions were simply regulated, and the obtained networks displayed rich porous structure, thereby offering high sorption capability towards iodine in cyclohexane solution. Specifically, the anionic networks exhibited an improvement up to 122.4% in capturing iodine compared to the corresponding neutral counterpart. The adsorption performance of IPN-CSU-1 (N incorporated) in iodine vapor reached 357 wt%, which is comparable to the state-of-art networks possessing ultra-high specific surface area and the performance maintained at about 82% of the original value after five consecutive cycles. In addition, the combination of experimental and theoretical computational simulations highlights the prominent role of negatively charged phosphate group in efficient iodine capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the application of treating hazardous wastes such as organic dyes and radioactive iodine, the porous carbon with high adsorption capacity has been a research hotspot. In this work, by the pyrolysis method with KOH activation, the hypercrosslinked polynaphthalenes were used as carbonaceous precursors to prepare porous carbons, which showed high specific surface areas between 943.8 and 2754.5 m2 g−1 with high micropore ratios. Notably, the microporous carbonaceous materials showed an excellent iodine capture capacity of 739 wt% and a high adsorption capacity of malachite green with 1194.8 mg g−1. These porous carbons provided potential applications in environmental remediation as promising adsorbent materials for adsorption of radioactive iodine, and removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. [Display omitted] • Porous carbon was prepared by carbonization the hypercrosslinked polynaphlenes and KOH activation. • The porous carbons show high specific surface area with abundant micropores. • C HPN -3 possessed the highest I 2 adsorption capacity of 739 wt%. • C HPN -3 possessed excellent adsorption capacity of malachite green with 862 mg g−1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient capture of nuclear waste such as radionuclide iodine has received more worldwide attention because of the effects of radiation on biological health. Adsorption is considered to be an efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly method for iodine removal. Recently, a new kind of phosphine-based covalent organic frameworks (P-COFs) with flexible and nonplanar structure have attracted great attention because of their high specific surface area and good thermal stability. The existence of electron-rich heteroatoms (P, N) as well as the large π-conjugated network structure may be beneficial to the absorption of iodine. In this study, a biphenyl linked P-COF was synthesized for the capture of iodine. It shows a uniform microsphere structure with a diameter of about 1.2 μm, a large BET surface area up to 1056 m2 g−1, and a high thermal stability (up to 500 °C). This P-COF exhibits rapid and exceptional iodine uptake in both volatile iodine and iodine/cyclohexane solution with adsorption capacities of 6.19 g g−1 and 1.30 g g−1, respectively, suggesting that P-COF may be a potential candidate for radioiodine capture from nuclear waste. [Display omitted] • A phosphine-based covalent organic framework (P-COF) is developed for the capture of iodine. • P-COF exhibits rapid volatile iodine uptake with an adsorption capacity of 5.00 g g−1 within 2 h. • The equilibrium adsorption capacity of vapor iodine reaches as high as 6.19 g g−1. • P-COF shows tremendous iodine adsorption with capacity of 1.30 g g−1 in cyclohexane solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copolymer networks containing Tröger's base units TBP1-3 were synthesized in very good yields from a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of a specially designed diethynyl Tröger's base synthon TB with various tetrabrominated aryl derivatives. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of TBP1-3 discloses high 10% weight loss temperature values reaching up to 443 °C. Nitrogen adsorption measurements of the target copolymers TBP1-3 reveal a strong correlation between porosity and the geometry of the aryl spacer whose inflexible rigid structure (biphenyl, TBP1), contorted configuration (spirobifluorene, TBP2), or fused aromatic structure (pyrene, TBP3) affords Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas ranging from ~586 m2 g−1 to ~620 m2 g−1. Inspection of the iodine adsorption properties of TBP1-3 reveals their significant uptake of iodine vapors reaching a maximum of 440 wt% for TBP1 whereas TBP2 exhibits a very good removal efficiency of iodine solution in hexane attaining 77% (q e = 192 mg g−1). Furthermore, reusability tests disclose the possibility to regenerate the polymers even after several iodine adsorptions-desorption cycles. [Display omitted] • Synthesis of new porous copolymers TBP1-3 bearing Tröger's base units is reported. • Gas sorption study show BET surface area up to 620 m2/g and pore volume of 0.38 cm3/g. • I 2 adsorption capacity discloses a promising 440 wt% for TBP1. • TBP2 reveals very good removal efficiency of iodine solution in hexane attaining 77% (q e = 192 mg g−1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mice of strains high and low responders to thyroglobulin were immunized with mouse thyroglobulin emulsified in Freunds complete adjuvant. Groups of mice were killed at weekly intervals and the serum thyroxine concentration was measured with a solid-phase RIA while the titre of thyroglobulin antibodies was determined by passive haemagglutination and the magnitude of thyroid infiltration with mononuclear cells was scored. In other groups of mice. similarly immunized, radioactive iodine uptake was measured at various times after immunization. In almost all mice the lowest level of thyroxine and the lowest radioiodine uptake were observed 2 weeks after immunization. There was no clear relationship between the thyroid Function and the titre of thyroglobulin antibodies or the extent of the cellular infiltrates in the thyroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]