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In today’s environment, the issue of ensuring the identification and safety of imported products is of particular relevance, which is aimed at the successful functioning of the state in the global economy and the reduction of technical barriers to trade. The article discusses the peculiarities of conducting an examination of citrus fruits, in particular, tangerines, with a view to their further classification in the Ukrainian Classifier of Goods for Foreign Economic Activity. Approaches to the classification of citrus fruits in the process of commodity examination are summarized. The diagnostic tasks to be solved by the forensic expert during the study of citrus fruits are defined, which will allow to have more analytical information from this category of goods. The main identification tasks of the commodity examination of citrus fruits, in particular mandarins, are: determination of the variety or species of mandarins, detection of certain quality markers, determination of origin, assessment of the degree of freshness and maturity, detection of deviations from standards. Modern methods of analysis are indicated, which allow to carry out research on tangerines at the molecular, chemical and morphological levels in order to obtain objective information about their quality, safety and other characteristics that may be important in court proceedings. The main aspects of microbiological methods during the examination include: detection of pathogenic microorganisms (analysis for the presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli and Listeria monocytogenes), determination of the level of the total microbial flora, assessment of the degree of rot and mold, determination of the effectiveness of preservatives and other preservation methods, assessment of compliance with food safety standards. Systematization of information data on characteristic defects of citrus fruits (tangerines), namely: rot, mold, mechanical damage, weak skin color, increased acidity, defects in shape or size (identified defects are of natural origin) is presented. Defects that are characteristic of low-quality products with signs of deterioration: rot, mold, mechanical damage, signs of drying or desiccation, heterogeneity in color and texture. The mechanism of forensic commodity examination of citrus fruits (tangerines) is described.

The writers construct a coherent discourse by presenting their stance based on previous research in academic contexts. Citation forms, being an essential part of discursive practices, have always been of interest to academics and researchers to explore their structural and functional significance. Since the issue regarding these discursive aspects of citation practices has not been explored in Pakistan. The objective of the study is to differentiate the referring patterns of the theses writers at the doctoral level in Pakistan. To explore differences in discursive practices regarding citations by theses’ writers in L2 academic context. To this end, a corpus of the literature review chapters of Ph.D. theses of Biological Sciences, thirtyin number, was constructed and later on analyzed through AntConc. Swales (1990) and Thompson and Tribble’s (2001) studies were taken as the theoretical framework for the analysis and further interpretation of data. The study was delimited to integrated and non-integrated citations, including the subcategories. It was found that majority of the writers preferred to use Source as sub pattern of non-integrated citations. Similarly, the structural and semantic analysis of these forms makes up a significant part of the study, which obviously reflects the indigenous practices of the writers in putting their voices into different forms of citation.

From an agrocoenosis of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; phylloplane and rhizosphere of the root system; typical chernozem, soil column measuring up to 40 cm), using the classical microbiological methods, we had isolated soil bacteria and characterized them according to the morphological features as representatives of Gram-positive and spore-forming bacteria of Bacillus sp. genus. In the earing-swelling phase of grain, the screening studies found non-pigmented forms of colonies of bacterial isolates, 19 of which were classified to colonial-morphological diversity of R-type with the diameter of 7 to 13 mm. The analysis of physiological condition of cells of populations of soil isolates revealed technologic specificity according to parameters of spore formation in different conditions and incubation time (up to 48–72 h). We observed 90.0% of free spores in axenic cultures as early as after 72 h of cultivation and no more than 10.0% of prospores in the studied monoisolates with stable morphologic traits. Isolates Н10 and Н45 demonstrated the ability to grow in higher cultivation temperatures (+37…+40 °С). According to environmental рН, isolates were able to grow in рН ranging 4.5–8.0. Differential diagnostic testing revealed that as the source of carbon, with formation of acid, soil isolates used arabinose, xylose, mannitol, glucose, galactose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, glycerin, dextrin, starch, rhamnose and dulcite (with development of alkaline). There was observed active use of mineral forms of nitrogen: ammonium salt and nitrates, aminoacids and proteins. The isolates hydrolyzed casein, gelatin, starch, and litmus was being reduced in the young during growth in milk with litmus. They also exerted catalase activity and were oxidase-positive. Biochemical testing using API test system determined that the studied isolated bacteria differed by a range of fermentation carbohydrates, reduction of nitrates. In the conditions of submerged fermentation, isolates Н38 and Н40 grew in heightened temperature ranges of cultivation (40 °С) for 48 h (according to fact of spore development). Therefore, according to the key morphologic and biochemical traits, strains Н3, Н10, Н13, Н36, Н38, Н40, Н43, Н45 were similar to such of reference strain B. subtilis 8A, and were identified to Bacillus sp., species B. subtilis.

Characteristics of seeds such as seed shape, color, size, texture of the seed coats and hilum shape can be used to solve classification problems. With biology microskop observations obtained under specification of character seeds for 12 species of Indigofera from Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. The results showed that the pattern of seed coat ornamentation, hilum, seed shape may help in the identification of the species. .

Summary: Three white trumpet‐flowered species of Lilium native to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, L. longiflorum and the critically endangered endemics L. nobilissimum and L. ukeyuri have been extensively confused in the literature. These are fully described, their history and nomenclature are discussed and a key and full descriptions are provided for identification. Lectotypes are designated for the names Lilium harrissii Carrière, L. japonicum f. nobilissimum Makino, L. longiflorum var. suaveolens Edwards, L. longiflorum var. wilsonii T. Moore and L. ukeyuri R. Hogg. A neotype is designated for the name L. eximium Siebold ex Courtois. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem solution of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties on the basis of the acoustic method and the analysis of amplitude-frequency dependences is presented. The operator equations linking required and prescribed functions are presented. The iterative process is constructed, computational experiments results of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties for various laws of distribution of required features are presented.

The article deals with the problem of delineating the middle strata of Russian society in the context of the social and economic crisis and assesses the correlation of the differences in social positions of middle class representatives as a criterion for social stratifi cation in general. Since the position of the middle strata within a system of social inequality is vulnerable enough, the economic crisis has quite a sizeable impact on the middle class and changes its structure. Over the past twentyfive years, Russia's middle class has undergone a number of transformations caused by the new waves of social and economic crises. So, in 1998 the Russian sovereign default resulted in the fact that following the massive declining trends the middle classes have thinned out to a minimum. The subsequent economic recovery accompanied by a social and political stabilization has led to an increase in the number of middle class members up until 2008 when another wave of the economic crisis had its dramatically significant impact on the middle strata. A comparison of survey data collected by the Public Opinion foundation in 2004 and 2014 leads to the conclusion that on the level of identity middle-class population trends have been stable in the past decade, except for the period of severe fl uctuations under the infl uence of the waves of the 2014 economic crisis. It was also considered how the economic crisis that emerged in the fall of the national currency proved quite a painful impact on the social well-being of broad layers of Russian society. This fact indicates that in the context of a lasting disorientation and supplemented by state of anomie in which a large part of the population exists, the middle strata — the way western scientists understand it, i.e. as the actor and regulator of social processes — cannot perform the functions assigned to them. To the present day, the dominating macro-trends erode the middle class which is accompanied by a decrease in the welfare of this group. Finally, the paper concludes that there are signifi cant differences in the tools applied by Russian sociological services, first of all concerning the criteria and indicators used for identifying the middle class.

The aphids Takecallis taiwana (Takahashi, 1926) and T. arundinariae (Essig, 1917) were collected from two locations in the Department of Cundinamarca (Colombia) and one location within 90 km of the city of Bogota on plants of the Phyllostachys sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). This represents the first record of these species from the northern half of South America. Key diagnostic morphological characterisitcs are given to help distinguish these species. A list of the species and a summary of their distributions are provided.

This article intends to showcase violence through its multiple perspectives or dimensions, and analyse its influence in the identification process experienced during Mapuche childhood. To do so, we will tackle the notion of acculturation and of generational transmission. We will also propose a reflexive outlook on the concept of reality by part of the struggling cultures as a means of understanding the conflict, besides the evident aspects related to territory and resources. We intend to formulate a psychoanalytic interpretation of the conflict from the perspective of the Mapuche subject and community.

The present study aimed to investigate how different Voice Onset Time (VOT) patterns are categorized by native speakers of American English and Brazilian Learners of English. American English and Brazilian Portuguese diverge as to the voicing pattern of plosive consonants, for the VOT cue plays different roles in the distinction between voiced and voiceless consonant categories in each system. This study contrasted four VOT patterns (Negative VOT, Zero VOT, Positive VOT and a manipulated pattern, named Artificial Zero VOT) in two perceptual tasks (AxB discrimination and identification tests), and verified how the two groups of participants categorized these patterns. Results reinforce the idea that speech perception is multimodal and, therefore, the action of multiple cues must be taken into account when we consider phonetic-phonological processes.

Mass disasters generally result in an elevated number of casualties that need identification. The primary identification methods listed by INTERPOL (DNA, fingerprint and forensic dentistry) have a very important role in helping and speeding up the victim identification process. The present study sought to report mass destruction cases found in the literature published from 2005 to 2015 that have used the primary human identification methods. This study has been done as a literature review using the keywords: disasters, natural disasters, disaster victims, and human identification in a total of 16 selected papers and 13 listed disasters. It has been concluded that the primary identification methods are capable and efficient to perform a safe and satisfactory identification of mass disasters victims, used both separately or in combination.

In recent years the spiral gingers (genus Costus) have become more and more popular as ornamental garden plants. Dave Skinner describes these plants, including his approach to identification of New World Costus, corrections to some common identification errors, information about cold hardy species, and information about Costus hybrids and cultivars.

This essay is an annotated compilation of the various factors that have prevented Richard Yates of achieving full appreciation, and from enjoying critical acclaim and popular recognition. It acknowledges Yates’s relevance to world literature and his influence in the American literary scene. The text also discusses the repercussions and side-effects of writing about universal and timeless values no one wants to hear, admit, or identify; as provided by the opinions and arguments that specialized critics offered for consideration.

The problem solution of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties on the basis of the acoustic method and the analysis of amplitude-frequency dependences is presented. The operator equations linking required and prescribed functions are presented. The iterative process is constructed, computational experiments results of the definition of the beams inhomogeneous rheological properties for various laws of distribution of required features are presented.

Thinking about education in general and about the advances that have been coming up, brings us to reflect on the proposal of the inclusive school. The Brazilian educational policies point in this direction and new propositions appear to the school in order to understand how to make significant changes in the daily education. Accordingly, this article is to hold a discussion regarding the identification of students with high abilities/giftedness, articulating with some ideas proposed by the inclusive education. It is with that highlight the importance of identifying these students for a more genuine inclusion of these students in the educational context. In this sense, is used as input theoretical Gardner (1995), Renzulli (2004), Perez (2004), Virgolim (2007), Vieira (2005), among other authors who assist in the discussion of this issue. The considerations made about the high abilities and their process of identification highlight the importance of a great attention facing the process of identification and relevance of this to the actual inclusion of students with high skills in the educational context. Since they are not identified, these students may not be receiving the necessary guidance to learn and develop their potential, often distancing themselves from colleagues and friends. Thus, it is a debate about the appropriate identification of these students and how it can contribute to the inclusion of them.

In Wolof, conjugation is realized using an invariable lexical basis to which are attached affixes carrying marks of IPAM (e.g. in French : Indice ; Personne ; Aspect-Temps ; Mode) (Perrin 2005 : 22) and highlighting semantic and grammatical roles. Reduplication is productive at several lexical categories (nouns, verbs, adverbs). As verbal derivation is mostly built by both reduplication and suffixation, I propose here to analyze and describe the relationship in the construction of meaning between these two processes.

In this paper a method is proposed for unbalance identification ofelastic rotors. The method is essentially based on the rotordynamic theory combined with experimental modal analysis and allows to identify the unbalance distribution on the complete rotor. A rotor test rig designed for rotordynamic experiments, modal analysis and especially for the unbalance identification has been developed. It allows an arbitrary excitation with a particularly developed noncontact magnetic exciter, as well as measuring vibrations in radial direction with non-contact laser sensors and eddy currents. Special effects of rotordynamic like anisotropic journal bearings and gyroscopic forces can be simulated. Experimental and theoretical results like mode shapes and unbalance parameters for the laboratory model are presented in detail.

Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) is a volatile organosilicon compound present in biogas derived from widely using industrial and consumer products. Due to being harmful to many organisms at very low concentrations and forming SiO 2 deposits during biogas combustion, the degradation of D4 was investigated. The D4-degrading culture was taken from the effluent of an organic silicon manufacturer. The isolation and the purification were performed. The isolated bacterial strain was inoculated in a biotrickling filter. The effects of the pH, the D4 inlet concentration, the empty bed residence time (EBRT), and the liquid flowrate on the removal performance of D4 were investigated. It is shown that the optimum pH for D4 degradation was 4.0–6.0. The max removal efficiency (RE) of D4 of 60.2% and the max elimination capacity (EC) of 165.4 mg m −3 h −1 were obtained. The main metabolic products consist of HO SiMe 2 OH, HO SiMe 2 O SiMe 2 OH, Me 3 SiO(CO) 2 OSiMe 3 , , and Si(OH) 4 . The degradation pathways and mechanism for D4 degradation by Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and Objectives: Accurate, free of observer''s bias, and fast identification of acute infarct is critical in visual and automatic processing of stroke images. An automatic and rapid algorithm has been developed to identify the infarct slices and the hemisphere in diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) scans. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six DWI scans were acquired from five centers with the slice thickness of 4–14 mm. We also derive images from the original scans to assess the accuracy of the algorithm by using a wide range of infarct size and number of artifacts per unit area. Based on the difference in percentile characteristics of intensity normalized (infarct/noninfarct) images, two parameters are defined: R s for infarct slice identification and R h for infarct hemisphere identification. Using the identified infarct slices the infarct hemisphere is subsequently determined. Results: The average sensitivity and specificity for slice and hemisphere identification were 98.1%, 51.4% and 91.7%, 91.7%, respectively. The processing time is ∼3–5 seconds on Matlab platform and on VC++ it is predicted ∼10 milliseconds. Based on simulation study, we can infer that the algorithm produces accurate results in most of the situations although the sensitivity goes down by ∼15% when the infarct size is small (<2–3% of image area) and the artifacts per unit area are large. Conclusions: The proposed algorithm applied as a preprocessor can be useful to: 1) estimate location (hemisphere) and extent of infarct (number and location of slices), 2) reduce time and labor of infarct volume study, 3) cross-check visual interpretation, 4) form a part of an infarct segmentation module, and 5) improve localization of the midsagittal plane. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exchange, one of Foulkes's four group-specific therapeutic factors, is a valuable if neglected concept in group-analytic literature, standing for the encounter with difference in the group. Groups' multiple poles of difference allow individuals to experience and explore a range of possibilities hitherto unimagined. The clinical dimensions of exchange are explored through the metaphor of the mother/baby dyad; identity formation in a specific cultural context grounded in familial and group identifications are also touched upon. In the group these together allow for the creation, and recreation, of individual identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of speech identification studies examining the abilities of listeners to distinguish African American and European American voices shows that Americans can recognize many African American voices with a high degree of accuracy even in the absence of stereotypical morphosyntactic and lexical features. Experiments to determine what cues listeners use to distinguish ethnicity have not yielded such consistent results, perhaps suggesting that listeners may access a wide variety of cues if necessary. An experiment involving African Americans with features of a European American vernacular demonstrated that African Americans with atypical features are difficult for listeners to identify. Analysis suggested that vowel quality and intonation could have misled respondents but did not rule out timing and voice quality as factors in identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of detecting the stochastic non-stationarity in time series, successive Yule-Walker estimates are considered for general seasonal ARIMA models and their asymptotic laws are obtained. This extends results known on least squares estimates for stable-unstable ARMA. Furthermore, these asymptotic laws are then compared with analogous results obtained under some additive seasonal model that corresponds to the case of deterministic seasonal behaviour. These results, combined with a simulation study, reveal that successive autoregressions provide a very useful tool both for identifying seasonal ARIMA processes and for distinguishing between stochastic and deterministic seasonal behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe wilt with spots and/or leaf and stem blight were found on a scrophulariaceous flowering plant, Nemesia strumosa, grown in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, in February 1999. Wilted plants had numerous lesions and died early. A mitosporic fungus isolated repeatedly from the diseased plants was identified as Colletotrichum fuscum and was demonstrated to cause the disease. N. strumosa is a new host for C. fuscum, which has been known to attack foxglove ( Digitalis spp.). The present disease was named “anthracnose of N. strumosa” as a new disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In October 1998, a disease causing mainly foliar necrotic lesions was found on African marigold ( Tagetes erecta) and French marigold ( T. patula) grown in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Similar lesions also developed on stems and flowers, resulting in early blight of the affected organs. Plants with numerous lesions withered rapidly. A mitosporic fungus isolated repeatedly from the diseased plants was identified as Alternaria tagetica and demonstrated to cause the disease. The disease, as well as the fungus, is new to Japan. We propose the name “hanten-byô”, which means leaf spot in Japanese, for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identity of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) ectomycorrhizas was investigated using PCR/RFLP analysis of the ITS region from 16 morphotypes sampled at a 60-yr-old black alder stand. A comparison was made with restriction patterns from sporocarps of 28 mycobionts, of which 16 originated from the same stand, the remaining 12 came from two geographically distant alder stands. Eight of the mycorrhizal types could thus be identified, whereas eight mycorrhizal types remained unidentified. The identified mycorrhizas belonged to the genera Russula, Lactarius, Naucoria and Cortinarius. Four of the identified ectomycorrhizal types had identical PCR/RFLP profiles to corresponding fruit bodies from all investigated stands with no detectable intraspecific variation between sporocarps from the different locations was detected in Paxillus rubicundulus, mycorrhizas of which were not found. The diversity of fruiting alder mycobionts at the main experimental plot only partly matched the diversity observed from mycorrhizas when comparing their PCR/RFLP analyses and ecological aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphologically similar ectomycorrhizas between Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and different geographic isolates of Suillus variegatus (Fr.) O. Kuntze and Suillus bovinus (Fr.) O. Kuntze were synthesized under semi-aseptic conditions in a sand and peat growth mixture containing ureaformaldehyde as the organic nitrogen source. Fourteen weeks after inoculation significant increases in shoot height were recorded in most of the infected seedlings and in two inoculated treatments where no mycorrhizal infection was detected. Based on the assumption that 50% of the dry mass of these ectomycorrhizas was of fungal origin, the soluble protein content of the synthesized ectomycorrhizas was found to be between 10- and 15-fold greater than in equivalent amounts of the non-symbiotic tissues (short roots and axenically grown mycelium of S. variegatus and S. bovinus). Extracts from individual ectomycorrhizas exhibited considerable esterase (EST) and peptidase (PEP) isozyme activities following PAGE and it was confirmed that diagnostic species-specific fungal isozymes, reproducibly detected in these extracts, were present in extracts of excised sheath tissue. Acid phosphatase (ACP isozyme activities were also detected in the ectomycorrhizas but were restricted to a single isozyme known to be common to both fungal species. In addition to the identification of taxonomically useful diagnostic fungal isozymes. the lack of detectable host PEP or ACP isozymes in these individual ectomycorrhizas, which also exhibited induced isolate-specific EST isozymes, provides further information on the biochemical relationships in the ectomycorrhizas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CHROMagar Candida is a new differential culture medium that allows selective isolation of yeasts and simultaneously identifies colonies of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. We evaluated this medium and compared it with a reference medium, Sabouraud glucose agar, for the presumptive identification of yeast species isolated directly on the medium from 1150 clinical specimens. A total of 731 specimens showed no growth, 299 isolates (70.2%) showed growth to the same extent on both media. Forty mixed cultures were detected on both media. More than one isolate was detected in 30 of the tested specimens on either CHROMagar (26 specimens) or Sabouraud glucose agar (four specimens). We found a sensitivity of 98.8% and a specificity of 100% for C. albicans, 66.7% and 99.8% for C. tropicalis, 100% and 100% for C. krusei, and 98% and 95.7% for C. glabrata. Regarding these results, CHROMagar Candida is recommended as a useful isolation medium capable of the presumptive identification of yeasts and better detection of mixed cultures in clinical specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein profiles of sonicated cells for 9 species of yeasts isolated from oral samples were obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and visualized with a silver stain. The profiles obtained on 12% acrylamide gels we re distinct, and characteristic for 6 species of Candida, and Torulopsis glabrata, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this method, 79 fresh isolates of yeasts from saliva samples were identified; 58 as Candida albicans, 9 as Candida parapsilosis, 1 as Candida tropicalis, and 11 as T. glabrata. SDS-PAGE offers a rapid, convenient alternative or adjunct to yeast identification systems based on carbohydrate assimilation tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]