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Background Understanding the incidence pattern of cutaneous reactions is crucial for promoting COVID-19 vaccination. We aimed to report the global incidence pattern of, and factors associated with common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccination in real-world settings. Methods We searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and Wanfang) from inception to May 13, 2022, for studies reporting the incidence of common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccines in real-world settings. The outcomes were the systematic skin reactions (rash and urticaria) and the local injection site reactions (pain, swelling, redness, and erythema). We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and explored associated factors using multi-step statistical analyses. Results We included 35 studies and assessed 2549968 participants from 23 countries. The pooled incidence of overall systemic skin reactions was 3.8% (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.4%-5.5%) with short duration (about one week). Specifically, the pooled incidence rates of rash and urticaria were 3.0% (95% CI=2.1%-3.9%) and 1.1% (95% CI=0.7%-1.5%), respectively. For overall local injection site reactions, the pooled incidence was 72.4% (95% CI=65.7%-78.7%) with short duration (1 to 4.5 days). Except for local pain (72.2%, 95% CI=65.3%-78.5%), other localized reactions had low incidence, including swelling (13.3%, 95% CI = 9.5%-17.7%), redness (11.5%, 95% CI=5.7%-19.0%), and erythema (5.8%, 95% CI=0.7%-15.4%). Geographically, different distribution patterns were observed for these reactions. Regarding associated factors, mRNA vaccines showed lower incidence of urticaria (P<0.001). Asia population showed higher incidence of urticaria (P<0.001). We observed lower incidence rates of overall local injection site reactions and pain among inactivated vaccines (P<0.001). We found no significant difference among reactions between the first and the second dose of vaccines. Conclusions We examined the global incidence pattern of common cutaneous reactions related to COVID-19 vaccination and found low incidence and short duration of systemic skin reactions and local injection site reactions (except for pain); discrepancies in these reactions were observed across different vaccine types. The cutaneous side effects related to COVID-19 vaccination do not seem to cause concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We take a one-dimensional tight-binding chain with periodic boundary condition and put a particle in an arbitrary Bloch state, then quench it by suddenly changing the potential of an arbitrary site. In the ensuing time evolution, the probability density of the wave function at an arbitrary site jumps indefinitely between plateaus. This phenomenon adds to a former one in which the survival probability of the particle in the initial Bloch state shows cusps periodically, which was found in the same scenario (Zhang J. M. and Yang H.-T., EPL, 114 (2016) 60001). The plateaus support the scattering wave picture of the quench dynamics of the Bloch state. Underlying the cusps and jumps is the exactly solvable, nonanalytic dynamics of a Luttinger-like model, based on which, the locations of the jumps and the heights of the plateaus are accurately predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report some nonsmooth dynamics of a Bloch state in a one-dimensional tight binding model with the periodic boundary condition. After a sudden change of the potential of an arbitrary site, quantities like the survival probability of the particle in the initial Bloch state show cusps periodically, with the period being the Heisenberg time associated with the energy spectrum. This phenomenon is a nonperturbative counterpart of the nonsmooth dynamics observed previously (Zhang J. M. and Haque M., arXiv:1404.4280) in a periodically driven tight binding model. Underlying the cusps is an exactly solvable model, which consists of equally spaced levels extending from to , between which two arbitrary levels are coupled to each other by the same strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]