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Emotion is an integral part of the knowledge production process, yet is rarely acknowledged within research methods teaching or textbooks. As educators, preparing students for fieldwork is essential, and should go beyond skill-learning, towards building confidence in their ability to react both ethically and appropriately during fieldwork. This paper reflects on supporting students to manage the disruptiveness of learning about their role within the research process while acknowledging research as an emotionally-driven practice. We outline why learning opportunities on emotion are essential within the context of a pan-social-science methods course for postgraduates. Consideration is given to how space is provided for students to consider their motivations, emotions, and subjective engagement with their research, and the broader consequences for knowledge production in action. Two examples are shared as a means to create space for careful consideration of emotions, and of potentially delivering a strategy for implementing a pedagogy of emotion.

IntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, yet our comprehension predominantly relies on studies within non-Hispanic White (NHW) populations. Here we provide an extensive survey of the proteomic landscape of AD across diverse racial/ethnic groups.MethodsTwo cortical regions, from multiple centers, were harmonized by uniform neuropathological diagnosis. Among 998 unique donors, 273 donors self-identified as African American, 229 as Latino American, and 434 as NHW.ResultsWhile amyloid precursor protein and the microtubule-associated protein tau demonstrated higher abundance in AD brains, no significant race-related differences were observed. Further proteome-wide and focused analyses (specific amyloid beta [Aβ] species and the tau domains) supported the absence of racial differences in these AD pathologies within the brain proteome.DiscussionOur findings indicate that the racial differences in AD risk and clinical presentation are not underpinned by dramatically divergent patterns in the brain proteome, suggesting that other determinants account for these clinical disparities.HighlightsWe present a large-scale proteome (∼10,000 proteins) of DLPFC (998) and STG (244) across AD cases. About 50% of samples were from racially and ethnically diverse brain donors. Key AD proteins (amyloid and tau) correlated with CERAD and Braak stages. No significant race-related differences in amyloid and tau protein levels were observed in AD brains. AD-associated protein changes showed a strong correlation between the brain proteomes of African American and White individuals. This dataset advances understanding of ethnoracial-specific AD pathways and potential therapies.

Studies into why young people choose to study journalism have often been informed by a belief in journalism's inherent worthiness within civil society. However, as surveys show decreasing trust in journalism and increasing avoidance of news in many countries, this article asks whether young people are being put off studying journalism in part because of rising public cynicism around its societal worth. The research compares data sets across multiple countries to explore whether there is a statistical relationship between attitudes among 18- to 20-year-olds toward trust in news and interest in learning to produce it.

JA Humphrey,1 PP Humphrey,2 AS Greenwood,3 JL Anderson,4 HS Markus,5 A Ajuied61Orthopaedic Department, Milton Keynes University Hospital, Milton Keynes, MK65LD, UK; 2School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK; 3Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK; 4Medical Education Department, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK; 5Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK; 6Orthopaedic Department, Guys’ and St Thomas’ NHS Trust, London SE1 9RT, UKIntroduction: Real tennis is a growing, unique, and well-established sport. To date, there has been no epidemiological data on real tennis injuries. The primary aim of this retrospective study is to record the incidence and document any trends in real tennis musculoskeletal injuries, so as to improve injury awareness of common and possibly preventable injuries.Methods: A surveillance questionnaire e-mailed to 2,036 Tennis & Rackets Association members to retrospectively capture injuries sustained by amateur and professional real tennis players over their playing careers.Results: A total of 485 (438 males and 47 females) questionnaires were fully completed over 4 weeks. A total of 662 musculoskeletal injuries were recorded with a mean of 1.4 injuries per player (range 0–7). The incidence of sustaining an acute real tennis musculoskeletal injury is 0.4/1000 hrs. The three main anatomical locations reported injured were elbow 15.6% (103/662), knee 11.6% (77/662), and face 10.0% (66/662). The most common structures reported injured were muscle 24% (161/661), tendon 23.4% (155/661), ligament 7.0% (46/661), soft tissue bruising 6.5% (43/661), and eye 6.2% (41/661). The majority of the upper limb injuries were gradual onset (64.7%, 143/221), and the lower limb injuries were sudden onset (72.0%, 188/261).Conclusion: This study uniquely provides valuable preliminary data on the incidence and patterns of musculoskeletal injuries in real tennis players. In addition, it highlights a number of reported eye injuries. The study is also a benchmark for future prospective studies on academy and professional real tennis players.Keywords: epidemiology, musculoskeletal injuries, real tennis

AIMS: Sodium/glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2 or SLC5A2) inhibitors lower blood glucose and are also approved treatments for heart failure independent of raised glucose. Various studies have showed that SGLT2 inhibitors relax arteries, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and responses variable across arterial beds. We speculated that SGLT2 inhibitor-mediated arterial relaxation is dependent upon calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) released from sensory nerves independent of glucose transport. METHODS AND RESULTS: The functional effects of SGLT1 and 2 inhibitors (mizagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin) and the sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) blocker cariporide were determined on pre-contracted resistance arteries (mesenteric and cardiac septal arteries) as well as main renal conduit arteries from male Wistar rats using wire myography. SGLT2, CGRP, TRPV1, and NHE1 expression was determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Kv7.4/5/KCNE4 and TRPV1 currents were measured in the presence and absence of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin. All SGLT inhibitors (1-100 µM) and cariporide (30 µM) relaxed mesenteric arteries but had negligible effect on renal or septal arteries. Immunohistochemistry with TRPV1 and CGRP antibodies revealed a dense innervation of sensory nerves in mesenteric arteries that were absent in renal and septal arteries. Consistent with a greater sensory nerve component, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin relaxed mesenteric arteries more effectively than renal or septal arteries. In mesenteric arteries, relaxations to dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, and cariporide were attenuated by the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN-4096, depletion of sensory nerves with capsaicin, and blockade of TRPV1 or Kv7 channels. Neither dapagliflozin nor empagliflozin activated heterologously expressed TRPV1 channels or Kv7 channels directly. Sensory nerves also expressed NHE1 but not SGLT2 and cariporide pre-application as well as knockdown of NHE1 by translation stop morpholinos prevented the relaxant response to SGLT2 inhibitors. CONCLUSION: SGLT2 inhibitors relax mesenteric arteries by promoting the release of CGRP from sensory nerves in a NHE1-dependent manner.

IntroductionMulti-omics studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) revealed many potential disease pathways and therapeutic targets. Despite their promise of precision medicine, these studies lacked Black Americans (BA) and Latin Americans (LA), who are disproportionately affected by AD.MethodsTo bridge this gap, Accelerating Medicines Partnership in Alzheimer's Disease (AMP-AD) expanded brain multi-omics profiling to multi-ethnic donors.ResultsWe generated multi-omics data and curated and harmonized phenotypic data from BA (n = 306), LA (n = 326), or BA and LA (n = 4) brain donors plus non-Hispanic White (n = 252) and other (n = 20) ethnic groups, to establish a foundational dataset enriched for BA and LA participants. This study describes the data available to the research community, including transcriptome from three brain regions, whole genome sequence, and proteome measures.DiscussionThe inclusion of traditionally underrepresented groups in multi-omics studies is essential to discovering the full spectrum of precision medicine targets that will be pertinent to all populations affected with AD.HighlightsAccelerating Medicines Partnership in Alzheimer's Disease Diversity Initiative led brain tissue profiling in multi-ethnic populations. Brain multi-omics data is generated from Black American, Latin American, and non-Hispanic White donors. RNA, whole genome sequencing and tandem mass tag proteomicsis completed and shared. Multiple brain regions including caudate, temporal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were profiled.

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are luminous bursts of soft X-rays from the nuclei of galaxies, repeating on timescales of hours to weeks1-5. The mechanism behind these rare systems is uncertain, but most theories involve accretion disks around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) undergoing instabilities6-8 or interacting with a stellar object in a close orbit9-11. It has been suggested that this disk could be created when the SMBH disrupts a passing star8,11, implying that many QPEs should be preceded by observable tidal disruption events (TDEs). Two known QPE sources show long-term decays in quiescent luminosity consistent with TDEs4,12 and two observed TDEs have exhibited X-ray flares consistent with individual eruptions13,14. TDEs and QPEs also occur preferentially in similar galaxies15. However, no confirmed repeating QPEs have been associated with a spectroscopically confirmed TDE or an optical TDE observed at peak brightness. Here we report the detection of nine X-ray QPEs with a mean recurrence time of approximately 48 h from AT2019qiz, a nearby and extensively studied optically selected TDE16. We detect and model the X-ray, ultraviolet (UV) and optical emission from the accretion disk and show that an orbiting body colliding with this disk provides a plausible explanation for the QPEs.

Introduction: The United States lacks a national interfacility patient transfer coordination system. During the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many hospitals were overwhelmed and faced difficulties transferring sick patients, leading some states and cities to form transfer centers intended to assist sending facilities. In this study we aimed to explore clinician experiences with newly implemented transfer coordination centers.Methods: This mixed-methods study used a brief national survey along with in-depth interviews. The American College of Emergency Physicians Emergency Medicine Practice Research Network (EMPRN) administered the national survey in March 2021. From September–December 2021, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with administrators and rural emergency clinicians in Arizona and New Mexico, two states that started transfer centers during COVID-19.Results: Among 141 respondents (of 765, 18.4% response rate) to the national EMPRN survey, only 30% reported implementation or expansion of a transfer coordination center during COVID-19. Those with new transfer centers reported no change in difficulty of patient transfers during COVID-19 while those without had increased difficulty. The 17 qualitative interviews expanded upon this, revealing four major themes: 1) limited resources for facilitating transfers even before COVID-19; 2) increased number of and distance to transfer partners during the COVID-19 pandemic; 3) generally positive impacts of transfer centers on workflow, and 4) the potential for continued use of centers to facilitate transfers.Conclusion: Transfer centers may have offset pandemic-related transfer challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinicians who frequently need to transfer patients may particularly benefit from ongoing access to such transfer coordination services.

New approaches are needed to determine which ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is at high risk for progression to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). We retrospectively studied DCIS patients who declined surgery (2002-2019), and received endocrine therapy (ET) and breast MRI. Baseline MRI and changes at 3 months and 6 months were analyzed by recursive partitioning to stratify IDC risk. Sixty-two patients (63 DCIS; 1 bilateral) with a mean follow-up of 8.5 years were included. Fifty-one percent remained on active surveillance (AS) without evidence of IDC, with a mean duration of 7.6 years. A decision tree based on MRI features of lesion distinctness and background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at baseline and change after 3 months of ET stratified patients into low, intermediate, and high risk for progression to IDC. MRI imaging features in patients treated with ET and undergoing AS, may help determine which DCIS lesions are at low versus high risk for IDC.

The Proactive Community Case Management (ProCCM) trial in Mali reinforced the health system across both arms with user fee removal, professional Community Health Workers (CHWs), and upgraded primary health centres (PHCs)-and randomized village-clusters to receive proactive home visits by CHWs (intervention) or fixed site-based services by passive CHWs (control). Across both arms, sick children's 24-hour treatment and pregnant women's four or more antenatal visits doubled, and under-five mortality halved, over three years compared to baseline. In the intervention arm, proactive CHW home visits had modest effects on children's curative and women's antenatal care utilization, but no effect on under-five mortality, compared to the control arm. We aimed to explain these results by examining implementation, mechanisms, and context in both arms. We conducted a process evaluation with a mixed method convergent design that included 79 in-depth interviews with providers and participants over two time-points, surveys with 195 providers, and secondary analyses of clinical data. We embedded realist approaches in novel ways to test, refine, and consolidate theories about how ProCCM worked, generating three context-intervention-actor-mechanism-outcome nodes that unfolded in a cascade. First, removing user fees and deploying professional CHWs in every cluster enabled participants to seek health sector care promptly and created a context of facilitated access. Second, health systems support to all CHWs and PHCs enabled equitable, respectful, quality healthcare, which motivated increased, rapid utilization. Third, proactive CHW home visits facilitated CHWs and participants to deliver and seek care, and build relationships, trust, and expectations, but these mechanisms were also activated in both arms. Addressing multiple structural barriers to care, user fee removal, professional CHWs, and upgraded clinics interacted with providers' and patients' agency to achieve rapid care and child survival in both arms. Proactive home visits expedited or compounded mechanisms that were activated and changed the context across arms.

The rapid increase in aquaculture over the last several decades has led to concerns about the environmental impact of fish feeds relying on marine resources for fishmeal (FM). We aim to assess Nannochloropsis sp. QH25 co-product as a viable and sustainable replacement for FM in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, feeds. We formulated four experimental diets: a reference (FM based), 33N, 66N, and 100N diet (33%, 66%, and 100% co-product replacement). Rainbow trout were randomly assigned to one of 16 tanks and randomly assigned an experimental diet to consume throughout the experiment (64 days total), with four replicate tanks per diet. We compared the phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) digestibility, emissions, and growth between diets and, compared six environmental impacts (biotic resource use (BRU), global warming potential (GWP), water use, land use, marine eutrophication potential (MEP), and freshwater eutrophication potential (FEP)) of each diet. Our results indicate that replacing FM with co-product did not significantly alter growth. P digestibility of the experimental and reference diets was comparable. BRU conversion ratio was significantly lower in the experimental diets. However, there were significantly higher water and land use conversion ratios but insignificantly higher results in GWP, MEP, and FEP between the reference and 100N diet.

Background: Historical trauma and cultural loss resulting from colonialism have contributed to educational and health disparities among Pacific youth. Recognizing the protective factors is essential for mitigating disparities and enhancing the overall well-being of these youth. Objective: This review provides evidence about the current state of youth development among Pacific youth. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature published between 2010 and 2020, including the fields of education, social, psychological, and medical sciences. We employed qualitative data analysis of 35 peer-reviewed studies. Results: The majority (69%) of the studies focused on program interventions among 10-19-year-old youth at-risk primarily in New Zealand among Maori (51%) and in the U.S. among Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (46%). Health interventions were common in Hawai'i, while the New Zealand studies focused more on measuring youth resilience. Among the three outcomes identified, health/well-being was the most studied area, followed by social-emotional, and cognitive development. The outcomes suggest mainly positive effects on health and well-being, socio-emotional, and cognitive development related to Pacific youth. Conclusions: While the last decade has seen a growth of culturally anchored programs, more research is needed to account for wider social, economic, and political dynamics that impact youth development, which was largely unaccounted for in the extant studies. There is a need for broader developmental frameworks that would, first, align with the context and culture of the youth's community, and second, expand our horizon of the developmental patterns as they occur in diverse sociocultural contexts.

Coming from a social perspective, we introduce a classroom organizational frame, where students' proofs progress from collaborative construction in small groups, through whole-class presentation at the board by one of the constructors, to a posteriori reflection. This design is informed by a view on proofs as successive social processes in the mathematics community. To illustrate opportunities for mathematics learning of proof progressions, we present a commognitive analysis of a single proof from a small course in topology. The analysis illuminates the processes through which students' proof was restructured, developed previously unarticulated elements, and became more formal and elaborate. Within this progression, the provers developed their mathematical discourses and the course teacher seized valuable teachable moments. The findings are discussed in relation to key themes within the social perspective on proof.

Aquaculture is one of the fastest-growing food sectors, producing almost 50% of fish for human consumption worldwide. However, relying on fish meal and oil for aquaculture diets is not sustainable economically or environmentally. Aquaculture feeds also contain terrestrial plant ingredients with indigestible forms of phosphorus (P), of which 70%–80% can be released into aquatic environments. This P influx contributes to eutrophication of freshwater ecosystems that can lead to anoxic conditions. This study explores a more sustainable diet for salmonids, an important and valuable seafood. Our aim was to test ingredients with highly digestible forms of P in nutritionally balanced portions to support fish growth and reduce P loading. We determined the digestibility of three feeds containing raw, extruded, and enzymatically processed microalgal co-product of Nannochloropsis oculata compared to a conventional diet. We also quantified how much P was retained and excreted. We detected highest growth in trout fed enzymatically processed co-product feed, though it was not statistically different (p = 0.846) from growth of fish fed the reference or other co-product diets. The enzyme-treated, microalgal co-product ingredient and diet had comparable values for P digestibility and solid P excretion to the reference diet, but the lowest average solid P excretion of all test diets. Trout fed the enzyme-treated diet had the highest P retention, while the reference diet had the lowest (p = 0.0429). Trout fed the enzyme-treated diet had the lowest (p = 0.0174) and negative dissolved P excretion, while those fed the reference diet had the highest. Results showed that enzyme-treated N. oculata co-product maintains digestibility, increases P retention, and reduces dissolved P excretion compared to the reference diet in rainbow trout. These findings encourage follow-up research to design and test growth performance of diets containing enzyme-treated microalgal co-product as sustainable trout aquafeed.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior (SB) is a recognized risk factor for many chronic diseases. ActiGraph and activPAL are two commonly used wearable accelerometers in SB research. The former measures body movement and the latter measures body posture. The goal of the current study is to quantify the pattern and variation of movement (by ActiGraph activity counts) during activPAL-identified sitting events, and examine associations between patterns and health-related outcomes, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP). METHODS: The current study included 314 overweight postmenopausal women, who were instructed to wear an activPAL (at thigh) and ActiGraph (at waist) simultaneously for 24 hours a day for a week under free-living conditions. ActiGraph and activPAL data were processed to obtain minute-level time-series outputs. Multilevel functional principal component analysis (MFPCA) was applied to minute-level ActiGraph activity counts within activPAL-identified sitting bouts to investigate variation in movement while sitting across subjects and days. The multilevel approach accounted for the nesting of days within subjects. RESULTS: At least 90% of the overall variation of activity counts was explained by two subject-level principal components (PC) and six day-level PCs, hence dramatically reducing the dimensions from the original minute-level scale. The first subject-level PC captured patterns of fluctuation in movement during sitting, whereas the second subject-level PC delineated variation in movement during different lengths of sitting bouts: shorter (< 30 minutes), medium (30 -39 minutes) or longer (> 39 minute). The first subject-level PC scores showed positive association with DBP (standardized β ^ : 2.041, standard error: 0.607, adjusted p = 0.007), which implied that lower activity counts (during sitting) were associated with higher DBP. CONCLUSION: In this work we implemented MFPCA to identify variation in movement patterns during sitting bouts, and showed that these patterns were associated with cardiovascular health. Unlike existing methods, MFPCA does not require pre-specified cut-points to define activity intensity, and thus offers a novel powerful statistical tool to elucidate variation in SB patterns and health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03473145; Registered 22 March 2018; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03473145 ; International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/28684.