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This paper examines the influence of compensation spending reviews on government policy by analysing the case of South Africa, focusing on an extended review of the drivers of payroll costs. It addresses the decision by the government to renege on a wage agreement with public sector unions and the subsequent backlash from labour unions, and explains how spending reviews contributed to this. The paper outlines the methodology used for the analysis and summarises the key findings of the compensation spending reviews conducted between 2017 and 2020. It also discusses the implications of the decision and subsequent developments for compensation spending in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the development of spending reviews from their origins in a set of budgetary innovations in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s – notably zero-base budgeting (ZBB) and Planning, Programming and Budgeting Systems (PPBS) – to their application internationally for budget management and fiscal consolidation. Spending reviews have been successfully developed and applied in mostly advanced economies but, because they rely on advanced tools of fiscal analysis and established public financial management systems, their application in low- and middle-income countries is more limited. Many countries use spending reviews to identify budgetary savings or to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the government's spending policies and programmes. The reviews can either be comprehensive or target specific programmes or areas of spending. Finance ministries are the cornerstone of an effective spending review process, which requires strong analytical skills and tools, as well as reliable data. Line ministries also play a key role and good use can be made of external experts. Political oversight and good governance are fundamental to success, but countries have followed a variety of models in designing their spending review processes; simpler approaches are available for countries with low capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fiscal policy's impact on the real exchange rates is highly controversial in theory and practice but noteworthy for macroeconomic policy. This issue is more pertinent in developing countries with an active fiscal policy or wider fiscal space but is explored less. To our knowledge, the fiscal policy impact on the real exchange rate in India is not documented. Against this backdrop, this study explores this in India involving disaggregated data of government consumption and investment spending and a few related variables like trade openness, private consumption spending, and money supply for the period 1996:1–2023:1. The results corroborate long-run associations of real exchange rate and some combinations of the selected other variables. The real exchange rate dynamics estimated through the cointegrated vector autoregressive model followed by an impulse response analysis have shown that government investment spending causes a real appreciation. In contrast, government and private consumption spending exert pressure to depreciate the real exchange rate. Trade openness is another potent predictor of the real exchange rate. On the other hand, no significant impact of the money supply on the real exchange rate is noticed. The results accentuate effective fiscal allocation may be a policy tool for stabilizing the Indian rupee. The unique findings on the Indian economy may also help understand the fiscal effect of real exchange rates in other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torments encountered by Indian households in the episodes of high food prices are untenable. This study endeavors to broaden the assessment of food inflation in India, departing from the conventional analyses that primarily focus on the determinants of inflation and the evaluation of fiscal and monetary policies. The study examines food inflation from 2006 to 2016, primarily through the lens of a supply-side phenomenon, and critically evaluates the role of public spending on various supply-side factors. It was found that public expenditure on production enhancement and food management could have been more active, and the government resorted to unsustainable interventions to address structural problems in the agricultural sector, like heavy subsidies for food and fertilizers, which resulted in high deficit figures. The study proposes a deviation from conventional methods by exploring the potential of stem cell therapy as a conceptual framework to guide public spending policies in the agricultural sector and food management systems. This innovative approach is anticipated to yield positive impacts on the supply-side factors that drive food inflation, thereby mitigating the severe economic burdens faced by Indian households during periods of escalating food prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GV-executivo is the property of Fundacao Getulio Vargas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the research is to illustrate how the degree of effectiveness of fiscal policy measures varies depending on the level of public debt within a group of Central and Eastern European (CEE) states. To this end, a T-SVAR (Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive) model was implemented, based on two regimes, calibrated as a function of the evolution of public debt. The results illustrate that, in most of the countries analysed, increasing government expenditure generates a stronger increase in economic growth under the low public debt regime in comparison with the situation at the level of the high public debt regime. Thus, the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures declines as the level of government debt rises. Another result obtained within the analysis highlights that the positive effect of public debt reduction on economic growth is more strongly felt in the higher public debt regime than under a low public debt regime. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that the CEE countries continue their efforts to reduce public debt in order to increase the effectiveness of fiscal policy measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments directly funded vaccine research and development (R&D), quickly leading to multiple effective vaccines and resulting in enormous health and economic benefits to society. We develop a simple economic model showing this feat could potentially be repeated for other health challenges. Based on inputs from the economic and medical literatures, the model yields estimates of optimal R&D spending on treatments and vaccines for known diseases. Taking a global and societal perspective, we estimate the social benefits of such spending and a corresponding rate of return. Applications to Streptococcus A vaccines and Alzheimer's disease treatments demonstrate the potential of enhanced research and development funding to unlock massive global health and health-related benefits. We estimate that these benefits range from 2 to 60 trillion (2020 US$) and that the corresponding rates of return on R&D spending range from 12% to 23% per year for 30 y. We discuss the current shortfall in R&D spending and public policies that can move current funding closer to the optimal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sporting events are drivers of urban life and have the potential to bring substantial short-term economic benefits to the host region by attracting visitor spending. This study has analyzed the impact generated by the 2021 Senior and Elite Badminton World Championships that took place in Huelva, Spain. The objectives are (i) determine the economic impact and determining factors; and (ii) the impact on the development of badminton in the region. For this purpose, the study used the Cost-Benefit Analysis approach to estimate the cashflows through a survey applied to both events. The results reflect a direct positive impact on the region's economy, although the results are not as satisfactory at the sporting level. The article contributes to the few mid-range event studies on a minority sport in a city with a highly developed tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal "Development Southern Africa" that discusses the evolution of spending reviews in South Africa's public finance management. Spending reviews are seen as a crucial tool for enhancing fiscal discipline and policy efficiency by ensuring effective allocation of limited public resources. The editorial highlights the methodologies employed, outcomes achieved, and broader implications for policy reform and fiscal sustainability. It also includes case studies and innovative approaches to spending reviews, emphasizing the importance of adapting international best practices to local conditions. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for ongoing innovation and integration of spending reviews with broader public finance management reforms to achieve fiscal sustainability and improve public service delivery. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Economics is the property of Singidunum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research explores the impact of infrastructure on member states' economic growth in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Utilizing panel secondary data sourced from the World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) and the African Infrastructure Development Index (AIDI) across all fifteen ECOWAS Member States over eighteen years, the study employs the panel Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model and the Westerlund co-integration test for analysis. The findings reveal that investments in infrastructure, improvements in the African Development Index, and enhancements in the Electricity Composite Index significantly contribute to the economic growth of ECOWAS countries. Specifically, infrastructure investment is associated with a 0.01 percent increase in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the ECOWAS countries studied. In comparison, the African Development Index and the Electricity Composite Index are linked to increases in GDP by 0.292 percent and 0.987 percent, respectively, in the long term. Based on these outcomes, the study recommends that ECOWAS country authorities enhance policies to optimize government spending on infrastructure quality. Furthermore, adopting qualityenhancing and efficiency-driven financing policies in infrastructure is advocated to complement ECOWAS's ongoing infrastructural development efforts. The realization of these recommendations hinges on the availability of accurate data for informing decisions and guiding policymakers. Hence, the study underscores the need for the ECOWAS Commission to bolster its capacity for collecting reliable data on infrastructure variables and other indicators. It also proposes that future research should focus on promoting sub-regional peer-review mechanisms for infrastructure indicators among member states and establishing structures to fortify infrastructure in West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a phenomenon that is not just restricted to less developed nations, but also touches developed countries like those in the European Union, often seen as one of the least corrupt economic areas in the world. Corruption practices and perceptions can seriously hinder economic growth and innovation, This can be due to lower access to corporate funding, greater cost of capital, its effects on competition, misallocation of resources, and distortions in the composition of public spending and the effectiveness of government policies. This paper first provides a short discussion and an overview of some academic literature on the link between corruption, financing decisions and economic growth. It then summarizes the findings of the five papers in this special issue on the topic of Corruption in a European context, discusses some insights from their results and finally points out at some avenues for future research in related topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We contrast the net fiscal position (NFP) of immigrants versus natives using data from the European Survey on Living Conditions for 2007–2015. Using a quantile regression approach, we find that European and non-European migrants have a different fiscal position from natives only on the extreme tails of the NFP distribution. Non-EU migrants contribute even more than natives in the top quantile of the NFP, but they are more fiscally dependent than native citizens in the lowest quantile. These findings suggest that immigrants are not a public finance burden and do not increase public spending in the destination country. We also examine the relationship between migrants' fiscal position and the fiscal perception of natives versus migrants as measured in the European Social Survey. We believe that by examining the effects of migrants on public spending, we can gain valuable insights into the economic implications of immigration and develop evidence-based migration policies, fostering integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study uncovers how government interventions, in terms of stringency and support, shape coronavirus disease 2019's (COVID-19) detrimental impact on organizations' performance. Specifically, this paper studies whether stringency and support play complementary or substitutive roles in lowering COVID-19's impact on organizations' performance. Design/methodology/approach: The authors gathered primary data from USA manufacturing companies and combined this with secondary data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) to test the proposed model with structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings: The results show that the stringency approach increases the detrimental impact on both operational and financial performance, while economic support (to households) and fiscal spending (to organizations) work differently on lowering the impacts of COVID-19. Further, these combinative effects only influence the firm's operational performance, albeit in opposite directions. Originality/value: This study advances the knowledge of government interventions by examining stringency and support's direct and interaction effects on firm performance as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings contribute to the literature by uncovering the unique roles of both supportive policies, thus differentiating economic support (to individuals/households) from fiscal spending (to organizations) and providing important academic, managerial and policy insights into how government should best initiate and blend stringency and support policies during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myopia involves giving disproportionate weight to outcomes that occur close to the present. Myopia in people's evaluations of political outcomes and proposals threatens effective policymaking. It can lead to inefficient spending just before elections, cause inaction on important future policy challenges, and create incentives for government interventions aimed at boosting short-term performance at the expense of long-term welfare. But, are people generally myopic? Existing evidence comes mostly from studies that disregard either the future or collective outcomes. Political science characterizes people as myopic based on how they retrospectively evaluate collective outcomes, such as the state of the economy. Behavioral economics and psychology find that people make myopic choices involving future individual outcomes, such as money or personal health. To characterize myopia more generally, we offer two innovations: First, we adapt measurement approaches from behavioral economics and psychology to precisely gauge myopia over politically relevant collective outcomes. Second, we estimate myopia using the same approach for collective political outcomes in both past and future. We conduct two surveys on three different samples (including a large probability-based sample) asking respondents to evaluate national conditions randomly described as past or future while holding constant the domain, information about conditions, and the elicitation method. Results show that prospective evaluations are significantly less myopic than retrospective evaluations. People are often not myopic at all when looking to the future. This surprising pattern calls for more research to probe its robustness and spell out how low prospective myopia might lead to forward-looking policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of foreign aid and taxes on government spending for 67 developing countries during 1980–2013 using dynamic heterogeneous (panel) time-series techniques. We find that spending, aid and tax ratios comprise an equilibrium (cointegrated) relation. On average, the aid coefficients (and marginal impacts) are positive but smaller than the tax coefficients, indicating that in the long-run and short-run taxes have a stronger association with expenditures than aid. Central to this heterogeneous relationship is the political calculus between aid and tax—measured according to accountability and bureaucratic costs—whereby recipients offset the political costs of raising taxes against the political costs of receiving more aid. Once measures of political costs are incorporated into the analysis, we find the political costs of aid to be higher than those of tax, reinforcing the primary assertion that for spending, taxes are more important than aid. Countries with higher political costs of aid typically show no aid-spending relationship, while those with lower political costs of aid tend to show an aid-spending relationship. The findings are largely when replicated once we split total spending into capital and consumption spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the transmission of government portfolio risk arising from maturity operations depends on the stance of monetary/fiscal policy. Accounting for risk premia in the fiscal theory allows the government portfolio to affect expected inflation, even in a frictionless economy. The effects of maturity rebalancing on expected inflation in the fiscal theory depend directly on the conditional nominal term premium, giving rise to an optimal debt‐maturity policy that is state‐dependent. In a calibrated macrofinance model, we demonstrate that maturity operations have sizable effects on expected inflation and output through our novel risk transmission mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government spending is a policy instrument used to sustain economic development and improve social welfare. Empirical observations, however, reveal a significant decrease in the government spending to GDP ratio for the United States. In addition, the United States has been observed to exhibit a rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity in recent decades. This paper shows that the optimal size of government expenditure will decrease as firm heterogeneity increases. We thus indicate that the rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity may serve as a plausible vehicle to explain the decline in the share of government spending in GDP for the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GWP: Gesellschaft Wirtschaft Politik is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyze interest rates and public spending to provide policy implications. Concretely, it explores the influence of these rates on public expenditure growth as opposite to the traditional direction view, dealing with 216 countries for the 1972–2021 period and estimating system GMM models. A balanced subsample is used for assessing Granger causality through a recent panel technique. The results are robust for the used dependent and target variables and also the methodology. They show that decreasing interest rates are associated with—and in some cases also lead to—lower per capita public expenditure growth. These results can be interpreted as a twofold effect of shifts in relative prices—through fiscal illusion—and of crowding out of private investment with respect to the public sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work examined the causal impact of types of government spending on bank-based financial development. It tests the influences of both government productive and non-productive spending on bank-based financial development. Selected 37 African economies between 1980-2018 were sampled. Both the short -run and long -run effects were assessed using either Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), Mean Group (MG), Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (DCCEMG) estimators. Evidences support the hypotheses that both types of spending contribute positively to bank-based financial development. Bankbased financial development is more responsive to non-productive spending than it is to productive spending. Also, confirm the supportive roles of trade openness and GDP per capita, and the detriment of inflation to bank-based financial development. This study comprehensively unearths the impact of government spending on bank-based financial development in Africa by isolating spending into productive and non-productive types. Governments need to promote dual policies that address spending and financial development. They should avoid detrimental spending and promote enhancing spending within each type above. Spending that attract private agents, investments, saving, and liquidity in the financial sector, trade openness, and economic output should be promoted since these enhances bank-based financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parliamentary institution is the nation’s highest legislative body in a democratic system, where it enacts, amends, and approves federal laws, examines government policies and approves government spending. However, in Malaysia, during the Barisan Nasional (BN) era, this institution was frequently criticised due to its numerous flaws. Among them were executive control over parliamentary institutions, disregard for the opposition’s role and unequal development provision between government and opposition parliamentarians. Therefore, during the 14th General Election (GE14) campaign, Pakatan Harapan (PH) promised to implement parliamentary reforms, and that pledge carried PH to victory in the GE14. This article utilised the concept of institutional reform as a tool of analytics to discuss parliamentary institutional reforms during the PH’s governmental term from 2018 to 2020. The primary sources of this study were interviews and secondary sources, which were obtained through books, journals and newspapers. This article argues that the PH government has successfully implemented several parliamentary institutional reforms in only 22 months. The reforms were the reform of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), the establishment of more parliamentary select committees, the restructuring of constituency development funds for members of parliament (MPs) and the appointment of non-partisan speakers. All these reforms have benefited Malaysia’s parliamentary institutions by increasing the role of the opposition, allocating fair constituency development funds to parliamentarians and improving the parliamentary image. Nevertheless, comprehensive reforms were not implemented because the PH government was ousted from power at the end of February 2020 because of the actions of several PH MPs who defected from the party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Public Administration & Social Management / Administração Pública e Gestão Social is the property of Administracao Publica e Gestao Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For the first time, this study introduces-proposes using the Armey curve hypothesis (ACH) for testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis (EKCH) in the relevant literature. The rationale for this new proposed methodology is that both hypotheses are expected to have similar inverted U-shaped curves. Hence, we combine the aforementioned hypotheses to obtain a single composite model. This single model may allow us to calculate a maximum (optimum) level of government expenditures that will increase or decrease CO2 emissions for USMCA (the USA-Mexico-Canada Agreement) countries. To this end, our study employs an augmented mean group (AMG) estimator. The results demonstrate that the EKCH is verified by way of the AC model only for Mexico. Additionally, with the advantage of this approach, we calculated the optimal government spending level, which will increase both per capita real GDP (RGDPPC) and CO2 emissions in this country by around 26.4% of RGDPPC. This level of spending will be a kind of threshold point for the Mexican government's policymakers. Hence, they will know that if they continue to spend more than this level, both the RGDPPC and CO2 emissions will decrease, implying either a lower RGDPPC or a cleaner environment. The primary purpose of the proposed methodology in this study is to reveal the possible effects of the government's economic growth-oriented increased public expenditures on the environment in a single composite model. In other words, the relationship between economic growth and the environment is approached from the perspective of public spending, and it is reminded that governments should have harmonious and sustainable public spending policies for both economic growth and a cleaner environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors discuss the key role played by tax lawyer Stanley S. Surrey in the promotion of the concept of tax expenditures in the U.S. and other countries and the tax policy process. Also cited are Surrey's role in promoting professionalism and integrity in the U.S. Treasury's Office of Tax Policy (OTP), and other taxation topics like economic income, consumption, and the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rugby league flourished in the Aboriginal settlements run by the Queensland government in the 1920s and 1930s, as officials relaxed policies of segregation and isolation to allow Aboriginal teams to travel within the state. Revenue from the games, at times significant sums, went to government trust accounts and not directly to the settlements. Available data on this sporting income and government spending policies reveals an exploitative system, ethically comparable to Stolen Wages and reflecting the dispossession of Aboriginal Queenslanders in this era. While sport bolstered community pride, these exploitative dimensions qualify its contribution to Aboriginal wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the effect of monetary policy on the government spending multiplier when the nominal interest rate is not bound to zero. We estimate a time-varying coefficient vector autoregressive (TVC-VAR) model using 2000:Q1 to 2019:Q3 quarterly data of Korea, whose policy rate is distant from zero. We find a substantial degree of time variation in the medium-run government spending multipliers, which increase over time and become statistically different from zero throughout the 2010s. Yet the reverse pattern is observed in the policy rate responses to government spending shocks, decreasing gradually until 2008–09 and then stagnating for the subsequent period. Decompositions of the policy rate responses reveal that inflation is an important ingredient in determining the responses of the nominal interest rate to government spending shocks, and thus has a critical impact on the size of government spending multipliers. In particular, our finding underscores a substantial role of the monetary policy stance against inflation in shaping government spending multipliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The re-assessment of energy – economy nexus in developing economies like India is necessitated by the constant evolution of their growth path and sectoral progression. This sectoral level examination is intended to find new evidence for the dependence of economic growth on the electricity sector in India. Using annual data of per capita real GDP and sectoral level consumption of electricity from 1971 to 2019, the combined co-integration test and Frequency domain causality approaches are employed. The estimated results show the negative impact of agricultural sector electricity consumption on growth, whereas both the Industrial and service sector enhances the production. In addition, the results of the Frequency domain causality approach support the Growth hypothesis for the study period in India, as Uni-directional causality from three sectors to economic growth were found at least in a frequency of short run to medium run. The sustainability of the growth-enhancing role of electricity consumption will depend on more sector-specific energy policies and public spending on energy infrastructure development than bland subsidies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review economic arguments for using public policy to accelerate vaccine supply during a pandemic. Rapidly vaccinating a large share of the global population helps avoid economic, mortality, and social losses, which in the case of Covid-19 mounted into trillions of dollars. However, pharmaceutical firms are unlikely to have private incentives to invest in vaccine capacity at the socially optimal scale and speed. The socially optimal level of public spending may cause some sticker shock but—as epitomized by the tagline 'spending billions to save trillions'—is eclipsed by the benefits and can be restrained with the help of careful policy design and advance preparations. Capacity is so valuable during a pandemic that fractional dosing and other measures to stretch available capacity should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the future of the Stability and Growth Pact (hereafter SGP). Although Neoclassical economic models argue that strict fiscal and monetary rules minimize moral hazard and crowding out, in practice many governments adopt fiscal expansion (in recent years in the form of non-standard monetary measures) to mitigate market failures, consequently rethinking monetary rules and targets. Government spending and countercyclical policies are essential tools for soothing business cycles and other market failures. To this end, we empirically test whether current and past forms of the SGP have led to greater convergence, while we critically assess and investigate a possible SGP reform. By adopting more flexible rules, in terms of government spending and fiscal expansion, the Economic and Monetary Union (hereafter EMU) could yield multiple positive spillover effects in long-term economic growth under specific terms and conditions, such as green conditionalities. We conclude that to mitigate the triple crisis threat (economic, environmental and health), what is mostly needed are reforms in the form of fiscal federalism, such as common debt issuance (Eurobonds) that enhance the ability of the EMU to tackle the consequences of the aforementioned crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The austerity policies implemented in Spain during the years of the «great recession» (2008-2014) have had diverse effects on the socio-economic and vital conditions of children, young people and the elderly. In particular, the agenda of public policies and social spending applied during the crisis increased inequality between these social groups, privileging the interests of the adult population and the elderly, and calling into question7 the principle of inter-generational solidarity on which our familistic welfare system. In this article we describe this phenomenon and highlight the dominant narratives formulated by the main political actors when defining the rules of eligibility of the beneficiaries of public policies and attending to the specific needs of each age group. The statistical and documentary evidence collected points to the convenience of reflecting on the foundations of the inter-generational pact that organizes the redistribution of public resources in our country and that must ensure the sustainability of our social protection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines the impact of government spending on the finance-growth nexus in 27 post-communist economies from 1995 to 2017 using dynamic panel estimators. Many transitional economies have attempted to reduce the influence of government intervention during their early transitional period while reforming their respective financial sectors. The findings show that overall financial development is positive to growth, while government spending has a negative impact on growth. More importantly, the marginal effects of financial development are positive to growth at low levels of government spending. In contrast, at high levels of government spending, financial development has a negative relationship to growth. Focusing on different aspects of financial development, the findings show that financial access and efficiency are more effective at stimulating growth compared to financial depth. Post-communist economies should ensure that government spending should not crowd out the financial sector, and promote financial efficiency and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A corpus of research on the effect of exposure to income inequality on citizens' economic policy preferences renders inconclusive results. At the same time, a distinct body of work demonstrates that ethnic fragmentation within a polity reduces government spending, presumably due to opposition among the public to spending believed to benefit stigmatized ethnic minorities. Focusing on the American context, this short article ties these two bodies of work together by arguing that the effect of routine exposure to income inequality should depend on the racial composition of the have-nots, with citizens being most likely to support liberal economic policies in the face of pronounced inequality only when potential beneficiaries are not a highly stigmatized minority group, such as Black Americans. Using geocoded survey data, we find that exposure to local economic inequality is only systematically associated with increased support for liberal economic policies when the respective have-nots are not Black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the Triple Planetary Crisis concerning climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution, the global community is in dire need of quantitative, data-based approaches to inform its response and guide its path towards a sustainable and equitable future. Government spending and fiscal policy are key levers in shaping this response. In order to assess the potential for using machine learning to inform policymakers' and governments' decision-making and spending allocation decisions based on environmental outcomes, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) collaborated to produce a joint pilot study. The study uses official development assistance data (ODA) to train machine learning models to predict deforestation rates in six different countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Madagascar, Solomon Islands, and Zambia. Initial modelling results were promising and the approach could prove to be a valuable asset to policymakers by enabling scenario analysis, where hypothetical budgets or spending allocations can be run through models trained on historical data to give insight on potential impacts on environmental indicators. Future research could be expanded to a pilot study with a national government using disaggregated budget data instead of ODA as model inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi is the property of Sakarya Journal of Economics / Sakarya Iktisat Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tax policies and public spending reflect the taking and giving powers of the government. However, when thinking about these, the taking powers of government are perceived as the most prominent. Why is the government's relationship with society seemingly asymmetric in that give and take? What leads to these perceptions? This article's starting point is instability in corporate income taxes and government expenditure arrears as two features of poor fiscal governance associated with lower corporate investment in the market economy. The article then focuses on the political and technical relationships comprising budgetary governance and proposes feasible policy options. These policy options aim toward a path of corporate income tax stability and timely government payments through better balancing the give and take involved in running the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces White identity as an understudied concept in Canadian politics and compares how White settlers' ingroup attachments and their outgroup attitudes—specifically, White settlers' anti-Indigenous attitudes—shape Canadian politics. We find that White identity is associated with greater support for government spending on policies that disproportionately benefit White Canadians, such as pensions, whereas Indigenous resentment is associated with greater opposition toward government spending on policies that are often perceived as disproportionately benefiting Indigenous peoples, such as welfare. In Canada outside Quebec, both White identity and anti-Indigenous attitudes are associated with voting Conservative. In Quebec, White identity mobilizes support for the Bloc Québécois, while White settlers' negative attitudes toward Indigenous peoples are not associated with vote choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing fiscal policy from the perspective of feminist economics means examining gender equality policies, both in terms of tax revenue and other sources of fund (indebtedness), as well as redistribution and public spending. Finding out the number of resources assigned to these policies, their macroeconomic impact, and their temporality (longevity) is extremely essential. In this paper, we will analyse public expenditure in the budgets of Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The budget proposals tabled for the region focus on employment generation through the creation of care centres, with policies that focus on both redistribution of income and redistribution of care work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Canadian federal government departments and agencies are required to conduct a "neutral assessment" of their evaluation function every five years. Such assessments should focus on the capacity of the evaluation units to produce high‐quality evaluation reports which serve the needs of organizational decision‐makers. Our study sought to analyze neutral assessment reports produced over a ten‐year period. Overall, our review suggests that the neutral assessments consistently conform with central‐agency requirements as well as indicate evolving evaluation capacity and utilization. We provide recommendations for improving the function and its impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming is one of the most discussed topics today by society, due to its consequences for humanity, and drought is one of its results. That said, the present article analyzed the drought impact on the health dimension of Firjan Index of Municipal Development in Northeast of Brazil, during the period between 2005 and 2016. In order to achieve this result, it was used the conceptual approaches of drought, public spending, and municipal development. As methodology, this paper selected a quantitative method by using a Panel Data econometric model composed by the dependent variable IFDM_SAUDE; drought as the independent variable of interest; public spending, population and time as variables of control. To generate the indicator drought, it was used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), created by McKee, Doesken and Kleist (1993). Thus, it was concluded that drought, public spending and time were 95% relevant regarding municipal development index with a positive impact and population with a negative impact, evidencing that the larger volume of public spending towards a policy of drought effects mitigation, the best results for municipal development in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reflecting on the public-private relationship in the EU is a timely exercise at a time when the recovery plan and the Conference on the Future of Europe are being launched at the same time. A new stage in its open constituent process, following the method of concrete steps for the construction of the indispensable European Federation, to put it in the language of the 1950 Schuman Declaration. In this case, the pandemic has acted as a catalyst, faithful to the Monnet method, succession of crises as drivers of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most scholarship on U.S. distributive politics either focuses on the abilities of individual representatives and senators to bring home the bacon or highlights the role the president plays in influencing funding decisions. Little attention is paid to collective efforts in Congress involved in securing grants-in-aid to states. In this paper, we assess how characteristics of House and Senate state delegations affect the collective efforts of a state's federal officeholders to secure statewide funds. In both the House and Senate, we find that partisan cohesion in a state delegation predicts more federal funds to states. In particular, states receive more funds when larger shares of their delegations are members of a chamber's majority party. Moreover, we find that the importance of majority party status is increasing over time. These results have important implications for the U.S. federal system and distributive politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]