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The fundamental period is one of the most important parameters for the design of new structures as well as for estimating the capacity of existing ones. Thus, to estimate it, various design codes and researchers have adopted several approximate analytical equations based on a number of key structural parameters. To this end, the present study introduces a novel methodology for deriving the analytical equations for the fundamental period of reinforced concrete structures. The methodology is based on machine learning explainability techniques, specifically the so-called SHapley Additive exPlanations values. These values are commonly employed as an explainability tool. However, in the proposed novel approach they are employed as a basis to fit analytical curves, which allows the resulting equations to be constructed sequentially and in an informed manner while controlling the balance between accuracy and complexity. An extended dataset consisting of 4026 data points is employed, on which a Gradient Boosting Machine model is fitted. The model achieves excellent accuracy, with a coefficient of determination R 2 ≈ 0.99 , while the equations derived from the proposed formulation achieve an R 2 ≈ 0.95 and Mean Absolute Error ≈ 0.12 . This demonstrates the potential applicability of the proposed methodology in a wide array of similar engineering challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most critical aspects in the seismic behavior or reinforced concrete (RC) structures pertains to beam–column joints. Modern seismic design codes dictate that, if failure is to occur, then this should be the ductile yielding of the beam and not brittle shear failure of the joint, which can lead to sudden collapse and loss of human lives. To this end, it is imperative to be able to predict the failure mode of RC joints for a large number of structures in a building stock. In this research effort, various ensemble machine learning algorithms were employed to develop novel, robust classification models. A dataset comprising 486 measurements from real experiments was utilized. The performance of the employed classifiers was assessed using Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and overall Accuracy indices. N-fold cross-validation was employed to enhance generalization. Moreover, the obtained models were compared to the available engineering ones currently adopted by many international organizations and researchers. The novel ensemble models introduced in this research were proven to perform much better by improving the obtained accuracy by 12–18%. The obtained metrics also presented small variability among the examined failure modes, indicating unbiased models. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed methodologies can be confidently employed for the prediction of the failure mode of RC joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasizes the explainability of machine learning (ML) models in predicting the seismic response of rigid rocking structures, specifically using the LightGBM algorithm. By employing SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), partial dependence plots (PDP), and accumulated local effects (ALE), a comprehensive feature importance analysis has been performed. This revealed that ground motion parameters, particularly peak ground acceleration (PGA), are critical for predicting small rotations, while structural parameters like slenderness and frequency are more significant for larger rotations. Utilizing an extensive dataset generated from nonlinear time history analyses, the trained LightGBM model demonstrated high accuracy in estimating the maximum rotation angle of rigid blocks under natural ground motions. The study also examined the sensitivity of model performance to lower bound thresholds of the target variable, revealing that reduced feature sets can maintain predictive performance effectively. These findings advance ML-based modeling of seismic rocking responses, providing interpretable and accurate models that enhance our understanding of rocking structures' dynamic behavior, which is crucial for designing resilient structures and improving seismic risk assessments. Future research will focus on incorporating additional parameters and exploring advanced ML techniques to further refine these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic vulnerability assessment is one of the most impactful engineering challenges faced by modern societies. Thus, authorities require a reliable tool that has the potential to rank given structures according to their seismic vulnerability. Various countries and organizations over the past decades have developed Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) tools aiming to efficiently estimate vulnerability indices. In general, RVS tools employ a set of structural features and their associated weights to obtain a vulnerability index, which can be used for ranking. In this paper, Machine Learning (ML) models are implemented within this framework. The proposed formulation is used to train binary classifiers in conjunction with ad hoc rules, employing the features of various Codes (e.g., the Federal Emergency Management Agency, New Zealand, and Canada). The efficiency of this modeling effort is evaluated for each Code separately and it is clearly demonstrated that ML-based models are capable of outperforming currently established engineering practices. Furthermore, in the spirit of the aforementioned Codes, a linearization of the fully trained ML model is proposed. ML feature attribution techniques, namely SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) are employed to introduce weights similar to engineering practices. The promising results motivate the potential applicability of this methodology towards the recalibration of the RVS procedures for various types of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structures inevitably suffer damage after an earthquake, with severity ranging from minimal damage of nonstructural elements to partial or even total collapse, possibly with loss of human lives. Thus, it is essential for engineers to understand the crucial factors that drive a structure towards suffering higher degrees of damage in order for preventative measures to be taken. In the present study, we focus on three well-known damage thresholds: the Collapse Limit State, Ultimate Limit State, and Serviceability Limit State. We analyze the features obtained via Rapid Visual Screening to determine whether or not a given structure crosses these thresholds. To this end, we use machine learning to perform binary classification for each damage threshold, and use explainability to quantify the effect of each parameter via SHAP values (SHapley Additive exPlanations). The quantitative results that we obtain demonstrate the potential applicability of ML methods for recalibrating the computation of structural vulnerability indices using data from recent earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of structural members and non-structural components, including bridge piers, museum artifacts, furniture, or electrical and mechanical equipment, can uplift and rock under ground motion excitations. Given the inherently non-linear nature of rocking behavior, employing machine learning algorithms to predict rocking response presents a notable challenge. In the present study, the performance of supervised ML algorithms in predicting the maximum seismic response of free-standing rigid blocks subjected to ground motion excitations is evaluated. As such, both regression and classification algorithms were developed and tested, aiming to model the finite rocking response and rocking overturn. From this point of view, it is essential to estimate the maximum rocking rotation and to efficiently classify its magnitude by successfully assigning respective labels. To this end, a dataset containing the response data of 1100 rigid blocks subjected to 15,000 ground motion excitations, was employed. The results showed high accuracy in both the classification ( 95 % accuracy) and regression (coefficient of determination R 2 = 0.89 ) tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting anomalies in data streams from smart communication environments is a challenging problem that can benefit from novel learning techniques. The Attention Mechanism is a very promising architecture for addressing this problem. It allows the model to focus on specific parts of the input data when processing it, improving its ability to understand the meaning of specific parts in context and make more accurate predictions. This paper presents a Cross-Modal Dynamic Attention Neural Architecture (CM-DANA) by expanding on state-of-the-art techniques. It is a novel dynamic attention mechanism that can be trained end-to-end along with the rest of the model using multimodal data streams. The attention mechanism calculates attention weights for each position in the input data based on the model's current state by a hybrid method called Cross-Modal Attention. Specifically, the proposed model uses multimodal learning tasks where the input data comes from different cyber modalities. It combines the relevant input data using these weights to produce an attention vector in order to detect suspicious abnormal behavior. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a cyber security anomalies detection task using multiple data streams from smart communication environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuing "intelligent justice" necessitates an impartial, productive, and technologically driven methodology for judicial determinations. This scholarly composition proposes a framework that harnesses Artificial Intelligence (AI) innovations such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), ChatGPT, ontological alignment, and the semantic web, in conjunction with blockchain and privacy techniques, to examine, deduce, and proffer recommendations for the administration of justice. Specifically, through the integration of blockchain technology, the system affords a secure and transparent infrastructure for the management of legal documentation and transactions while preserving data confidentiality. Privacy approaches, including differential privacy and homomorphic encryption techniques, are further employed to safeguard sensitive data and uphold discretion. The advantages of the suggested framework encompass heightened efficiency and expediency, diminished error propensity, a more uniform approach to judicial determinations, and augmented security and privacy. Additionally, by utilizing explainable AI methodologies, the ethical and legal ramifications of deploying intelligent algorithms and blockchain technologies within the legal domain are scrupulously contemplated, ensuring a secure, efficient, and transparent justice system that concurrently protects sensitive information upholds privacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently developed Machine Learning (ML) interpretability techniques have the potential to explain how predictors influence the dependent variable in high-dimensional and non-linear problems. This study investigates the application of the above methods to damage prediction during a sequence of earthquakes, emphasizing the use of techniques such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), Partial Dependence Plots (PDPs), Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), Accumulated Local Effects (ALE), permutation and impurity-based techniques. Following previous investigations that examine the interdependence between predictors and the cumulative damage caused by a seismic sequence using classic statistical methods, the present study deploy ML interpretation techniques to deal with this multi-parametric and complex problem. The research explores the cumulative damage during seismic sequences, aiming to identify critical predictors and assess their influence on the cumulative damage. Moreover, the predictors contribution with respect to the range of final damage is evaluated. Non-linear time history analyses are applied to extract the seismic response of an eight-story Reinforced Concrete (RC) frame. The regression problem's input variables are divided into two distinct physical classes: pre-existing damage from the initial seismic event and seismic parameters representing the intensity of the subsequent earthquake, expressed by the Park and Ang damage index ( D I P A ) and Intensity Measures (IMs), respectively. In addition to the interpretability analysis, the study offers also a comprehensive review of ML methods, hyperparameter tuning, and ML method comparisons. A LightGBM model emerges as the most efficient, among 15 different ML methods examined. Among the 17 examined predictors, the initial damage, caused by the first shock, and the IMs of the subsequent shock— I F V F and S I H —emerged as the most important ones. The novel results of this study provide useful insights in seismic design and assessment taking into account the structural performance under multiple moderate to strong earthquake events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Byzantine religious tradition includes Greek Orthodox Church hymns, which significantly differ from other cultures' religious music. Since the deep learning revolution, audio and music signal processing are often approached as computer vision problems. This work trains from scratch three different novel convolutional neural networks on a hymns dataset to perform hymns classification for mobile applications. The audio data are first transformed into Mel-spectrograms and then fed as input to the model. To study in more detail our models' performance, two state-of-the-art (SOTA) deep learning models were trained on the same dataset. Our approach outperforms the SOTA models both in terms of accuracy and their characteristics. Additional statistical analysis was conducted to validate the results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science that attempts to model cognitive processes such as learning, adaptability and perception to generate intelligent behavior capable of solving complex problems with environmental adaptation and deductive reasoning. Applied research of cutting-edge technologies, primarily computational intelligence, including machine/deep learning and fuzzy computing, can add value to modern science and, more generally, to entrepreneurship and the economy. Regarding the science of civil engineering and, more generally, the construction industry, which is one of the most important in economic entrepreneurship both in terms of the size of the workforce employed and the amount of capital invested, the use of artificial intelligence can change industry business models, eliminate costly mistakes, reduce jobsite injuries and make large engineering projects more efficient. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent research on artificial intelligence methods (machine and deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing, fuzzy systems, etc.) and their related technologies (extensive data analysis, blockchain, cloud computing, internet of things and augmented reality) in the fields of application of civil engineering science, such as structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, hydraulics and water resources. This review examines the benefits and limitations of using computational intelligence in civil engineering and the challenges researchers and practitioners face in implementing these techniques. The manuscript is targeted at a technical audience, such as researchers or practitioners in civil engineering or computational intelligence, and also intended for a broader audience such as policymakers or the general public who are interested in the civil engineering domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]