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STUDY QUESTION Do spontaneously conceived (SC) fetuses from subfertile couples show the same signs of cardiac remodeling as those observed after IVF treatments? SUMMARY ANSWER As opposed to fetuses from IVF, SC fetuses from subfertile couples do not show cardiac remodeling and present a similar cardiac structure and function to those of SC fetuses from fertile couples. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Subjects conceived by IVF present signs of cardiac remodeling and suboptimal function in utero and during childhood, including larger atria, more globular and thicker ventricles, reduced longitudinal motion, and impaired relaxation as compared to SC individuals from fertile couples. There are no previous publications investigating the independent cardiac programming effects of infertility in SC fetuses from subfertile couples (with time-to-pregnancy (TTP) over 12 months). STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A prospective cohort study of 289 singleton pregnancies exposed and not exposed to subfertility recruited from 2019 to 2021, including 96 SC pregnancies from fertile couples (TTP under 12 months), 97 SC from subfertile couples (TTP over 12 months), and 96 from IVF after fresh embryo transfer. Fetal echocardiography was performed in all pregnancies. Epidemiological data and perinatal outcomes were collected in all pregnancies. The overall attrition rate was 15.7%. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS SC from subfertile couples and IVF pregnancies were identified as eligible at pregnancy diagnosis, and eligible SC pregnancies from fertile couples who attended our maternal-fetal unit were invited to participate at third trimester, being matched to the other groups by maternal age. Fetal echocardiography was performed at 29–34 weeks of pregnancy to assess cardiac structure and function, and results were adjusted by parental age, maternal smoking status, child's birth order, birthweight centile, gestational age, and estimated fetal weight at scan. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Parental age, ethnicity, BMI, and smoking exposure, median gestational age and estimated fetal weight were similar in all study groups. There were no significant differences in infertility duration or etiology between the subfertile and the IVF populations (TTP: subfertile median 35 months (interquartile range 20–48) versus IVF: 47 (25–61); P -value = 0.051). While both fertile and subfertile SC groups presented similar fetal cardiac results, IVF fetuses showed larger atria (right atria-to-heart ratio: IVF mean 18.9% (SD 3.4) versus subfertile 17.8% (3.5) versus fertile 17.6% (3.3); adjusted P -value < 0.001), more globular ventricles (right ventricular sphericity index: IVF 1.56 (0.25) versus subfertile 1.72 (0.26) versus fertile 1.72 (0.26); <0.001), and thicker myocardial walls (relative wall thickness: IVF 0.86 (0.22) versus subfertile 0.64 (0.13) versus fertile 0.64 (0.18); <0.001). Whereas SC fetuses from fertile and subfertile couples had preserved cardiac function, IVF fetuses showed signs of suboptimal systolic and diastolic function, with reduced tricuspid ring displacement (IVF 7.26 mm (1.07) versus subfertile 8.04 mm (1.18) versus fertile 7.89 mm (1.51); <0.001) and increased left myocardial performance index (IVF 0.49 (0.08) versus subfertile 0.45 (0.09) versus fertile 0.45 (0.10); <0.001). A sub-analysis including only unexplained infertility cases in subfertile SC and IVF groups showed similar results. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The fetal cardiac changes reported here are subclinical, and most of the cardiovascular parameters were within normal ranges. Although echocardiographic changes are recognized as potential cardiovascular risk factors, their association with long-term cardiovascular disease remains to be demonstrated. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Subfertility per se does not seem to be associated to fetal cardiac remodeling, which has been previously described in IVF fetuses. Future studies are warranted to further investigate other factors related to the observed fetal cardiac changes associated with ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project has been partially funded with support from the Erasmus + Programme of the European Union (Framework Agreement number: 2013-0040). This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein. Additionally, the research leading to these results has received funding from 'la Caixa' Foundation under grant agreement LCF/PR/GN18/10310003, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI15/00130, PI16/00861, PI17/00675, PI18/00073, INT21/00027)—co-funded by the European Union, Cerebra Foundation for the Brain Injured Child (Carmarthen, Wales, UK) and AGAUR 2017 SGR grant no 1531. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the acute cardiovascular adaptation of the fetus after connection to an artificial placenta (AP) in a sheep model, using ultrasound and invasive and non‐invasive hemodynamic assessment. Methods: This was an experimental study of 12 fetal sheep that were transferred to an AP system, consisting of a pumpless circuit with umbilical cord connection, at 109–117 days' gestation. The study was designed to collect in‐utero and postcannulation measurements in all the animals. The first six consecutive fetuses were fitted with intravascular catheters and perivascular probes to obtain invasive physiological data, including arterial and venous intravascular pressures and perivascular blood flows, with measurements taken in utero and at 5 and 30 min after cannulation. These experiments were designed with a survival goal of 1–3 h. The second set of six fetuses were not fitted with catheters, and experiments were aimed at 3–24 h of survival. Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac anatomy and function, as well as measurements of blood flow and pre‐ and postmembrane pressures recorded by circuit sensors in the AP system, were available for most of the fetuses. These data were acquired in utero and at 30 and 180 min after cannulation. Results: Compared with in‐utero conditions, the pulsatility index at 30 and 180 min after connection to the AP system was reduced in the umbilical artery (median, 1.36 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.06–1.50) vs 0.38 (IQR, 0.31–0.50) vs 0.36 (IQR, 0.29–0.41); P < 0.001 for extreme timepoints) and the ductus venosus (median, 0.50 (IQR, 0.41–0.67) vs 0.29 (IQR, 0.22–0.33) vs 0.36 (IQR, 0.22–0.41); P = 0.011 for extreme timepoints), whereas umbilical venous peak velocity increased (median, 20 cm/s (IQR, 18–22 cm/s) vs 39 cm/s (IQR, 31–43 cm/s) vs 43 cm/s (IQR, 34–54 cm/s); P < 0.001 for extreme timepoints) and flow became more pulsatile. Intravascular monitoring showed that arterial and venous pressures increased transiently after connection, with median values for mean arterial pressure at baseline, 5 min and 30 min of 43 mmHg (IQR, 35–54 mmHg), 72 mmHg (IQR, 61–77 mmHg) and 58 mmHg (IQR, 50–64 mmHg), respectively (P = 0.02 for baseline vs 5 min). Echocardiography showed a similar transient elevation of fetal heart rate at 30 and 180 min after connection compared with in utero (median, 145 bpm (IQR, 142–156 bpm) vs 188 bpm (IQR, 171–209 bpm) vs 175 bpm (IQR, 165–190 bpm); P = 0.001 for extreme timepoints). Fetal cardiac structure and function were mainly preserved; median values for right fractional area change were 36% (IQR, 34–41%) in utero, 38% (IQR, 30–40%) at 30 min and 37% (IQR, 33–40%) at 180 min (P = 0.807 for extreme timepoints). Conclusions: Connection to an AP system resulted in a transient fetal hemodynamic response that tended to normalize over hours. In this short‐term evaluation, cardiac structure and function were preserved. However, the system resulted in non‐physiologically elevated venous pressure and pulsatile flow, which should be corrected to avoid later impairment of cardiac function. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the correlation of periventricular echogenic halo (halo sign) with histopathological findings and its association with other brain imaging abnormalities in fetuses with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Methods: This was a retrospective study of fetuses diagnosed with severe CMV infection based on central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities seen on ultrasound, which had termination of pregnancy (TOP) or fetal demise at a single center from 2006 to 2021. All included cases had been evaluated by conventional complete fetal autopsy. A maternal–fetal medicine expert reanalyzed the images from the transabdominal and transvaginal neurosonography scans, blinded to the histological findings. The halo sign was defined as the presence of homogeneous periventricular echogenicity observed in all three fetal brain orthogonal planes (axial, parasagittal and coronal). Cases were classified according to whether the halo sign was the only CNS finding (isolated halo sign) or concomitant CNS anomalies were present (non‐isolated halo sign). An expert fetal radiologist reanalyzed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations when available, blinded to the ultrasound and histological results. Hematoxylin–eosin‐stained histologic slides were reviewed independently by two experienced pathologists blinded to the neuroimaging results. Ventriculitis was classified into four grades (Grades 0–3) according to the presence and extent of inflammation. Brain damage was categorized into two stages (Stage I, mild; Stage II, severe) according to the histopathological severity and progression of brain lesions. Results: Thirty‐five CMV‐infected fetuses were included in the study, of which 25 were diagnosed in the second and 10 in the third trimester. One fetus underwent intrauterine demise and TOP was carried out in 34 cases. The halo sign was detected on ultrasound in 32 (91%) fetuses (23 in the second trimester and nine in the third), and it was an isolated sonographic finding in six of these cases, all in the second trimester. The median gestational age at ultrasound diagnosis of the halo sign was similar between fetuses in which this was an isolated and those in which it was a non‐isolated CNS finding (22.6 vs 24.4 weeks; P = 0.10). In fetuses with a non‐isolated halo sign, the severity of additional ultrasound findings was not associated with the trimester at diagnosis, except for microencephaly, which was more frequent in the second compared with the third trimester (10/18 (56%) vs 1/8 (13%); P = 0.04). With respect to histopathological findings, ventriculitis was observed in all fetuses with an isolated halo sign, but this was mild (Grade 1) in the majority of cases (4/6 (67%)). Extensive ventriculitis (Grade 2 or 3) was more frequent in fetuses with a non‐isolated halo sign (21/26 (81%)) and those without a periventricular echogenic halo (2/3 (67%); P = 0.032). All fetuses with an isolated halo sign were classified as histopathological Stage I with no signs of brain calcifications, white‐matter necrosis or cortical injury. On the other hand, 25/26 fetuses with a non‐isolated halo sign and all three fetuses without a periventricular echogenic halo showed severe brain lesions and were categorized as histopathological Stage II. Among fetuses with a non‐isolated halo, histological brain lesions did not progress with gestational age, although white‐matter necrosis was more frequent, albeit non‐significantly, in fetuses diagnosed in the second vs the third trimester (10/15 (67%) vs 3/11 (27%); P = 0.06). Conclusions: In CMV‐infected fetuses, an isolated periventricular echogenic halo was observed only in the second trimester and was associated with mild ventriculitis without signs of white‐matter calcifications or necrosis. When considering pregnancy continuation, detailed neurosonographic follow‐up complemented by MRI examination in the early third trimester is indicated. The prognostic significance of the halo sign as an isolated finding is still to be determined. © 2023 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the cortical maturation pattern in fetuses with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with mild or no abnormalities on ultrasound (US) and MRI, and to establish possible differences compared with healthy controls. Methods: This was a retrospective case–control study of consecutive pregnancies with a CMV‐infected fetus undergoing prenatal MRI as a complementary diagnostic tool in two centers, and a control group of singleton low‐risk pregnancies without fetal structural abnormalities, with normal fetal growth and with healthy newborns. CMV infection was confirmed by extraction of CMV‐DNA from fetal and neonatal samples. Only fetuses with mild (mildly affected) or no (unaffected) neuroimaging abnormalities on US and MRI were included. MRI measurements of fetal parieto‐occipital sulcus, cingulate sulcus and calcarine sulcus depth, Sylvian fissure depth and Sylvian fissure angles were performed and cortical development grading of specific cortical areas and sulci were assessed by one operator who was blinded to CMV infection status. Data were compared between controls and fetuses with CMV infection, using linear regression and non‐parametric trend analysis. Results: Twenty‐four CMV‐infected fetuses (seven unaffected and 17 mildly affected) and 24 healthy controls that underwent fetal MRI between 27 and 36 weeks' gestation were included. Compared with controls, CMV‐infected fetuses showed significantly larger median lateral ventricular width (right side, 7.8 (interquartile range (IQR), 5.9–9.9) mm vs 3.9 (IQR, 2.6–5.3) mm; left side, 7.5 (IQR, 6.0–10.9) mm vs 4.2 (IQR, 3.2–5.3) mm), significantly decreased parieto‐occipital sulcus depth (right side, 12.6 (IQR, 11.3–13.5) mm vs 15.9 (IQR, 13.5–17.3) mm; left side, 12.3 (IQR, 10.6–13.5) mm vs 16.0 (IQR, 13.3–17.5) mm) and calcarine sulcus depth (right side, 15.4 (IQR, 14.4–16.3) mm vs 17.5 (IQR, 16.1–18.7) mm; left side, 14.6 (IQR, 14.1–15.6) mm vs 16.7 (IQR, 15.6–18.9) mm) (P < 0.001 for all). Compared with controls, CMV‐infected fetuses also had significantly smaller upper (right side, 42.8° (IQR, 35.8–45.8°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 38.4–64.7°); left side, 40.9° (IQR, 34.2–45.8°) vs 48.2° (IQR, 41.9–60.7°)) and lower (right side, 41.6° (IQR, 34.4–49.2°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 40.6–60.9°); left side, 42.2° (IQR, 38.8–46.9°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 39.5–57.5°)) Sylvian fissure angles (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, the mildly affected CMV‐infected fetuses had a significantly lower cortical development grading in the temporal and parietal areas, and the parieto‐occipital and calcarine sulci compared with healthy fetuses (P < 0.05). These differences persisted when adjusting for gestational age, ipsilateral atrium width, fetal gender and when considering small‐for‐gestational age as a confounding factor. Conclusions: Unaffected and mildly affected CMV‐infected fetuses showed delayed cortical maturation compared with healthy controls. These results suggest that congenital CMV infection, even in non‐severely affected fetuses that are typically considered of good prognosis, could be associated with altered brain cortical structure. Further research is warranted to better elucidate the correlation of these findings with neurodevelopmental outcomes. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to explore fetal cortical brain development by neurosonography in fetuses conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART), including frozen and fresh embryo transfer (ET), compared with those conceived spontaneously (SC), and to investigate its association with infant neurobehavior at 12 months of age.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of 210 singleton pregnancies, including 70 SC pregnancies, 70 conceived by in-vitro fertilization (IVF) following frozen ET and 70 conceived by IVF after fresh ET. Fetal neurosonography was performed at 32 ± 2 gestational weeks to assess cortical development. Sulci depths were measured offline and normalized by biparietal diameter (BPD). Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were completed postnatally, at 12 ± 1 months of corrected age. Neurosonographic findings were adjusted by regression analysis for maternal age, ethnicity, parity, fetal sex and fetal-weight centile and gestational age at scan, and ASQ scores were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, parity, educational level and employment status, gestational age at birth, breastfeeding, infant sex and infant age at the ASQ evaluation.Results: Overall, in comparison to the SC fetuses, fetuses conceived by ART showed statistically significant differences in cortical development, with reduced parieto-occipital sulci depth adjusted for BPD (mean ± SD: fresh ET, 12.5 ± 2.5 vs frozen ET, 13.4 ± 2.6 vs SC, 13.4 ± 2.6, P < 0.001), cingulate sulci depth adjusted for BPD (median (interquartile range (IQR)): fresh ET, 5.8 (4.2-7.4) vs frozen ET, 5.8 (4.1-7.5) vs SC, 6.5 (4.8-7.8), P = 0.001) and calcarine sulci depth adjusted for BPD (median (IQR): fresh ET, 13.5 (10.1-16.1) vs frozen ET, 14.5 (12.1-15.8) vs SC, 16.4 (14.3-17.9), P < 0.001), together with lower Sylvian fissure grading score. Changes in cortical development were more pronounced in the fresh ET than in the frozen ET group. ART infants showed lower ASQ scores as compared to SC infants, particularly in the fresh ET group (mean ± SD global ASQ Z-score: fresh ET, -0.3 ± 0.4 vs frozen ET, -0.2 ± 0.4 vs SC, 0 ± 0.4, P < 0.001).Conclusions: Fetuses conceived by ART show a distinctive pattern of cortical development and suboptimal infant neurodevelopment, with more pronounced changes in those conceived following fresh ET. These findings support the existence of in-utero brain reorganization associated with ART and warrant follow-up studies to assess its long-term persistence. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]