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Background Kleptomania is characterized by repetitive stealing and has severe consequences for patients. Stigma, a lack of standardized therapy and a limited number of assessment tools hinder advances in treatment. This study provides preliminary data on the Portuguese-language version of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale (P-K-SAS) and preliminary data on an outpatient program. Methods Experts in the field analyzed an initial P-K-SAS version, produced through translation/back-translation, in order to arrive at a final version. Eight patients currently on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and 10 patients under maintenance CBT were initially assessed, then re-assessed 6 months later. Results The mean P-K-SAS score was higher among patients initiating CBT than among those under maintenance CBT (21.1 ± 8.0 vs. 11.3 ± 7.5; Mann-Whitney U = 15.0, P =.024). The final version of the P-K-SAS presented excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.980; inter-item correlation, 0.638-0.907). Conclusions The P-K-SAS presented solid psychometrics and seems ready for use in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for kleptomania. The findings suggest that kleptomania patients need follow-up treatment that goes beyond the traditional 12-session structure.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody among adults with various risk factors for infection, particularly those residing in large metropolitan areas where the bulk of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have occurred.Design: A nationwide, population-based telephone survey eliciting testing, sexual, and injection drug use histories.Participants: A total of 2673 randomly chosen US residents and 8263 randomly chosen residents of 23 metropolitan areas containing 64% of reported cases of AIDS.Interventions: None.Main Outcome Measure: Testing for HIV antibody.Main Results: Overall, rates of individuals ever tested were only slightly higher in the urban areas (23%) than in the nation as a whole (21%). Testing frequencies were low among all risk groups (less than 40%), except men engaging in same-sex sexual activity (60%) and male and female injection drug users (46% and 73%, respectively). The low rate of testing (35%) among the largest risk group, heterosexual men and women engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse with multiple partners, was particularly worrisome.Conclusions: To encourage antibody testing among the many at risk for infection who have not yet been tested, promotional campaigns should explain the universal susceptibility to infection among those at risk, and the availability of prophylactic medical therapies and social support services to persons who are HIV-seropositive. As there were comparable levels of risk-taking behavior among subjects in both samples, these campaigns must be designed to reach all segments of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue: Several investigators are preparing to conduct efficacy trials of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines in the developing world. Failure to adequately address the unique ethical, behavioral, and social issues that surround vaccine testing in that setting will jeopardize the success of these trials and future acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) research in the host nation.Description Of the Project: Twelve investigators from Africa, Asia, North America, and South America reviewed previous experience with HIV trials in developing countries and explored potential solutions to these issues.Conclusions: Host country scientists, government officials, and media must be actively involved in all aspects of the trials. Minimum prerequisites for conducting the trial include the following: (1) researching vaccines active against developing world HIV isolates; (2) establishing and maintaining an adequate technological infrastructure; (3) assessing the feasibility of recruitment in countries where the existence of HIV may be denied; (4) designing methods to obtain informed consent from each individual subject, rather than exclusively from family members or community elders; (5) creating locally appropriate instruments to measure risk behavior; (6) identifying a behavioral intervention for placebo and treatment groups; (7) making available laboratory methods to distinguish between natural HIV infection and vaccine-induced seropositivity; and (8) guaranteeing that an effective vaccine is available free of charge to the placebo group and at affordable prices to other host country residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: In Brazil, as elsewhere, behavior during adolescence can place young people at risk for serious medical and social problems, including sexually transmitted infections, unintended pregnancy, drugs, crime, and violence. Few studies internationally have examined the influence of family structure on risk behavior among low-income youths. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 296 young people in one of the poorest areas of Sao Paulo who were recruited through a vocational school and completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire. We examined associations between family structure and various risk behaviors. RESULTS: Ages ranged from 13-24 years (82%, 15-18); 67% were of Afro-Brazilian ancestry, and 56% were female. Median family monthly income was about US$200. Less than half lived with both parents, and 14% lived with neither parent. Rates of many risk behaviors, including involvement in crime and violence, drug and alcohol use, and sexual risk, were lowest among those living with both parents, higher among those living with one parent, and highest among those living with neither parent. For example, 26% of females living with both parents, 37% with one parent, and 71% with neither parent were sexually active (p = .003). Family structure and a personal or parental history of drug or alcohol problems were significant independent predictors of sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of both parents is an important protective factor for Brazilian youth vulnerable to multiple risks. Prevention programs should explore ways to support parents to be present and involved in the lives of their adolescent children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study examined prevalence and correlates of HIV risk behaviors among a random sample of 431 adolescents (aged 12-21 years) attending schools in the Brasilia Federal District. The results showed that 43% of the students were sexually experienced. Condoms were consistently used by 43% of the sexually active students during vaginal intercourse and by 27% during anal intercourse. About 32% and 16% of the participants reported current consumption of alcohol and illegal substances, respectively, with 17% and 4% reporting having sex under their influence. Having 'stable' partners was the main reason for not using condoms. Other high-risk correlates included male gender, older age, having repeated a school year, alcohol consumption, sex under the influence of alcohol, heavier alcohol consumption, and illegal substance use. Access to condoms was not reported to be a problem. These data are useful for designing health education interventions in schools and for behavioral surveillance of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though men who have sex with men (MSM) continue to account for a high proportion of AIDS cases in Brazil, relatively few prevention programs have been designed for them. We developed, implemented, and measured the impact of such a program in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. This prospective cohort study used pre-post comparison to evaluate the impact of an intervention. We interviewed a cohort of 227 men recruited through snowball sampling before and up to 6 months after participating in brief AIDS prevention interventions. Knowledge and attitudes measures of HIV/AIDS and safer sex practices were raised and reported AIDS sexual risk behaviors declined after the intervention (all p values <.001). The proportion of men reporting unprotected anal intercourse in the prior month fell from 19% before the intervention to 1% after it. This study suggests that AIDS prevention activities designed for MSM in similar settings can be feasible and effective. More such prevention programs are urgently needed for MSM in developing countries such as Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In 1993, Colombia enacted and subsequently implemented a radical reform in its system of providing health care for the poor, moving in a short time from a traditional model of providing health services in public hospitals to a managed competition model in which the government buys health insurance for the poor. This study examines and attempts to draw lessons from the early experience with this reform.Methods: Information was gathered from document reviews and interviews with key actors at both the national and local levels. Other quantitative data, such as data from existing national surveys and financial operating data, were also used as available.Results: The new system made important achievements in its first few years, including the enrollment of 7 million Colombians (about half of the targeted population) in health insurance plans and improving access to care. Nevertheless, there were substantial problems with the lack of managerial infrastructure and flow of information needed for the new system to function properly. Because of these difficulties, substantial resources were wasted, and insurance coverage did not always result in true access to health care.Conclusions: Other countries contemplating similar reforms should educate health administrators and the public, and establish solid administrative capacity in advance of implementation. In Colombia, many initial problems still need to be overcome while maintaining and extending the programme's important accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among 1,059 inmates in two prisons in Sorocaba, Brazil. Sociodemographics, prison history, and sexual and drug exposures were assessed by interviewer-administered questionnaire. HIV infection was detected in 115 (12.6%) inmates. Seroprevalence was 35% among those with a history of IDU (OR = 11.4, 95% CI 5.58-23.5). Sex with female visitors was reported by 66%, and homosexual practices with other inmates by 10%. Independent predictors of HIV infection were age <35 years (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.4), birthplace (natives of Sorocaba; OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2-3.8), and number of previous incarcerations (>/=1 compared to 0) (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.07-2.7). Prevalence of HIV infection among these inmates is comparable to rates in metropolitan Sao Paulo and other prison populations internationally. The use of injecting drugs is the most important risk exposure in this population. These findings indicate an urgent need to institute prevention programs for this population both inside and outside prisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Objective: To assess whether decisions about "do-not-resuscitate" (DNR) orders are made equitably in patients with different diseases but similar prognoses.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Setting: Three teaching hospitals: a university referral center, a county hospital serving a largely indigent population, and a Veterans Administration hospital.Patients: Consecutive patients with any of the four following discharge diagnoses: the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (100 patients); unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (51 patients); cirrhosis with esophageal varices (51 patients); and severe congestive heart failure with coronary artery disease (115 patients).Measurements and Main Results: Do-not-resuscitate orders were written for 52% of patients with AIDS and 47% of patients with cancer but for only 16% of patients with cirrhosis and 5% of patients with congestive heart failure (P less than 0.0001). Although DNR orders were associated with functional and mental status, reason for admission, and severity of illness, the strong association between DNR orders and disease category persisted after adjustment for these potential confounders by multiple logistic regression. A survey of housestaff showed that DNR orders were discussed more frequently with patients who had AIDS or lung cancer than with patients who had cirrhosis or heart failure, despite an accurate understanding of the generally similar prognoses among the four groups.Conclusions: Despite relatively similar prognoses, patients with AIDS or lung cancer are much more likely to receive DNR orders than patients with cirrhosis or severe congestive heart failure. This discrepancy cannot be explained by differences in severity of illness among patients or by misunderstandings of prognosis by clinicians. From our data, we cannot determine if patients with cirrhosis or heart failure receive too few DNR orders or if patients with AIDS or lung cancer receive too many. Our findings should encourage physicians to determine the preferences of patients about life-sustaining treatments more equitably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A telephone survey was conducted to measure AIDS knowledge, media usage and condom attitudes and behaviors among 500 adults aged 18 to 49 in Brasilia, as well as to evaluate the feasibility of the telephone survey method in a developing country. The response rate was 91.6%. Respondents had good knowledge about correct modes of HIV transmission and prevention but also believed HIV was transmitted through blood donation, public toilets, swimming pools, and mosquito bites. TV and newspapers were the most important sources of information on health matters and AIDS, though health workers were considered the most credible sources of such information. Only 19% of sexual encounters in the 4 weeks prior to the survey included condoms. Single and younger respondents and those with more positive attitudes used condoms more frequently. More work is needed to identify appropriate messages to motivate people to use condoms. Telephone surveys regarding AIDS and sexual attitudes and behaviors are feasible in Brasilia, a planned community with universal telephone coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Help-seeking for AIDS high-risk sexual behavior and its association with HIV status were examined among 318 gay and bisexual men in the San Francisco Bay Area who participated in the African American Men's Health Project, a longitudinal survey of gay and bisexual African-American men. A third (36%) of the sample reported seeking help regarding their concerns about HIV high-risk sexual behavior. Peers and professionals were the most widely sought sources of help and the sources perceived to be the most helpful. Men (39% ) who had received the HIV antibody test and who were HIV seropositive were more likely to seek help than men who were HIV seronegative or did not know their HIV status (25%). Furthermore, gay men who were HIV seropositive or who knew their serostatus were more likely to seek help from professionals and peers. Explanations for the differences in help-seeking by HIV-seropositive men are discussed with implications for the development of social support for HIV risk reduction among gay and bisexual African-American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: Verificar os fatores associados à percepção de risco de infecção pelo HIV por puérperas internadas em maternidades filantrópicas. MÉTODOS: A amostra constou de 384 puérperas atendidas em duas maternidades filantrópicas do Município de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro a março de 2000. Todas as puérperas foram entrevistadas após 12 horas de pós-parto, quanto aos aspectos relativos a características sociodemográficas, conhecimento sobre infecções sexualmente transmissíveis/Aids (DST/Aids) e às questões culturais (variáveis independentes) e "se ela se sentia em risco de contrair o HIV" (variável dependente). A análise estatística foi feita pelo teste de associação pelo qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Cerca de 29% das puérperas se consideraram em risco de contrair o HIV. Verificou-se que a mulher que se percebe com risco é aquela que não está em união conjugal/consensual, que apresentou DST em algum momento de sua vida e que acredita que o homem casado se diverte fora de casa como o homem solteiro. O estudo possibilitou identificar o comportamento dos sujeitos para a prevenção e a manutenção de sua saúde. CONCLUSÕES: Identificou-se assimilação das informações sobre a epidemia, influenciando na percepção de risco da mulher, mas foi considerada necessária a intensificação de atividades que promovam o envolvimento do casal e do adolescente na prevenção de infecção pelo vírus da Aids.

OBJETIVO: Identificar aspectos da masculinidade relacionados à vulnerabilidade dos homens à infecção pelo HIV. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com homens motoristas de ônibus e integrantes de uma Comissão Interna de Prevenção de Acidentes (Cipa) em uma empresa de transportes coletivos na cidade de São Paulo, SP. Foram gravadas e transcritas dez entrevistas individuais e quatro oficinas de sexo seguro. Seu conteúdo foi disposto e discutido em blocos temáticos relacionados à sexualidade, à infidelidade, ao preservativo, às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e à Aids. RESULTADOS: São aspectos que tornam os homens mais vulneráveis: sentir-se forte, imune a doenças; ser impetuoso, correr riscos; ser incapaz de recusar uma mulher; considerar que o homem tem mais necessidade de sexo do que a mulher e de que esse desejo é incontrolável. A infidelidade masculina é considerada natural; a feminina é atribuída a deficiências do parceiro. A decisão por usar ou não camisinha é feita pelo homem; a mulher só pode solicitá-la para evitar gravidez. A não-utilização da camisinha é atribuída a: estética, alto custo, medo de perder a ereção, perda de sensibilidade no homem e na mulher. Os entrevistados não se consideram vulneráveis ao HIV nem a doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e confundem suas formas de transmissão. CONCLUSÕES: A idéia de que ser homem é ser um bom provedor para a família e ter responsabilidade pode constituir um aspecto que favoreça a prevenção, já que pode levá-los a usar camisinha como contraceptivo e para não trazer doenças para casa. É importante conhecer e intervir sobre as concepções de masculinidade, não só porque elas podem contribuir para aumento da vulnerabilidade ao HIV, mas também porque podem apontar caminhos mais efetivos para a prevenção.

OBJETIVOS: Estudar as práticas sexuais de risco para a infecção pelo HIV de estudantes adultos jovens (18 a 25 anos) de escolas públicas noturnas e avaliar as diferenças de gênero e o impacto de um programa de prevenção de Aids. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal de intervenção, em quatro escolas da região central do Município de São Paulo, SP, divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos: intervenção e controle. Uma amostra de 394 estudantes participou do estudo, e 77% completaram o questionário pós-intervenção. Realizaram-se "Oficinas de Sexo Mais Seguro" para discutir simbolismo da Aids, percepção de risco, influências das normas de gênero nas atitudes, informações sobre Aids, corpo erótico e reprodutivo, prazer sexual e negociação do uso do preservativo. Para a análise estatística, foram empregados os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson e a análise de co-variância. RESULTADOS: A freqüência do uso consistente de preservativo foi baixa (33%), e existiam diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres com referência à sexualidade e à prevenção de Aids. Ao avaliar os efeitos das oficinas, as mudanças foram estatisticamente significativas entre as mulheres, que relataram maior proporção de sexo protegido entre outros aspectos relacionados à prevenção da Aids. As mudanças não foram significativas entre os homens. CONCLUSÕES: O risco para a infecção pelo HIV pode ser diminuído, mas resultados mais expressivos podem ser encontrados se forem consideradas as diferenças de gênero e de papéis sexuais por meio de programas comunitários específicos de longa duração.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a vulnerabilidade, de caminhoneiros de rota curta, à transmissão sexual do HIV e da Aids. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 279 caminhoneiros com vínculo de trabalho na cidade de Santos, SP, em locais de concentração na área portuária e suas proximidades, sindicatos e associações, recrutados pela amostragem do tipo "bola-de-neve". Foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando perguntas abertas e fechadas sobre questões sociodemográficas, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, conhecimento sobre o HIV e a Aids, contato prévio com programas de prevenção à Aids em Santos, percepção de sua vulnerabilidade ao HIV e à Aids. Foi realizada análise descritiva da amostra, e apresentados relatos para ilustrar algumas situações de vulnerabilidade. RESULTADOS: Do total de 279 caminhoneiros entrevistados, 93% declararam ter parceira fixa, 40% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras casuais, e 19% referiram manter relações sexuais com parceiras freqüentes. A principal situação de vulnerabilidade ao HIV ocorre devido ao uso inconsistente do preservativo, interligado ao vínculo estabelecido com cada parceira. O tempo fora de casa parece não ser o principal fator para situações de vulnerabilidade, conforme demonstram estudos com caminhoneiros de rota longa. CONCLUSÕES: A cultura "machista" e os papéis tradicionais masculinos são emblemáticos entre os caminhoneiros de rota curta. Certamente é necessário investir mais na prevenção nessa categoria profissional. A prevenção em locais de trabalho parece promissora, pois permite entender melhor seu universo, propiciando intervenções educativas adequadas a essa categoria profissional.

INTRODUÇÃO/ OBJETIVO: Os casos de Aids continuam crescendo entre os jovens, e existem poucos estudos para entender as especificidades da vulnerabilidade masculina no contexto jovem. Assim, realizou-se estudo com o objetivo de desenvolver um programa de prevenção de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DST) e da Aids entre jogadores profissionais de futebol. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 25 jogadores juniores de um time de futebol profissional de Campinas, SP. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: (1) aplicação de questionário para auto-resposta, com informações sociodemográficas, sobre adesão às normas tradicionais de gênero, conhecimentos e prevenção de DST/Aids e risco de transmissão associado ao esporte; e (2) uma segunda etapa com dezessete sessões de dinâmica de grupo. Diversas dinâmicas e formas de expressão (discursiva, escrita, pictográfica, vídeos) foram utilizadas para captar os conteúdos do grupo com referência aos temas desenvolvidos. RESULTADOS: O grupo mostrou elevado grau de informação quanto às vias de transmissão do HIV e baixo nível de conhecimento em relação à reprodução e às DST. A gravidez não planejada constituiu a principal preocupação desses jovens. Quanto ao preservativo, o uso consistente só foi relatado com parceiras casuais (73%) e foi inconsistente com parceiras fixas (27%). A convivência, no futebol, com atletas infectados pelo HIV, é entendida como ameaça para 58% do grupo. CONCLUSÕES: Os jovens se consideram pouco vulneráveis, embora expostos à possibilidade de adquirir HIV e de ocorrer gravidez indesejada. Os atletas têm pouco conhecimento sobre o corpo e sobre a saúde reprodutiva. O espaço do futebol, assim como dos demais esportes, pode ser um importante local para intervenção e formação de multiplicadores, uma vez que jogadores são considerados modelos por crianças e jovens.

OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil de adolescentes quanto ao apoio social e familiar, ao uso de drogas e os conhecimentos, as práticas e atitudes relacionadas à Aids e sua prevenção. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 275 jovens internos, do sexo masculino, de um centro de internação da Fundação Estadual do Bem Estar do Menor (Febem), em São Paulo, SP. A pesquisa foi feita em duas fases: a primeira por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 20 internos; a segunda, com questionários para auto-respostas aplicados aos 275 internos, com perguntas fechadas referentes a características sociodemográficas, criminalidade, práticas sexuais, uso de drogas, conhecimento, atitudes e práticas relativas à Aids. RESULTADOS: Do total estudado, 90% dos jovens internos residiam com suas famílias antes da internação; todos haviam estudado em escolas públicas, ainda que 61% já houvessem abandonado os estudos; 12% já haviam usado drogas; e 5,5% eram usuários de drogas intravenosas. A maioria (98%) era sexualmente ativa; 35% haviam tido mais de 15 parceiras(os) sexuais ao longo da vida; 8% haviam tido experiências homossexuais (dentro ou fora da Febem); 12% já haviam trocado sexo por benefícios materiais; e 22% já eram pais. Muitos dos adolescentes afirmaram que adquirir o HIV "é parte da vida" e que suas vidas apresentam riscos piores, como sobreviver na criminalidade. Acreditam que o preservativo é frágil (83%) e atrapalha a relação sexual (58%); 72% já haviam utilizado preservativo, mas apenas 9% o utilizavam sempre. CONCLUSÕES: Os adolescentes apresentaram um elevado risco de aquisição do HIV. Assim, torna-se necessário integrar a prevenção da Aids em sua problemática de vida e em temas como racismo, esperança pelo futuro, criminalidade, uso de drogas, direitos fundamentais, incluídos nestes os referentes ao sexo e à reprodução, mostrando existir alternativas a adquirir o HIV ou morrer na criminalidade.

Abstract Background HAART has significantly reduced AIDS-related morbidity in children. However, limited evidence is available from developing countries regarding patterns of opportunistic illnesses. We describe these events and their associated factors in children with AIDS in Brazil. Methods This study is based on two representative retrospective multi-center cohorts including a total 1,859 children with AIDS, infected via mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), between 1983-2002. Opportunistic illnesses were described and analyzed over time. The association of demographic, clinical and operational data with the occurrence of opportunistic diseases was assessed. Results In total, 1,218 (65.5%) had at least one event of an opportunistic disease. Variables significantly associated with occurrence of these events included: region of residence (OR 2.68-11.33, as compared to the Northern region), age < 1 year at diagnosis (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.81-3.61, p < 0.001), and non-performance of MTCT prevention measures (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.21-2.07, p < 0.001). Protective factors included year of HIV diagnosis in the HAART era (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.15-0.76, p = 0.009) and ART use (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44-0.77, p < 0.001). In both periods bacterial infections represented the most common opportunistic events (58.6 vs. 34.7%; p < 0.001), followed by Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (21.9 vs. 13.2%; p < 0.001), and bacterial meningitis/sepsis (16.8 vs. 7.4%; p < 0.001). Conclusions Despite the significant reduction in recent years, opportunistic illnesses are still common in Brazilian children with AIDS in the HAART era, especially bacterial diseases. The data reinforce the need for scaling up prevention of MTCT, early diagnosis of infection, and improvement of comprehensive pediatric care.

My grandfather was a prominent Jewish physician in Nazi Germany who escaped the Holocaust with his family but nevertheless came to a tragic end. As I, an American family physician, learned more about him, I was surprised by how much I identified with him. I was struck by how his success in his career had not been matched in other areas of his life, leaving him little to fall back on when his professional status was taken away. My grandfather's story has given me insights about him, my family, and myself and has taught me important lessons about the balance between professional and personal life., (© 2023 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.)

Objective: More women in China have received intrauterine devices (IUDs) than in the rest of the world combined. Recent reports have recognized a growing problem of delayed removal of these IUDs after menopause, especially in rural China, but few studies have examined women's knowledge and other risk factors for delayed removal., Methods: A total of 1,014 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 45 to 64 years participating in a pilot program providing free IUD removal in rural China completed a questionnaire. We examined their knowledge about when IUDs should be removed and other demographic and reproductive health characteristics and the association of these factors with whether their IUD removal was on time or delayed using bivariate contingency analysis and multivariate logistic regression., Results: A total of 40.2% of women were having their IUDs removed more than 2 years after menopause, and 67.9% did not know the correct time for IUD removal. Women who were older, less educated, had one child, had their IUD placed in a rural facility, and with no gynecological examination in the past 2 years were less likely to know when an IUD should be removed. In multivariate analysis, knowledge, the facility where the IUD was placed, and a recent gynecological examination were independent predictors of on-time removal. At least 170 women had received a gynecological examination after menopause without the IUD being removed at that time., Conclusions: Lack of knowledge about timing for IUD removal and structural barriers in health service organization must be addressed to improve care for millions of women with IUDs in rural China., Competing Interests: Financial disclosure/conflicts of interest: None reported., (Copyright © 2022 by The North American Menopause Society.)

Background: Strategies to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) have often been based on preliminary and limited data and have tended to be slow to evolve as new evidence emerges. Yet knowledge about COVID-19 has grown exponentially, and the expanding rollout of vaccines presents further opportunity to reassess the response to the pandemic more broadly., Main Text: We review the latest evidence concerning 10 key COVID-19 policy and strategic areas, specifically addressing: 1) the expansion of equitable vaccine distribution, 2) the need to ease restrictions as hospitalization and mortality rates eventually fall, 3) the advantages of emphasizing educational and harm reduction approaches over coercive and punitive measures, 4) the need to encourage outdoor activities, 5) the imperative to reopen schools, 6) the far-reaching and long-term economic and psychosocial consequences of sustained lockdowns, 7) the excessive focus on surface disinfection and other ineffective measures, 8) the importance of reassessing testing policies and practices, 9) the need for increasing access to outpatient therapies and prophylactics, and 10) the necessity to better prepare for future pandemics., Conclusions: While remarkably effective vaccines have engendered great hope, some widely held assumptions underlying current policy approaches call for an evidence-based reassessment. COVID-19 will require ongoing mitigation for the foreseeable future as it transforms from a pandemic into an endemic infection, but maintaining a constant state of emergency is not viable. A more realistic public health approach is to adjust current mitigation goals to be more data-driven and to minimize unintended harms associated with unfocused or ineffective control efforts. Based on the latest evidence, we therefore present recommendations for refining 10 key policy areas, and for applying lessons learned from COVID-19 to prevent and prepare for future pandemics., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objectives: Migrant women in China's industrial cities face particular contraceptive challenges, which have changed in recent years as family planning policy has shifted. Little is known about recent trends in contraception and abortion among China's large internal migrant population. We conducted a survey to examine these issues among factory workers in a large Chinese city., Methods: Married migrant women ( N  = 801) aged 20-39 years and working in Changzhou, China, completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire giving details about their sociodemographic background, work and migration situations, and reproductive health., Results: Current contraceptive use was reported by 86.6% of women. Condoms, which have largely replaced longer acting contraceptive methods in this population in recent years, were being used by 54.9% of contraceptive users. Only 41.2% used a longer acting method, mostly an intrauterine device (IUD). A lifetime history of abortion was reported by 40.4%. In the past year, 5.5% had had an unintended pregnancy and 5.2% had had an induced abortion. Older age, lower level of education, lower income, area of origin and husband's residency were associated with IUD use. Lower income, husband's residency and stronger fertility desire were associated with recent unintended pregnancy., Conclusion: The results of the study provide evidence that migrant women in China are relying more than ever on less effective methods of contraception. Unintended pregnancy and abortion are common. China's current informed choice model needs to be improved with the provision of better health education before and after migration and easy access to health and reproductive health care services.

Reducing multiple and concurrent partnerships has been identified as a priority in generalised HIV epidemics, yet developing successful interventions to bring about such behaviour change has proven challenging. We offered a three-session intervention aimed to improve couple relationship quality and address HIV risk factors, particularly concurrent sexual partnerships (CSP), in a peri-urban community of Kampala, Uganda. Before launching the intervention, a different group of community members participated in eight single-gender focus group discussions (FGDs) which explored issues of couple relationship quality and satisfaction. Findings from the FGDs guided the intervention. All 162 couples invited to the intervention completed a survey pre- and post-intervention. In FGDs, women and men discussed challenges faced in their relationships, including pervasive dissatisfaction, financial constraints, deception and lack of trust, poor communication, lack of sexual satisfaction, and concurrent sexual partnerships. A difference-in-difference analysis showed no measurable impact of the intervention on relationship quality or sexual risk behaviours over a six-month follow-up among 183 individuals who participated in the intervention, although many stated in response to open-ended questions that they had experienced positive relationship changes. Qualitative findings suggest high demand for couple-focused interventions but also reveal many individual-, couple-, community- and structural-level factors which contribute to women and men seeking concurrent sexual partnerships. More intensive interventions may be needed to overcome these barriers to behaviour change and reduce HIV risk. These findings also raise questions about how to interpret divergent qualitative and quantitative data, a topic which has received little attention in the literature.

Background: There is a very large population of internal migrants in China, and the majority of migrant women are of childbearing age. Little is known about their utilization of prenatal care and factors that influence this. We examined this using data from a large national survey of migrants., Methods: 5372 married rural to urban migrant women aged 20-34 who were included in the 2014 National Dynamic Monitoring Survey on Migrants and who delivered a baby within the previous two years were studied. We examined demographic and migration experience predictors of prenatal care in the first trimester and of adequate prenatal visits., Results: 12.6% of migrant women reported no examination in the first trimester and 27.6% had less than 5 prenatal visits during their latest pregnancy. Multivariate analysis indicated that demographic predictors of delayed and inadequate care included lower educational level, lower income and not having childbearing insurance. Migrating before pregnancy, longer time since migration, having migrated a greater distance, and not returning to their home town for delivery were correlated with better prenatal care., Conclusions: Many internal migrant women in China do not receive adequate prenatal care. While internal migration before pregnancy seems to promote adequate prenatal care, it also creates barriers to receiving care. Strategies to improve prenatal care utilization include expanding access to childbearing insurance and timely education for women before and after they migrate.

Guatemala has a concentrated HIV epidemic disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women. We recruited 205 self-identified MSM, bisexuals, transvestites, and transgender women in western Guatemala using long-chain peer referral, wherein "seed" participants were asked to invite as many as three acquaintances to participate in the study. Self-reported sexual or gender identity was MSM, 46%; bisexual, 28%; transvestite, 21%, and transgender woman, 5%. Median age of the participants was 23 years, and 36% self-identified as being indigenous. Indigenous persons were more likely to self-identity as transvestite (32.9% vs 13.8%, P = 0.04), strongly perceive themselves at risk for HIV (87.7% vs 51.5%, P = 0.001), have had an HIV test in the last 12 months and know the result (97.3% vs 85.4%, P = 0.008), and experience barriers to testing and treatment (86.3% vs 67.7%, P = 0.004). HIV prevention services for indigenous MSM should especially target transvestites and how to overcome stigmatization and barriers to care.

Despite evidence that a greater focus on couples could strengthen HIV prevention efforts, little health-related research has explored relationship functioning and relationship quality among couples in Africa. Using data from 162 couples (324 individuals) resident in a peri-urban Ugandan community, we assessed actor and partner effects of sexual risk behaviors on relationship quality, using psychometric measures of dyadic adjustment, sexual satisfaction, commitment, intimacy, and communication. For women and men, poor relationship quality was associated with having concurrent sexual partners and suspecting that one's partner had concurrent sexual partners (actor effects). Women's poor relationship quality was also associated with men's sexual risk behaviors (partner effects), although the inverse partner effect was not observed. These findings suggest that relationship quality is linked to HIV risk, particularly through the pathway of concurrent sexual partnerships, and that positive relationship attributes such as sexual satisfaction, intimacy, and constructive communication can help couples to avoid risk.

Background: China has a large migrant population, including many young unmarried women. Little is known about their sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and risk of unintended pregnancy., Methods: 475 unmarried female migrants aged 15-24, working in 1 of 6 factories in 2 districts of Changzhou city, completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire in May 2012 on demographic characteristics, work and living situation, and health. We examined demographic and migration experience predictors of sexual and contraceptive behavior using bivariate and multivariate regressions., Results: 30.1% of the respondents were sexually experienced, with the average age at first sex of 19 years (standard deviation=3). 37.8% reported using contraception at first sex, 58.0% reported using consistent contraception during the past year, and 28.0% reported having at least 1 unintended pregnancy with all unintended pregnancies resulting in abortion. Those who had had at least 1 abortion reported having on average 1.6 abortions [SD=1] in total. Migrating with a boyfriend and changing jobs fewer times were associated with being sexually experienced. Younger age, less education, and changing jobs more times were associated with inconsistent contraceptive use., Conclusion: These findings demonstrate there is an unmet need for reproductive health education and services where these women work as well as in their hometown communities. This education must begin early to reach young women before they migrate., (© Zong et al.)

Purpose: China has an enormous and rapidly growing population of widowed elders. Little is known about how losing a spouse affects elders' health-related quality of life (QOL), especially in the rural areas where most Chinese elders live. This article analyzes QOL data collected in 2014 among rural Chinese elders to address this question., Methods: SF12 questionnaires and information about individual and household characteristics were collected from 3053 elders aged 60 and above in rural China. We compared the physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores between 1925 married elders and 1060 widowed elders in a bivariate model stratifying by gender and age group and in a general factorial ANOVA multivariate analysis that examined and controlled for other predictors of PCS and MCS scores including education, chronic disease, and family and household factors., Results: Widowed male and female elders' physical health and mental health were in decline with age. Widowed men had lower PCS and MCS scores than married men. Widowed women also had lower PCS scores, but differences in MCS scores did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, widowhood was associated with lower PCS and MCS scores overall. Support from children was associated with better QOL and, based on interaction analysis, appeared to mitigate negative effects of widowhood., Conclusions: Widowed rural elders in China have lower physical and mental quality of life than their married counterparts. These elders rely on their children for care, and a supportive family is associated with better QOL., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Objective: China's national family planning system is mainly directed toward women of early reproductive ages. Most studies of service provision focused on younger women, who almost all receive regular examinations. Little is known about service-seeking behavior among women of late reproductive ages., Methods: This cross-sectional household survey interviewed 1,811 rural women aged 40 to 49 in seven provinces. We examined sexual and reproductive health, utilization of sexual and reproductive health services, and predictors of receiving a free gynecological examination in the past 2 years., Results: Educational levels were not high, and most women were rural farmers or housewives. More than one-fourth had migrated for work to big cities when they were younger. The mean frequency of sex in the last month was 3.6 times. Approximately 22.7% of women had not received a gynecological examination and 31.2% had not received any health education during the past 2 years. The first choice for where to seek services was township medical facilities (58.4%). On multivariate regression, age, education, migrant working experience, awareness of the need for intrauterine device removal after menopause, health education received, and attitude toward health examinations were significantly associated with receiving a gynecological examination in the past 2 years., Conclusions: Women of late reproductive age in rural China are not receiving as regular care as younger women. This study identifies sociodemographic and health service correlates for service-seeking behavior, many of which are modifiable. Health services should pay greater attention to this group, including community-based efforts to encourage routine examinations and appropriate use of health services.

Objective: China's family planning program focuses on younger women. Women older than 50 years, especially those in rural areas, are ineligible for free services and often have few other care options. Few studies have examined the sexual and reproductive health demands and unmet needs of these women., Methods: This cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey included 1,652 rural women aged 50 to 64 years from seven provinces in China. We examined women's sexual and reproductive health status, knowledge, and service demands, and whether they still had an intrauterine device (IUD)., Results: Educational levels were low, and most were rural farmers or housewives. The mean age at menopause was 48.9 years, and 52.4% reported climacteric symptoms. The mean frequency of sex in the last month was 1.8 times. About 47.4% of women had undergone a gynecological examination during the past 2 years. The first choice for care was family planning clinics (31.2%) followed by township hospitals (28.4%). Identified service needs included women's health check-ups (56.5%), sexual health knowledge (54.4%), women's health knowledge (35.4%), menopause counseling (34.8%), and IUD removal after menopause (17.0%). Among 519 postmenopausal women who used an IUD, 19.1% had not had it removed. On multivariate regression, awareness of correct time for IUD removal, beliefs about sex after menopause, receiving formal health education, and undergoing gynecological examination were significantly associated with having had IUD removal., Conclusions: A large proportion of middle-aged women in rural China lack sexual and reproductive health services, including IUD removal after menopause. A comprehensive program of sexual and reproductive health services is needed for middle-aged women in rural China.

Background: Kleptomania is characterized by repetitive stealing and has severe consequences for patients. Stigma, a lack of standardized therapy and a limited number of assessment tools hinder advances in treatment. This study provides preliminary data on the Portuguese-language version of the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale (P-K-SAS) and preliminary data on an outpatient program., Methods: Experts in the field analyzed an initial P-K-SAS version, produced through translation/back-translation, in order to arrive at a final version. Eight patients currently on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and 10 patients under maintenance CBT were initially assessed, then re-assessed 6months later., Results: The mean P-K-SAS score was higher among patients initiating CBT than among those under maintenance CBT (21.1±8.0 vs. 11.3±7.5; Mann-Whitney U=15.0, P=.024). The final version of the P-K-SAS presented excellent reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.980; inter-item correlation, 0.638-0.907)., Conclusions: The P-K-SAS presented solid psychometrics and seems ready for use in assessing the effectiveness of treatments for kleptomania. The findings suggest that kleptomania patients need follow-up treatment that goes beyond the traditional 12-session structure., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: China has an enormous and growing middle-aged population. Little is known about health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for this group, especially in rural areas. We examined HRQOL and its individual and household predictors among middle-aged people in rural Mid-east China., Methods: HRQOL questionnaires and information about individual and household characteristics were collected from 428 subjects aged 45 to 65 in 12 villages in Mid-east China. We examined the eight dimensions of the SF-36 instrument, along with the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) using a reference sample in Hong Kong for standardization. Individual and household predictors of PCS and MCS were examined by one-way ANOVA and binary logistic regression analysis., Results: Self-reported HRQOL was similar to that seen in middle-aged populations elsewhere. Based on univariate analyses, PCS differed by age, education, occupation, household per capita income, drinking water supply, and frequency of household members caring about each other; MCS differed by education, household per capita income, drinking water supply, and frequency of caring about each other. Individual and household-level factors accounted for 12.5% and 8.2% of the variance in PCS, respectively, and for 3.1% and 10.7% of the variance in MCS., Conclusions: HRQOL among middle-aged people in rural China appears similar to that observed elsewhere, and varies by income, education, and other factors. Household factors, particularly the extent to which household members care about each other, are significant predictors of physical and mental health. In addition to improving general socioeconomic conditions, efforts to improve HRQOL for middle-aged people in rural China need to focus on the family environment.

HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) are of concern in Mayan districts of Guatemala in which labor migration is common. This study assessed whether the migration status of men is associated with reported STI symptoms among their female primary partners. In a multivariate analysis of survey data taken from a larger Mayan sexual health study, the odds of reporting STI symptoms were twofold higher among women who reported that their partner migrated (OR 2.08, 95 % CI, 1.16-3.71), compared to women whose partners did not. Women from the Mam and Kaqchikel ethnolinguistic groups reported higher rates of STI symptoms after adjustment for their partners' migration status.

Resource-limited settings have made slow progress in integrating TB and HIV care for co-infected patients. We examined the impact of integrated TB/HIV care on clinical and survival outcomes in rural western Guatemala. Prospective data from 254 newly diagnosed TB/HIV patients (99 enrolled in the pre-integrated program from August 2005 to July 2006, and 155 enrolled in the integrated program from February 2008 to January 2009) showed no significant baseline differences between clients in the two periods. They were principally male (65.5 %), Mayan (71 %), median age 33 years, and CD4 count averaged 111 cells/mm³. TB/HIV co-infected patients were more likely to receive antiretroviral therapy in the integrated program than in the pre-integrated program (72 vs. 22 %, respectively) and had lower mortality (HR 0.22, 95 % CI 0.14–0.33). This study shows how using a TB setting as the entry point for integrated TB/HIV care can improve health outcomes for HIV-positive patients in rural Guatemala.

This study analyzed data from two consecutive retrospective cohort samples (1983 to 1998 and 1999 to 2002) of Brazilian children with AIDS (N = 1,758) through mother-to-child-transmission. Late-stage diagnosis (CDC category C) was investigated in relation to the following variables: year of birth, year of HIV diagnosis, and time periods related to changes in government treatment guidelines. Late-stage diagnosis occurred in 731 (41.6%) of cases and was more prevalent in infants under 12 months of age. The rate of late-stage diagnosis decreased from 48% to 36% between the two periods studied. We also observed a reduction in the proportion of late-stage diagnoses and the time lapse between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation. A significant association was found between timely diagnosis and having been born in recent years (OR = 0.62; p = 0.009) and year of HIV diagnosis (OR = 0.72; p = 0.002/OR = 0.62; p < 0.001). Infants under the age of 12 months were more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage than older children (OR = 1.70; p = 0.004). Despite advances, there is a need to improve the effectiveness of policies and programs focused on improving early diagnosis and management of HIV/AIDS.

Uganda has long been considered an AIDS success story, although in recent years declines in prevalence and incidence appear to have stalled or even reversed. During the early stages of Uganda's AIDS prevention program, health messages emphasized behavior change, especially fidelity. Ugandans were made to fear AIDS and feel personally at risk of dying from a new, poorly understood disease. In this research, six focus group discussions with 64 participants in peri-urban and rural areas outside Kampala suggest that HIV prevention messages have shifted in the direction of risk reduction: condoms, testing, and drugs. Ugandans now seem less afraid of becoming infected with HIV, at least in part because antiretroviral therapy is available, and this diminished fear may be having a disinhibiting effect on sexual behavior. Participants believe that HIV rates are on the rise, that more individuals are engaged in multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships, and that sexual behavior is less restrained than a generation ago. These findings suggest that AIDS-prevention programs in Uganda would benefit from refocusing on the content that yielded success previously-sexual behavior change strategies., (© 2013 The Population Council, Inc.)

Condom promotion and HIV testing for the general population have been major components of HIV prevention efforts in sub-Saharan Africa's high prevalence HIV epidemics, although little evidence documents their public health impact. Recent enhancements to the large, population-based demographic and health surveys (DHS) and AIDS information surveys (AIS) allow use of these data to assess the population-wide impact of these strategies. We analysed the latest DHS and AIS data from four sub-Saharan African countries with high prevalence, heterosexually transmitted HIV epidemics (Côte d'Ivoire, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia; N = 48 298) to answer two questions: 1) Are men and women who use condoms less likely to be HIV-infected than those who do not?; and 2) Are men and women who report knowing their HIV status more likely to use condoms than those who do not? Consistent condom use was associated with lower HIV infection rates for Swazi men but with higher HIV infection rates for women in Tanzania and Zambia; it made no significant difference in the other five sex/country subgroups analysed. Inconsistent condom use was not significantly associated with HIV status in any subgroup. Knowing one's HIV status was consistently associated with higher rates of condom use only among married people who were HIV-positive, even though condom use in this group remained relatively low. Effects of knowing one's HIV status among other subgroups varied. These results suggest that condoms have had little population-wide impact for HIV/AIDS prevention in these four countries. HIV testing appears to be associated with increased condom use mainly among people in stable partnerships who test positive. HIV testing and condom promotion may be more effective when targeted to specific groups where there is evidence of benefit rather than to general populations.