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The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has been mapping the surface temperatures of the Moon since 5 July 2009. Diviner has since collected over 500 billion radiometric measurements with excellent spatial and local time coverage. However, the most recently published high-resolution Diviner global maps only use data collected from 2009 to 2016. In this work, we compile ∼13 years of Diviner data to produce improved global maps of nighttime brightness temperature, bolometric temperature, regolith temperature, and rock abundance (RA). Errors in Diviner's pointing have been corrected and past effective field of view modeling has been optimized to improve data georeferencing without spatial interpolation. We estimate an effective resolution of ∼330 m longitudinally and ∼700 m latitudinally at the equator, which corresponds to an improvement of ∼3.5× longitudinally and ∼1.3× latitudinally. In addition, we develop a thermal model that accounts for indirect scattering and emission from surrounding topography. The resulting temperature anomaly maps better highlight variations in temperature caused by thermophysical properties by removing most topographic effects. These improvements allow for the identification of smaller and fainter thermal features than was previously possible. The improved effective resolution of Diviner maps allows for excellent spatial correlation with other high-resolution data sets. To demonstrate this, we compare Diviner RA to a manual survey of boulders in the Apollo 17 landing site region. We show that Diviner RA correlates well with the areal fraction of rocks larger than ∼1–2 m in diameter visible in LRO Camera imagery.

ObjectivesAdherence is critical for maximizing the effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV infection. Strategies for promoting adherence to HIV treatment, and their potential application to PrEP adherence, have received considerable attention. However, adherence promotion strategies for prevention medications have not been well characterized and may be more applicable to PrEP. We aimed to identify adherence support interventions that have been effective in other prevention fields and could be applied in the HIV prevention context to support pill taking among PrEP users.MethodsTo identify adherence support interventions that could be evaluated and applied in the PrEP context, we conducted a systematic review across the following prevention fields: hypertension, latent tuberculosis infection, hyperlipidaemia, oral contraceptives, osteoporosis, malaria prophylaxis, and post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection. We included randomized controlled trials that evaluated the efficacy of interventions to improve adherence to daily oral medications prescribed for primary prevention in healthy individuals or for secondary prevention in asymptomatic individuals.ResultsOur searches identified 585 studies, of which 48 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review; nine evaluated multiple strategies, yielding 64 separately tested interventions. Interventions with the strongest evidence for improving adherence included complex, resource-intensive interventions, which combined multiple adherence support approaches, and low-cost, low-intensity interventions that provided education or telephone calls for adherence support.ConclusionsOur review identified adherence interventions with strong evidence of efficacy across prevention fields and provides recommendations for evaluating these interventions in upcoming PrEP studies.

Alexandra Pinter,1,2 Szabolcs Szatmari Jr,1,3–4 Tamas Horvath,5 Ana Isabel Penzlin,6 Kristian Barlinn,7 Martin Siepmann,8 Timo Siepmann1,71Division of Health Care Sciences, Dresden International University, Dresden, Germany; 2Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 3Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 4Janos Szentagothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 5Department of Hydrodynamic Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary; 6Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 7Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; 8Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, GermanyAbstract: Depressive disorders are among the most important health problems and are predicted to constitute the leading cause of disease burden by the year 2030. Aside significant impact on quality of life, psychosocial well-being and socioeconomic status of affected patients, depression is associated with impaired cardiovascular health and increased mortality. The link between affective and cardiovascular disease has largely been attributed to dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system resulting in a chronic shift toward increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity and, consecutively, cardiac dysautonomia. Among proposed surrogate parameters to capture and quantitatively analyze this shift, heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity have emerged as reliable tools. Attenuation of these parameters is frequently seen in patients suffering from depression and is closely linked to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies were designed to assess and counteract cardiac dysautonomia. While psychopharmacological treatment can effectively improve affective symptoms of depression, its effect on cardiac dysautonomia is limited. HRV biofeedback is a non-invasive technique which is based on a metronomic breathing technique to increase parasympathetic tone. While some small studies observed beneficial effects of HRV biofeedback on dysautonomia in patients with depressive disorders, larger confirmatory trials are lacking. We reviewed the current literature on cardiac dysautonomia in patients suffering from depression with a focus on the underlying pathophysiology as well as diagnostic workup and treatment.Keywords: mood disorder, autonomic dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, brain-heart axis, biofeedback

The stability of the residual carbon dioxide cap near the south pole of Mars is currently not well understood. The cap's survival depends on its radiation budget, controlled by the visible albedo and infrared emissivity. We investigated the role of CO2 snowfall in altering the albedo and emissivity, leading to the observed asymmetry in the net CO2 accumulation at the two poles. Uncontaminated snowfall increases albedo, and lowers emissivity, due to scattering by optically thick clouds and granular surface deposits. Data from the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) show that fall and winter snowfall is correlated with higher springtime albedo at both poles. For the seasonal CO2 deposits in each polar region >60° latitude, we find mean albedo values of 0.39 in the north and 0.51 in the south, and winter 32‐μm emissivity values of 0.84 in the north and 0.87 in the south. Using a radiative transfer model and the MCS data, we find that the north polar deposits have ∼10× higher dust content than those in the south, explaining the ∼31% lower albedo of the north seasonal cap during spring. Our model shows that greater amounts of snowfall can explain the ∼4% lower emissivity of the north polar seasonal cap. These findings demonstrate that winter snowfall and dust transport affect the composition of Mars' seasonal ice caps and polar energy balance. Snowfall and dust loading are therefore important in modeling the CO2 cycle on Mars, as well as the planet's long‐term climate variations. Plain Language Summary: The permanent carbon dioxide (CO2, also known as dry ice) deposits on Mars control the planet's global atmospheric pressure. Seasonal fluctuations of the CO2 cycle drive pressure variations measured at the surface anywhere on the planet. These variations are buffered by the stable permanent CO2 deposit at the south pole. The north pole has the more favorable altitude and pressure to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, but satellite observations showed that the residual cap at the south pole was in equilibrium and not the north. Other studies found evidence of carbon dioxide snowfall in both polar regions. Using data from Mars Climate Sounder on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, we found that there is an asymmetry between the optical properties of the northern and the southern permanent caps. We attribute this asymmetry to dust and snowfall quantities, which promote more CO2 accumulation in the south, relative to the north. Key Points: Infrared emissivity and visible albedo of Mars' seasonal ice caps are correlatedThe north seasonal cap has greater snowfall, lower emissivity, and lower albedoHigher dust loading in the northern fall and winter seasons causes lower ice cap albedo [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first analysis of a space-time hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for the advection-diffusion problem on time-dependent domains. The analysis is based on nonstandard local trace and inverse inequalities that are anisotropic in the spatial and time-steps. We prove well-posedness of the discrete problem and provide a priori error estimates in a mesh-dependent norm. Convergence theory is validated by a numerical example solving the advection-diffusion problem on a time-dependent domain for approximations of various polynomial degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial drawings of 2- or 4-yr.-old boys or girls differing in attractiveness were attached to an episode which depicted a mild misbehavior. Neither the attribution of responsibility for the behavior nor the choice of an indulgent vs punitive response was associated with the child's attractiveness, sex, or age. These findings suggest that the halo effects of attractiveness discriminations may not be fully operative at these ages.