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Teacher education and the teaching profession are adapting to innovative methods to ensure the professional longevity and effectiveness of those who become educators. This is particularly important because of the early, and sometimes abrupt, exit of beginning teachers from the profession. Clearly, to mitigate such early exodus from the profession, those responsible for teacher education must examine how they prepare student teachers and whether or not they are equipped to face the realities of the classroom when they enter the profession. This paper presents a modality that engages pre-professionals or student teachers in meaningful and productive field experiences that will improve student teachers' learning. The author presents an instructional model that can be applied to prepare student teachers for more effective field experiences that will improve their learning. (Contains 2 tables.)

Teacher educators need to remain current regarding the challenges that prospective teachers are going to face in their classrooms. One way to maintain this currency is for teacher educators periodically to spend some time in the K-12 classroom testing the theories they teach. This paper will discuss the benefits both teacher educators and prospective teachers will derive from engaging in such an activity. (Contains 1 footnote.)

Background: Mode of access to primary care changed during the COVID-19 pandemic; remote consultations became more widespread. With remote consultations likely to continue in UK primary care, it is important to understand people's perceptions of remote consultations and identify potential resulting inequalities. Aim: To assess satisfaction with remote GP consultations in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic and identify demographic variation in satisfaction levels. Design and setting: A cross-sectional survey from the second phase of a large UK-based study, which was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: In total, 1426 adults who self-reported having sought help from their doctor in the past 6 months completed an online questionnaire (February to March 2021). Items included satisfaction with remote consultations and demographic variables. Associations were analysed using multivariable regression. Results: A novel six-item scale of satisfaction with remote GP consultations had good psychometric properties. Participants with higher levels of education had significantly greater satisfaction with remote consultations than participants with mid-level qualifications (B = −0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.41 to −0.23) or those with low or no qualifications (B = −1.65, 95% CI = −2.29 to −1.02). People living in Wales reported significantly higher satisfaction compared with those living in Scotland (B = −1.94, 95% CI = −3.11 to −0.78), although caution is warranted due to small group numbers. Conclusion: These findings can inform the use and adaptation of remote consultations in primary care. Adults with lower educational levels may need additional support to improve their experience and ensure equitable care via remote consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the present, increasing economic circumstances, poverty is fast becoming a crisis, and teacher preparation programs must begin to prepare teachers to explicitly address the needs of poor children. The inclusion of poverty in this discourse is in no way intended to discount the issues of race, ethnicity, and gender. The intention here is to highlight the fact that some social issues are excluded from the teacher preparation curriculum--and to the detriment of students' education. Given the changes in student demographics, there is a need for educators to rethink how discussions of diversity can be integrated into the teacher preparation curriculum. Clearly, we cannot continue in the same old way. The question for future studies is how to broaden the discourse on diversity to include poverty, without stereotyping children living in poverty. The discourse must change to reflect the realities of society while guarding against stereotyping and thus creating self-fulfilling prophecies. (Contains 1 table.)

Resistance to Yam mosaic virus (YMV), genus Potyvirus was studied in 10 populations of selected white Guinea yam (Dioscorea rotundata). Plants of resistant genotypes: TDr 35, TDr 1621, TDr 93-1, TDr 93-32, TDr 95-107, TDr 93-23, and susceptible ones: TDr 87/00211, TDr 87/00571 and TDr 95-127 were screened for their reaction to the pathogen by symptom severity scoring scale of 1-5, and by quantifying virus multiplication by triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). Controlled crosses were made among the genotypes within and between the groups according to reactions to the pathogen. The resultant F1 progenies were evaluated for the infection by disease symptom development and by TAS ELISA to detect a symptomless infection in an insect-proof screenhouse for the assessment of inheritance of resistance to YMV. A genetic analysis of the reactions of progenies derived from the D. rotundata genotypes to inoculation with YMV strongly suggests that resistance to the virus is a dominantly inherited trait. Segregation ratios obtained from the families indicate that at least two dominant genes are involved.

Diversifying diets and agricultural enterprises with fruit and vegetables is a potent weapon in the current global battle against malnutrition and poverty. Agricultural science can contribute substantially to enhance the development prospects and health of not only disadvantaged and vulnerable individuals at one end of the spectrum but also the growth and equity of national economies at the other. Moreover, with relatively simple applied research, new crop species and technologies can rapidly enter the development pathway to benefit even the poorest people or nations. More upstream research can help to guard fruit and vegetable production against the vagaries of potential climatic uncertainty, which is projected to become more prominent over future decades. However, historical and continuing widespread underinvestment in fruit and vegetable research and development from the national to the global level may severely compromise the world's ability to use such high-value species for crop diversification and as a major engine of development growth to ensure global food and nutritional security. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0528

Abstract Background The rapid expansion in the availability of genome and DNA sequence information has opened up new possibilities for the development of methods for detecting free-living protozoa in environmental samples. The protozoan Blepharisma japonicum was used to investigate a rapid and simple detection system based on polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) from organisms immobilised on FTA paper. Results Using primers designed from the α-tubulin genes of Blepharisma, specific and sensitive detection to the equivalent of a single Blepharisma cell could be achieved. Similar detection levels were found using water samples, containing Blepharisma, which were dried onto Whatman FTA paper. Conclusion This system has potential as a sensitive convenient detection system for Blepharisma and could be applied to other protozoan organisms.

Despite impressive success in molecular physiological understanding of photosynthesis, and preliminary evidence on its potential for quantum shifts in agricultural productivity, the question remains of whether increased photosynthesis, without parallel fine-tuning of the associated processes, is enough. There is a distinct lack of formal socio-economic impact studies that address the critical questions of product profiling, cost–benefit analysis, environmental trade-offs, and technological and market forces in product acceptability. When a relatively well understood process gains enough traction for translational value, its broader scientific and technical gap assessment, in conjunction with its socio-economic impact assessment for success, should be a prerequisite. The successes in the upstream basic understanding of photosynthesis should be integrated with a gap analysis for downstream translational applications to impact the farmers' and customers' lifestyles and livelihoods. The purpose of this review is to assess how the laboratory, the field, and the societal demands from photosynthesis could generate a transformative product. Two crucial recommendations from the analysis of the state of knowledge and potential ways forward are (i) the formulation of integrative mega-projects, which span the multistakeholder spectrum, to ensure rapid success in harnessing the transformative power of photosynthesis; and (ii) stipulating spatiotemporal, labour, and economic criteria to stage-gate deliverables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that causes significant disease in humans. Toxoplasmosis is normally asymptomatic, unless associated with congenital transmission, or in immunocompromised people. Congenital transmission generally occurs at low frequencies. In this study, we use PCR to investigate possible congenital transmission of T. gondii during pregnancy in a cohort of mothers from Libya. Methods: Two hundred and seventy two pregnant women (producing 276 neonates) were recruited to obtain umbilical cord tissue from their neonates at birth; DNA was extracted from that tissue and tested for T. gondii DNA using two specific PCR protocols based on the sag 1 and sag 3 genes. Results: Toxoplasma gondii DNA was detected in the umbilical cord DNA from 27 of the 276 neonates giving a prevalence of 9.9% (95% CI 6.8-13.9%). Compared with more commonly reported rates of congenital transmission of 0.1% of live births, this is high. There was no association of infection with unsuccessful pregnancy. Conclusions: This study shows a high frequency presence of T. gondii DNA associated with neonatal tissue at birth in this cohort of 276 neonates from Libya. Although PCR cannot detect living parasites, there is the possibility that this indicates a higher than usual frequency of congenital transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cowpea plays a key nutritional role in the diet of the Nigerian people. Viral diseases are a major limitation to cowpea production worldwide, and thus, constant viral surveillance is crucial for monitoring and management purposes. In this study, cowpea leaf samples from fields in three northern Nigeria states, Kano, Kaduna and Niger, were tested to determine the status of six common viruses previously reported in these cowpea-producing states following the release of virus-resistant varieties.Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus(CABMV),Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus(BICMV),Cowpea mottle virus,Southern bean mosaic virusandCucumber mosaic virus(CMV) were detected.Cowpea yellow mosaic virus, which was previously reported in all three states, was not detected in any of the samples tested, while CMV that was previously regarded as unimportant to cowpea production in Nigeria had the highest incidence in all three states, and the overall highest incidence of 58.8%, while CABMV had the lowest incidence (7.5%). CMV was also present in seven of the ten mixed infection combinations detected. Dual infection of CMV and BICMV, which often results in cowpea stunt, the most devastating cowpea disease in the USA, was the most frequently detected mixed infection (28.1%) and was detected in all three states. This observed elevation in CMV infection in cowpea must be closely monitored and swiftly managed to avert possible devastating crop yield losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in South, East and Southeast Asia. It provides significant amounts of protein (240 g kg−1) and carbohydrate (630 g kg−1) and a range of micronutrients in diets. Mungbean protein and carbohydrate are easily digestible and create less flatulence than proteins derived from other legumes. In addition, mungbean is lower in phytic acid (72% of total phosphorus content) than pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), soybean ( Glycine max L.) and cereals; phytic acid is commonly found in cereal and legume crops and has a negative impact on iron and zinc bioavailability in plant-based diets. Owing to its palatable taste and nutritional quality, mungbean has been used as an iron-rich whole food source for baby food. The wide genetic variability of mineral concentrations (e.g. 0.03-0.06 g Fe kg−1, 0.02-0.04 g Zn kg−1) in mungbean indicates possibilities to improve its micronutrient content through biofortification. Therefore biofortification of existing mungbean varieties has great potential for enhancing the nutritional quality of diets in South and Southeast Asia, where protein and micronutrient malnutrition are among the highest in the world. This review paper discusses the importance of mungbean in agricultural production and traditional diets and the potential of enhancing the nutritional quality of mungbean through breeding and other means, including agronomic practices. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumothorax during pregnancy is uncommon. Recently ambulatory chest drainage has been advised to treat the pneumothorax and to cover the delivery period. This imposes restrictions on the mother with associated co-morbidity. The authors present a case of recurrent chest-tube resistant pneumothorax during pregnancy which had persisted for 4-weeks.To guide management of a patient referred in the third trimester of pregnancy the authors undertook a systematic review. This led to Definitive video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) for bullectomy and pleurodesis which was successful without either peri-operative or peri-partum complications or recurrence of pneumothorax. Our review suggests that a VATS approach during pregnancy is both safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the present, increasing economic circumstances, poverty is fast becoming a crisis, and teacher preparation programs must begin to prepare teachers to explicitly address the needs of poor children. The inclusion of poverty in this discourse is in no way intended to discount the issues of race, ethnicity, and gender. The intention here is to highlight the fact that some social issues are excluded from the teacher preparation curriculum--and to the detriment of students' education. Given the changes in student demographics, there is a need for educators to rethink how discussions of diversity can be integrated into the teacher preparation curriculum. Clearly, we cannot continue in the same old way. The question for future studies is how to broaden the discourse on diversity to include poverty, without stereotyping children living in poverty. The discourse must change to reflect the realities of society while guarding against stereotyping and thus creating self fulfilling prophecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of latent infections was studied in five cowpeas varieties. Seeds of the varieties were planted and the seedlings inoculated with antigens from Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) genus Cucumovirus, Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) genus Potyvirus (Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus strain), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) genus Sobemovirus and Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV) genus Carmovirus seven days after planting. Seedlings expressing symptoms were rouged at two weeks after inoculation, while asymptomatic ones were subjected to serological indexing to detect the presence/absence of latent infection. Protein A-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PAS ELISA) was employed for the serological detection of CMV, SBMV and CPMoV, while antigen-coated plate (ACP) ELISA was used to detect BCMV in the asymptomatic plants. Cowpea seedlings without virus symptoms but with positive serological reactions were considered as being latently infected. All of the inoculated TVu 1272 and SuVita-2 plants showed symptoms consistent with CMV and CPMoV infections, respectively. The rate of CMV latent infection was high in TVu 1179 (14.5%), low in SuVita-2 (1.3%) but not recorded in TVu 1272. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. The codling moth Cydia pomonella, one of the most important pest insects of apple fruit orchards worldwide, is regarded as a ‘sedentary’ insect, but the natural populations consist of both mobile and sedentary genotypes that display different dispersal capacity in the field. The current study investigated whether there is a fitness consequence of being mobile in this species by comparing two strains with contrasting levels of mobility obtained through bi-directional selection. 2. Female moths of the sedentary strain were significantly larger, laid more eggs during their lifespan, and both male and female moths of this strain lived longer, when compared with the mobile strain. 3. The age-specific fecundity of female moths from the sedentary strain was significantly greater, in particular between 3 and 5 days after emergence when the peaks of both oviposition and flight capacity occur, relative to the mobile moths, thereby leading to a greater reproductive function. 4. These differences resulted in different demographic parameters between the two strains. The sedentary strain had a significantly greater net reproductive rate ( R o) and a higher intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m), although the generation time ( T) was similar, hence requiring a shorter time to double the population size, in comparison to the mobile strain. 5. This study provides empirical evidence for the cost of being mobile in C. pomonella. Trade-offs between mobility and fitness might have contributed to the existence of genetic variance for dispersal behaviour in the natural populations and the maintenance of relative sedentariness in the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal of adult tortricid moths between habitats may have important consequences for pest management in orchards, but little is known about how flight parameters are affected by environmental conditions during preimaginal development. The influence of changing temperature and photoperiod (both singly and in combination) as well as of larval crowding and food deprivation were investigated in Cydia molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a species that has been found to disperse after peach harvest and colonize pome fruit orchards. Comparative assessments of flight parameters were made on a computer-linked flight mill and life history traits were evaluated. A significant increase in flight performance was correlated with preimaginal exposure to decreasing photoperiod. In addition, pupal development was delayed and larger individuals emerged, but pre- imaginal survivorship was reduced. Decreasing and increasing temperature regimens and increasing photoperiod did not influence adult flight. Larval crowding was associated with increased flight, but the differences were not statistically significant. Food deprivation was associated with accelerated preimaginal development, lower pupal weight, less fecund adults, and reduced flight. We propose that the main factor eliciting dispersal in this tortricid is decreasing photoperiod. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rapid expansion in the availability of genome and DNA sequence information has opened up new possibilities for the development of methods for detecting free-living protozoa in environmental samples. The protozoan Blepharisma japonicum was used to investigate a rapid and simple detection system based on polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) from organisms immobilised on FTA paper. Results: Using primers designed from the a-tubulin genes of Blepharisma, specific and sensitive detection to the equivalent of a single Blepharisma cell could be achieved. Similar detection levels were found using water samples, containing Blepharisma, which were dried onto Whatman FTA paper. Conclusion: This system has potential as a sensitive convenient detection system for Blepharisma and could be applied to other protozoan organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the origins of action planning and action plans. Views of staff involved in action planning initiatives; Roots of action planning in guidance, psychology, organizational management, experiential learning and action research; Elements of action planning; Origins and their relationship to practice.

Mungbean [ Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata ] is an important pulse crop grown in south, east and southeast Asia. Mungbean seed samples harvested from field trials conducted in two environments in Hyderabad, India were utilized to determine genetic variation in the concentrations of minerals Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Na, K and P and to determine the concentrations of phytic acid (PA) and phenolic compounds. Significant variations in Fe (35–87 mg/kg), Ca (1190–1580 mg/kg), Mg (970–1700 mg/kg), Zn (21–62 mg/kg), Cu (7.5–11.9 mg/kg), Mn (9.8–19.6 mg/kg), Se (0.21–0.91 mg/kg), K (8670–14,100 mg/kg) and P (2760–5170 mg/kg) were recorded in mungbean lines commonly grown in South Asia. The effect of the environment on the concentration of minerals in mungbean lines was observed. The Fe concentration of lines CN 9-5 and Harsha doubled when grown in soil with increased availability of Fe. The low PA concentration (2.6–3.8 g/kg) and the presence of phenolic compounds such as ferulic acid (1540–3400 μg/g) in mungbean may lead to increased bioavailability of micronutrients. Nutrient-rich mungbean should be included in diets to combat micronutrient malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies the fatty-acid-and retinol-binding (FAR) protein family of nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (Ce). Interference of the proteins with intercellular lipid signaling to manipulate the defense reactions of the host; Production of a characteristic shift in peak fluorescence emission of DAUDA; Analysis of Ce-FAR proteins by circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry.

Objectives: To understand self-reported potential cancer symptom help-seeking behaviours and attitudes during the first 6 months (March-August 2020) of the UK COVID-19 pandemic., Design: UK population-based survey conducted during August and September 2020. Correlates of help-seeking behaviour were modelled using logistic regression in participants reporting potential cancer symptoms during the previous 6 months. Qualitative telephone interviews with a purposeful subsample of participants, analysed thematically., Setting: Online UK wide survey., Participants: 7543 adults recruited via Cancer Research UK online panel provider (Dynata) and HealthWise Wales (a national register of 'research ready' participants) supplemented with social media (Facebook and Twitter) recruitment. 30 participants were also interviewed., Main Outcome Measures: Survey measures included experiences of 15 potential cancer symptoms, help-seeking behaviour, barriers and prompts to help-seeking., Results: Of 3025 (40.1%) participants who experienced a potential cancer symptom, 44.8% (1355/3025) had not contacted their general practitioner (GP). Odds of help-seeking were higher among participants with disability (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.38, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.71) and who experienced more symptoms (aOR=1.68, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.82), and lower among those who perceived COVID-19 as the cause of symptom(s) (aOR=0.36, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.52). Barriers included worries about wasting the doctor's time (1158/7543, 15.4%), putting strain on healthcare services (945, 12.6%) and not wanting to make a fuss (907, 12.0%). Interviewees reported reluctance to contact the GP due to concerns about COVID-19 and fear of attending hospitals, and described putting their health concerns on hold., Conclusions: Many people avoided healthcare services despite experiencing potential cancer symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Alongside current help-seeking campaigns, well-timed and appropriate nationally coordinated campaigns should signal that services are open safely for those with unusual or persistent symptoms., Trial Registration Number: ISRCTN17782018., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Studies have shown variation in care for patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), including in the roles of specialist and advanced practice nurses in diagnosis, treatment and coordination of care., Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the roles and responsibilities of specialist and advanced practice nurses in providing care for patients with NSTEMI., Methods: Secondary analysis of observational field notes and interviews from an ethnographic study of variation in care for NSTEMI patients in 10 UK hospitals conducted 2011-2012. Data were thematically analysed to identify key concepts and themes related to the roles of specialist nurses., Results: Seven of 10 hospitals had roles for specialist nurses in NSTEMI care. The major theme related to high demand and the complexity of patients and organizations ('Aligning the planets'). In this theme, nurses contributed to improving services or compensating for deficiencies ('Making the system work versus making up for the system'). Data collection for audit could take precedence over time with patients ('Paying worship to the paper'). Nurses expressed a sense of ownership of cardiovascular patients that drove their desire to provide quality of care ('They are our patients').

The number of virus species infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) crops and their incidences has increased considerably over the past 30 years, particularly in tropical and subtropical pepper production systems. This is probably due to a combination of factors, including the expansion and intensification of pepper cultivation in these regions, the increased volume and speed of global trade of fresh produce (including peppers) carrying viruses and vectors to new locations, and perhaps climate change expanding the geographic range suitable for the viruses and vectors. With the increased incidences of diverse virus species comes increased incidences of coinfection with two or more virus species in the same plant. There is then greater chance of synergistic interactions between virus species, increasing symptom severity and weakening host resistance, as well as the opportunity for genetic recombination and component exchange and a possible increase in aggressiveness, virulence, and transmissibility. The main virus groups infecting peppers are transmitted by aphids, whiteflies, or thrips, and a feature of many populations of these vector groups is that they can develop resistance to some of the commonly used insecticides relatively quickly. This, coupled with the increasing concern over the impact of over- or misuse of insecticides on the environment, growers, and consumers, means that there should be less reliance on insecticides to control the vectors of viruses infecting pepper crops. To improve the durability of pepper crop protection measures, there should be a shift away from the broadscale use of insecticides and the use of single, major gene resistance to viruses. Instead, integrated and pragmatic virus control measures should be sought that combine (1) cultural practices that reduce sources of virus inoculum and decrease the rate of spread of viruliferous vectors into the pepper crop, (2) synthetic insecticides, which should be used judiciously and only when the plants are young and most susceptible to infection, (3) appropriate natural products and biocontrol agents to induce resistance in the plants, affect the behavior of the vector insects, or augment the local populations of parasites or predators of the virus vectors, and (4) polygenic resistances against viruses and vector insects with pyramided single-gene virus resistances to improve resistance durability.

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of infecting almost all warm-blooded animals. The cat is the definitive host and becomes infected by consuming contaminated meat or infected prey. Humans can act as intermediate hosts and in healthy individuals the infection is mild and self-limiting. In pregnant women it can cause spontaneous abortions and foetal abnormalities and is capable of inducing serious illness in immuno-compromised patients. In infested dwellings, mice could act as intermediate hosts and play a role in the persistence/propagation of the disease. A total of 200 mice were trapped alive in 27 infested properties in Manchester, UK, and screened for Toxoplasma infection; 59% tested positive. Evidence of vertical transmission from infected dams to foetus was found, possibly maintaining the infection in urban areas. These findings have important implications when considering approaches to rodent control.