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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention as promising candidates for the next generation of solar energy-harvesting devices. Despite their impressive efficiency potential, conventional fabrication methods, such as spin-coating, have limitations in terms of scalability for large-scale production. To address this challenge, the roll-to-roll (R2R) process has emerged as a commendable approach for the cost-effective and high-throughput manufacturing of PSCs. In this research article, we propose electron transport layer (ETL) engineering as a strategy to enhance the performance of R2R-processed PSCs. Specifically, we introduce polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a dispersant within the ETL and systematically optimize the PEI concentration to achieve improved uniformity and bandgap control. Through systematic experimentation, we demonstrate that the optimal PEI concentration (1 wt%) leads to a perovskite solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.8%. In addition, the solar cell device with the optimized ETL recorded a stable efficiency of 15.8% even in MPPT measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been rapidly developed for realistic applications such as windows and auxiliary power supplies of electronics. However, the moisture penetration through the flexible substrate films still poses a major obstacle because it can destroy the perovskite films under outdoor conditions. Unlike conventional PSCs with glass‐based encapsulation, flexible PSCs face challenges in finding suitable materials and structures that maintain flexibility while providing effective encapsulation. Simple encapsulation methods for flexible PSCs are proposed using a transparent electrode‐integrated flexible barrier (TIFB) substrate comprising silicon nitride (SiNx)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET)/indium tin oxide (ITO). A dense SiNx layer with chemical vapor deposition on ITO–PET films is deposited and a more flexible TIFB than the conventional laminated substrate owing to its thinness is achieved. TIFB shows a low water vapor transmission rate of 4.3 × 10−3 g m−2 day. Consequently, the efficiency of TIFB‐based PSCs under harsh conditions (60 °C and 90RH%) exhibits an acceptable decrease within 10% of its highest efficiency after 400 h, which is the most stable data under high temperature and humidity among existing flexible encapsulated PSCs. TIFB, as a flexible substrate, is a major candidate to protect flexible electronics and PSCs against external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll‐to‐roll (R2R) fabrication of high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains challenging for PSC commercialization. Herein, the R2R‐suitable electron transfer layer (ETL) SnO2 ink system for flexible PSCs is investigated. Water‐dispersed SnO2 inks, commonly used for flexible PSCs, form dewetting pinholes during R2R slot‐die coating owing to slower evaporation compared to spin coating. To prevent the dewetting of the pinhole, a low surface tension solvent (isopropyl alcohol, IPA) is added to the SnO2 ink. The IPA addition reduced surface tension, enhancing wetting behavior, but increased SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) aggregation. Interestingly, the fabricated ETL films with highly aggregated SnO2 NPs are smooth, in contrast to the rough layers obtained via the spin‐coating process, owing to the high shear rate. Herein, NP aggregation and surface morphology are explored using Brownian dynamics simulations under shear conditions. Consequently, when the particles are agglomerated, the PSCs with slot‐die coating exhibit higher power conversion efficiency compared to ETL spin‐coated PSCs. Therefore, IPA addition to SnO2 ink is preferred for the R2R slot‐die process by improving the wetting properties and forming smooth films. In this study, a framework is provided for obtaining high‐quality films using the slot‐die coating of ETL and promotes the commercialization of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological requirements are changing, and there is a push for more effective energy production and conversion technologies as a result of a social desire for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Solar energy conversion, particularly photovoltaic cells, offers a potentially helpful solution in this situation. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been reported to have increased significantly from 3% to 26.1%. The transition from laboratory PSCs to their commercialization needs scalable deposition techniques, high efficiency at a scalable level, and perovskite photovoltaic with minimal loss in PCE. In this review article, the scalable fabrication processes for perovskite solar modules (PSMs) and their fabrication challenges, as well as latest developments in PSM stability, are focused on. Finally, the future prospectus and challenges for PSMs are presented. This review will give us an overall understanding of the thin film coating inside the PSM and good insight into the future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, ionic liquid (IL)‐based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have attracted much attention as conducting or capacitive materials for stretchable electronics. To fabricate fast and mechanically robust electronic devices, the high ionic conductivity and high elastic toughness of the SPE are essential. However, it has been challenging to achieve both high ionic conductivity and high elastic toughness simultaneously because high ionic conductivity generally requires low crystallinity of the polymer chains. Herein, a facile strategy for fabricating highly conductive, mechanically robust, and thermally stable SPE is demonstrated. A glass fiber mesh and La0.57Li0.29TiO3 particles as dual‐supporters are introduced, and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amine lithium salt (LiTFSI) (having the same anion) as the dual salt in the polymer electrolyte is introduced. Consequently, the SPE exhibits a superior ionic conductivity of 2.4 × 10−2 S cm−1 at room temperature and an outstanding elastic toughness of ≈170.3 kJ m−2. Finally, the dual‐salt/dual‐supporter SPE is successfully applied to high‐performance organic electrolyte‐gated transistors as gate dielectric materials and highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors as force‐sensitive dielectric layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the electrical and optical properties of structurally simple refractive-index-matched indium tin oxide (IM-ITO) films prepared on high-refractive index hard-coated polyethylene terephthalate (KM-V2) substrates by using a pilot scale roll to roll magnetron sputtering system for implementation in touch screen panels. We found that the ITO thin films are polycrystalline with a preferred (222) orientation. We determined the appropriate conditions for the deposition of simplestructure IM-ITO films on KM-V2 substrates for touch screen panels with an invisible electrode pattern. Moreover, the outgassing of the polymer substrate is very important in the roll-to-roll sputtering fabrication of high-quality IM-ITO films with the required electrical and optical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a simple approachto prepare a transparentsuperhydrophobic coating and a translucent superamphiphobic coatingvia spraying silica–fluoropolymer hybrid nanoparticles (SFNs)without any pre- or post-treatment of substrates; these nanoparticlescreate both microscale and nanoscale roughness, and fluoropolymeracts as a low surface energy binder. We also demonstrate the effectsof varying the concentration of the SFN sol on the water and hexadecanerepellency and on the transparency of the coated glass substrates.An increase in the concentration of the sol facilitates the transitionbetween the superhydrophobic/transparent and superamphiphobic/translucentstates. This transition results from an increase in the discontinuitiesin the three-phase (solid–liquid–gas) contact line andin the light scattering properties due to micropapillae tuned by varyingthe concentration of the sol. This versatile and controllable approachcan be applied to a variety of substrates over large areas and mayprovide a wide range of applications for self-cleaning coatings ofoptoelectronics, liquid-repellent coatings, and microfluidic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a stable roll-to-roll (R2R) process for flexible large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules is a pressing challenge. In this study, we introduced a new R2R PSC manufacturing system that employs a two-step deposition method for coating perovskite and uses intensive pulsed light (IPL) for annealing. This system has successfully fabricated small-sized cells and the first-ever large-sized, R2R-processed flexible modules. A key focus of our work was to accelerate the conversion of PbI 2 to perovskite. To this end, we utilized IPL annealing and incorporated additives into the PbI 2 layer. With these modifications, the R2R-processed perovskite films achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.87%, representing the highest reported value for R2R two-step processed PSCs. However, these cells exhibited hysteresis in reverse and forward PCE measurements. To address this, we introduced a dual-annealing process consisting of IPL followed by a 2-min thermal heating step. This approach successfully reduced hysteresis, resulting in low-hysteresis, R2R-processed flexible PSCs. Moreover, we fabricated large-scale flexible modules (10 × 10 cm 2 ) with a PCE of 11.25% using the dual-annealing system, marking a significant milestone in this field.