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Abstract Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an intermediate malignant bone tumor that is locally aggressive and rarely metastasizes. Denosumab, which is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, can be used to treat GCTB. We focused on potential immunotherapy for GCTB and investigated the tumor microenvironment of GCTB. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression and signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) infiltration were assessed by immunohistochemical studies of 137 tumor tissues from 96 patients. Of the naive primary specimens, 28% exhibited PD-L1 expression and 39% exhibited IDO1 expression. There was significantly more SIRPα+, FOXP3+, and CD8+ cell infiltration in PD-L1- and IDO1-positive tumors than in PD-L1- and IDO1-negative tumors. The frequency of PD-L1 expression and SIRPα+ cell infiltration in recurrent lesions treated with denosumab was significantly higher than in primary lesions and recurrent lesions not treated with denosumab. PD-L1 expression and higher SIRPα+ cell infiltration were significantly correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival. PD-L1 and SIRPα immune checkpoint inhibitors may provide clinical benefit in GCTB patients with recurrent lesions after denosumab therapy.

We describe a Case of a 74-year-old Japanese man with poorly differentiated carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum. The patient underwent anterior mediastinal tumor resection through median sternotomy. The tumor, 7.0 × 5.0 cm, had invaded surrounding tissues (pericardium, right lung, right and left brachiocephalic veins, and superior vena cava). Complete resection of the tumor was not performed. One month after the operation, the patient developed multiple pulmonary metastases, right pleural dissemination, and carcinomatous pleurisy. He was treated with lenvatinib, a novel multi-kinase inhibitor, to which the metastasis responded favorably. This case reports for the first time the clinical usefulness of lenvatinib for poorly differentiated carcinoma of the anterior mediastinum. Management of side effects by several methods, including suspending use of medication on weekends (called a weekends-off strategy), is another strong argument to continue lenvatinib administration.

This study was undertaken to clarify the downstream drifting of Macrobrachium larvae in the Shimanto River by 24-hour sampling. Stage I zoeae accounted for most larvae collected in fresh and brackish waters. M. formosense and M. japonicum dominated in brackish and fresh waters, respectively, while M. nipponense occurred only in brackish waters. The amount of yolk droplets of M. formosense and M. japonicum reduced over time in freshwater. However, no larvae that had completely used up their yolks were observed. Even though M. japonicum larvae drifted from farther upstream than those of M. formosense, they had a higher residual amount of yolk droplets. Therefore, long-distance and long-time drifting in M. japonicum may be enabled by delaying the absorption rate of droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early life history, the clupeoid fishes, Ilisha elongata (Pristigasteridae) and Sardinella zunasi (Clupeidae) have similar spawning seasons and nurseries from spring to summer in the Ariake Sound, Shimabara Bay, Japan. Surveys conducted using larva nets and a beam trawl in July showed that the horizontal egg and larva distributions of I. elongata and S. zunasi both overlapped considerably in the inner estuaries; however, I. elongata settled in the estuaries while S. zunasi retained a pelagic distribution. A comparison of the vertical distributions of the two species in the estuary showed that I. elongata larvae were dispersed from the surface to near-bottom layers during the flood tide, and moved downwards to avoid being swept out of the estuary after the high tide, while S. zunasi larvae remained spread throughout the water column in all tidal phases. The findings suggest the existence of niche segregation during the pelagic larval period in the two species. Thus, by examining differences in larval mouth sizes, which are much larger in I. elongata than in S. zunasi, it appears that prey preference varies between the two species, prey specialization occurs, and there is no niche competition between the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ontogeny of Ilisha elongata was reviewed, and their early distribution was examined because information on the early life history of this species is limited. Revision in ontogeny revealed several unique characteristics to this species, such as two chorions in the egg and a more anterior pelvic bud (fin) position. These characteristics contrast strikingly with the clupeid fishes, suggesting that this species belongs to the Pristigasteridae and not to the Clupeidae. Data from ichthyoplankton collected in March, May, July and November suggest that I. elongata spawned just off river mouths in summer and attained peak spawning in June. The larvae with elliptical eyes migrated inside the rivers, where the waters were more turbid. Thus, the spawning and nursery grounds of I. elongata almost entirely overlapped with those of the clupeid Sardinella zunasi both temporally and spatially, which may result in larval competition between the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of Maurolicus japonicus were described based on discrete depth oblique tows of a larva net seasonally collected during both day- and nighttimes at a 130 m-depth station near the continental shelf of Tosa Bay. The abundance and diel differences in the vertical distribution of eggs and larvae in relation to physical properties of the water column were also examined. Both eggs and larvae occurred only in spring and neither occurred in other seasons. In spring, water temperature, salinity and specific gravity were less stratified in the water column with a modest upwelling to ca. 100 m-depth, around which the seasonal temperature hardly changed. Unlike the Japan Sea, with a year-round reproduction of M. japonicus, the limited occurrence of eggs and larvae in Tosa Bay was likely related to upwelling in April. Eggs were twice as abundant at night- than daytime, suggesting that this species spawns at night. Most of the eggs were in A and B-stages and aggregated at 30-70 m depth during both the day and night. Larvae that were mainly in preflexion without yolk and flexion stages, were found in the 110-70 m and 130-90 m depth layers during day- and nighttimes, respectively. Earlier larval stages were dispersed abundantly from 130-m to the surface during daytime, with little correspondence to light attenuation or chlorophyll-a concentrations. Compared to the Japan Sea, Tosa Bay yielded various mesopelagic fish species that inhabit and breed in the mesopelagic zone, so that the reproductive niche would be temporally and spatially limited for M. japonicus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 40 robust tonguefish (Cynoglossus robustus) larvae [2.1-10.2 mm body length (BL)] collected from Osaka Bay, eastern Seto Inland Sea were investigated. Those larvae that were smaller than 4 mm BL possessed a single filament-like elongate fin ray emitting from the most anterior dorsal fin. In larvae of between 4 and 5 mm BL we subsequently observed a second short fin ray, next to the first one. At the preflexion stage, 6.5-7 mm BL, the longer of the elongated fin rays extended to about 60% of BL and the shorter one extended to approximately 30-40% of the length of the longer one. These specimens did not develop transverse bands of melanophores laterally on their tails. These characteristics are the same as those presented in hatchery-reared larvae of the same tonguefish. Osaka Bay is also home to larvae from C. interruptus and C. joyneri, both with double elongated dorsal fin rays. These larvae can be easily distinguished from larval C. robustus by counting the myomeres, dorsal and anal fin rays, and by observing the pigmentation pattern on the tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographic and spatial distribution of ayu Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck and Schlegel 1846) larvae were determined in the rivers of northern Vietnam. Collections were made with a larval net and a small seine net along the Tien Yen and Kalong Rivers from 2010 to 2015. Thirty individuals were collected in the Tien Yen and 160 from the Kalong. This is the first record of larval and juvenile ayu from the Tien Yen, which constitutes the southernmost range of this species. Collected fish were primarily at the preflexion stage (4.0-59.1 mm body length, BL). Mean temperature, salinity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen where larvae and juveniles were collected ranged from ca. 15.7-20.0 °C, ca. 5.6-20.7 psu, 2.7-14.6 NTU, and 7.7-10.0 mg.L-1, respectively. Larvae began to appear in November for the Kalong and in December for the Tien Yen, primarily occurring at stations far from the river mouth. Larvae <7.0 mm BL were more widely distributed across both estuaries, migrating to shoreline waters after reaching a size of ca. 15.0 mm BL in February. With relatively few larvae being observed in the southernmost region, the Tien Yen estuary may be a focus of conservation efforts of this annual amphidromous fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Preflexion to postflexion larvae (2.1–8.0 mm) of Diagramma pictum (Haemulidae) occur in coastal Tosa Bay, Japan from May to September. They can be distinguished from the other haemulid larvae by head spination, location of anus, and melanophore patterns. Compared with larvae identified as the same species from Australia, there are significantly morphological differentiations between the two areas. Thus, these significant differences are likely a reflection of subspecific differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The larval distribution and feeding habits of Cynoglossus abbreviatus and Cynoglossus lighti were investigated around the Rokkaku estuary in Ariake Bay during October 2004 and March and April 2005. Cynoglossus abbreviatus started and completed metamorphosis at larger sizes than C. lighti. Developmental phases consisted primarily of individuals at metamorphosis and postmetamorphosis, which were mainly distributed inside and just outside the Rokkaku River in March–April for C. abbreviatus and October for C. lighti. Tidal changes in vertical distribution just outside the river mouth differed between the closely related species; C. abbreviatus was distributed in the surface and middle layers at flood tide, and aggregated near the bottom (where the current speed was lowest) at ebb tide. Cynoglossus lighti stayed mainly near the bottom during all tidal phases. Larvae of both Cynoglossus species selectively fed on copepods (Pseudobradya sp.), which were scarce in the waters. These facts suggest that the nursery grounds of the two Cynoglossus species were different in terms of their tidal vertical distribution patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early-stage morphologies of the mandarinfish Siniperca chuatsi are described on the basis of an ontogenetic series of reared specimens in an aquarium. Spherical eggs (diameter 1.70–1.82?mm) with a single oil globule (0.40–0.48?mm) were free-demersal and easily floated when agitated. Hatching occurred about 3 days after spawning at about 24°C. Newly hatched larvae (3.8–4.2?mm in notochord length: NL) had many melanophores on the yolk sac. After reaching ca. 5.5?mm NL (8–9?+?19–20?=?27–28 myomeres), larvae had almost completely absorbed the yolk, possessed a large mouth and sharp teeth, and were starting to prey on other fish larvae. Three large preopercle spines appeared at ca. 5.5?mm NL, five spines by ca. 8.5?mm NL, and eight by ca. 21?mm in standard length (SL). The interopercle bore a single spine at ca. 8.5?mm NL and two spines at ca. 13.5?mm SL. A single spine appeared at the supracleithrum and another at the opercle at ca. 10?mm SL. Dorsal fin spines and pelvic, anal, and caudal fins were completed at ca. 10?mm SL. Dorsal fin rays and pectoral fins were completed at ca. 13.5?mm SL. Four ontogenetic characters (free-demersal eggs, large jaws with large teeth, conspicuous head spination, and precocious completion of dorsal fin spines) are rare among freshwater percoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]