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Microplastic contamination in agroecosystems is becoming more prevalent due to the direct use of plastics in agriculture (e.g., mulch films) and via contamination of amendments (e.g., compost, biosolids application). Long-term use of agricultural plastics and microplastic pollution could lead to soil degradation and reduced crop health due to the slow degradation of conventional plastics creating legacy plastic. Biodegradable plastics are more commonly being used, both domestically and in agriculture, to minimise plastic pollution due to their biodegradable nature. However, the influence of a biodegradable plastics on soil function at the field scale is largely unknown. We investigated the effect of conventional (polyethylene) and biodegradable (PHBV) microplastics on N 2 O emissions and soil biochemical processes in a field trial of winter barley. Microplastic was added to the soil at realistic levels (100 kg ha-1) for both conventional and biodegradable treatments. N 2 O emissions were measured throughout the growing season alongside key soil quality indicators (microbial community composition, ammonium, nitrate, moisture content, pH and EC). Overall, microplastic addition had no observable effect on crop yield, microbial communities or soil biochemical properties. Yet, we found cumulative N 2 O emissions were reduced by two-thirds following conventional microplastic addition compared to the no-plastic and biodegradable microplastic treatments. We believe this response is due to the lower soil moisture levels over the winter in the conventional microplastic treatment. Overall, the response of key soil parameters to microplastic addition show fewer negative effects to those seen in high dose laboratory mesocosm experiments. Thus, it is imperative that long-term field experiments at realistic dose rates be undertaken to quantify the real risk that microplastics pose to agroecosystem health. [Display omitted] • We compared conventional and biodegradable microplastics in a field trial with winter barely. • N 2 O emissions with conventional microplastic addition were a third of the control. • Conventional microplastic reduced soil moisture in wetter periods. • Microplastic addition had no effect on crop yields or microbial community composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a speech by Martine Brunschwig Graf, member of the Government of the Republic and Canton of Geneva, delivered at Webster University's 7th annual humanitarian conference. He remembered the attendees of the 50th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions, particularly Henri Dunand, whose writings focused on his plans of action after the battle of Solferino. He ended by quoting Professor Eric Fuchs, saying that the State and organizations must respect each other's freedom.