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In the present work, a detailed description of a three-stage spray drying model capable of accurate simulation of drying of zeolite suspensions coupled with a CFD flow solver is presented. The models resolve the temperature field in the interior of the droplet, which consists of zeolite particles with adsorbed water and liquid water in the porous channels between the particles. The diffusion process in the interior of the particle is described by the Stefan diffusion model in the dried outer region, and the temperature field is accounted for by the unsteady state heat conduction model with a phase transition at the interface of the wet core. A new approach to the specification of the effective porosity of the dried crust is proposed, where a linear variation of the effective porosity with respect to radial position is applied. The correctness of the model is tested on the drying conditions, determined by the CFD computation, of droplets of different size in a pilot scale spray dryer. The computational results show, that the developed model presents an important upgrade to the single stage spray drying model, as used in the majority of multiphase CFD codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) are a simple diagnostic device used to detect targeted analytes. Wasted and unused rapid antigen lateral flow immunoassays represent mass waste that needs to be broken down and recycled into new material components. The aim of this study was to recover gold nanoparticles that are used as markers in lateral flow immunoassays. For this purpose, a dissolution process with aqua regia was utilised, where gold nanoparticles were released from the lateral flow immunoassay conjugate pads. The obtained solution was then concentrated further with gold chloride salt (HAuCl 4 ) so that it could be used for the synthesis of new gold nanoparticles in the process of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). Various characterisation methods including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma were used during this study. The results of this study showed that the recovery of gold nanoparticles from lateral flow immunoassays is possible, and the newly synthesised gold nanoparticles represent the possibility for incorporation into new products.

In this work, we developed a numerical approach based on an experimental platform to determine the working conditions on a cryoplatform and to predict and evaluate the cryogenic printing of hydrogels. Although hydrogels have good biocompatibility, their material properties make it difficult to print them with high precision and shape fidelity. To overcome these problems, a cryogenic cooling platform was introduced to accelerate the physical stabilisation of each deposited layer during the printing process. By precisely controlling solidification (crystallisation), each printed material can withstand its own weight to maintain shape fidelity, and the porosity of the scaffolds can also be controlled more selectively. The thermophysical properties of gelatine hydrogels were investigated to gain a better understanding of the phase change upon freezing. The corresponding material properties and experimental observations of gelatine solidification served as the basis for developing a computational fluid model (CFD) to mimic the solidification of gelatine hydrogels using a cryoplatform at different process conditions and extruder speeds. The goal was to develop a tool simple enough to predict acceptable process conditions for printing gelatine hydrogels using a cryoplatform.