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Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the ethanolic extracts of mint and licorice on Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. If the antibacterial and antifungal effects of these plants are observed, they can be introduced as effective plants against oral biofilm microorganisms to replace commercial drugs. They can also be considered cost-effective and innovative solutions to deal with caries. Materials & Methods: Two medicinal plants, mint and licorice, were extracted using ethanol as a solvent following their collection and drying. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of these extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion, well diffusion, and biofilm formation measurement methods on a total of 162 samples. In addition, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed for statistical analysis, with data processed using SPSS (version 22). A significance level of 5% was maintained across all tests. Results: The analysis of the results in the disc and well diffusion indicated that the concentration of 100 mg/ml of licorice showed the strongest antibacterial effect among different concentrations, and Streptococcus mutans was more susceptible than Candida albicans. Moreover, the results of measuring the amount of biofilm formation demonstrated that the concentration of 100 mg/ml of licorice had the most substantial effect in inhibiting the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Among the examined samples, a concentration of 100 mg/ml of licorice exhibited an antibacterial effect comparable to that of commercial chlorhexidine mouthwash. This finding suggests the potential for further research into the development of an herbal mouthwash based on this extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a common heritage herbal medicine rich in antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and triterpenoids. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been the global prevalent chronic liver disorder. To investigate the curative role and mechanism of the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract on NAFLD, in vitro, we used oleic acid, palmitic acid, ML-385 and 3-MA to stimulate HepG2 cells. In vivo, we used Tyloxapol to inject mice intraperitoneally to establish an acute model, and high-fat diet to feed wild-type, Nrf2-/- and ATG5flox/flox mice to establish a chronic model. We used high performance liquid chromatography to analyse the content of major bioactive components in the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract. Our study found the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract could effectively alleviate lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, activate Nrf2 and promote autophagy. However, this alleviating effect disappeared when the Nrf2 and autophagy were inhibited separately. Our study demonstrates that crude extraction of active ingredients from traditional herbal medicines may be a potentially inexpensive, rapid and safe approach to alleviate lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Introduction: Malaria control is hindered by drug-resistant parasites, leading to a shortage of effective drugs. There is a need to find new, better antimalarial drug. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are more accessible and cheaper alternative for combating resistance in the treatment of malaria, therefore the anti-malarial efficacy of root extracts and isolated phytomolecules from Glycyrrhiza glabra L was assessed. Methods: The anti-plasmodial potential of root extracts and isolated phytomolecules from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was assessed using the Giemsa staining method. In- vivo, antimalarial efficacy was evaluated by conducting a four-day suppression test in a mouse model. The mechanistic studies of ISL were carried out using caspase-like activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay. Further, proteomics analysis was carried out by LC-MS/MS. The interaction of the combinations was evaluated using the fixed ratio method by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). Results: Extracts of G. glabra contain Phytomolecule(s) with moderate anti-plasmodial activity against multidrug-resistant strain (K1) of P. falciparum. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) exhibited a significant reduction in parasitemia, resulting in an enhancement of the mean survival time in Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice. ISL showed potent activity with no cytotoxic effect and increased caspase-3 activity, leading increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and loss of mitochondrial potential. ISL also displayed synergy with chloroquine, glabridin and liquiritigenin against multi-drug-resistant P. falciparum. Discussion: The present study found ISL to be a potential phytomolecule of G. glabra. The study explored the mechanism of action of ISL and suggested its suitability for further study in managing drug-resistant malaria.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. has been used in treating various medical conditions, including stomach disorders such as flatulence and dyspepsia. Its anti-ulcer activity has been reported to be conflicting. The present study aims to evaluate the protective effects of G. glabra extract on indomethacin-induced gastritis and other gastrointestinal toxicities in rats. Thirty Wistar rats were used in the study and divided into three groups, ten rats in each group. Group I (Control) had free access to standard rat food and water; Group II (Test) had indomethacin administered orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg, given daily; Group III (Intervention) had an ethanol extract of G. glabra administered at 200 mg/kg body weight suspended in distilled water. G. glabra was collected locally in Egypt. The gastroprotective effect of the extract was studied in rats in combination with indomethacin. The present study shows that G. glabra extract significantly protects the stomach mucosa against indomethacin-induced gastritis in rats, where the inflammation grade caused by a combination of extract of G. glabra and indomethacin in the intervention group was less than that of the test group with indomethacin alone (p < 0.01). However, the inflammation grade of gastric mucosa in the intervention group was insignificant compared to the control group (p > 0.01). Furthermore, G. glabra extract significantly increases gastric pH, decreases the stomach’s secretion volume and total acidity, and enhances serum iron, hemoglobulin, and vitamin B12 levels (p ≤ 0.05). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that G. glabra exerted a gastric protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in the utilization of products in all fields particularly food textiles, solar cells, etc. is of prime concern to the global community. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as a source of herbal-based coloring agent for cotton dyeing has been explored under the influence of ultrasonic (US) waves. Methanolic extract of licorice bark after US treatment for 20 min has shown excellent color depth (K/S) onto ultrasonically treated cotton fabric at 65°Cfor 45 min. Applying bio-mordants, it has been found that acacia extract (1%), henna (5%), and pomegranate and turmeric extracts (7%) as pre-bio-mordant, whereas acacia, turmeric, and henna extracts (7%) and pomegranate extract (5%) as post-bio-mordants, exhibited superb color strength. Salts of Al (7%) and salts of Fe (3%) as pre chemical mordants, while salts of Al (3%) and salts of Fe (5%) as post chemical mordants, have given good results. Overall, it has been found that salt of Fe (3%) as pre-chemical mordant and extract of turmeric (7%) as post bio-mordant have shown superb color strength. It can be concluded that US treatment being an environmentally safe means has only improved the color strength of colorant onto cotton fabric and the adding of bio-mordants has contrived the method more sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The active ingredients of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. were extracted and their contents were determined by HPLC. • Inhibitors of Nrf2 and autophagy were used to act on HepG2 cells, and Nrf2 -/- and ATG5f/f mice were used to demonstrate that the alleviation of lipid accumulation in NAFLD by Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract is achieved through Nrf2 and autophagy. • Neither Nrf2 nor autophagy can be missing in the remission of NAFLD. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is a common heritage herbal medicine rich in antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids and triterpenoids. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease has been the global prevalent chronic liver disorder. To investigate the curative role and mechanism of the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract on NAFLD, in vitro , we used oleic acid, palmitic acid, ML-385 and 3-MA to stimulate HepG2 cells. In vivo , we used Tyloxapol to inject mice intraperitoneally to establish an acute model, and high-fat diet to feed wild-type, Nrf2-/- and ATG5flox/flox mice to establish a chronic model. We used high performance liquid chromatography to analyse the content of major bioactive components in the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract. Our study found the Glycyrrhiza glabra L. crude extract could effectively alleviate lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, activate Nrf2 and promote autophagy. However, this alleviating effect disappeared when the Nrf2 and autophagy were inhibited separately. Our study demonstrates that crude extraction of active ingredients from traditional herbal medicines may be a potentially inexpensive, rapid and safe approach to alleviate lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high number of poisoning food and diarrheal diseases caused by Bacillus cereus bacteria has been treated with chemical drugs and traditionally herbal plants. One of the commonly used herbal plants is sweet root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). This study aims to extract and fractionate sweet root plants, determine the antibacterial activity and identify the types of bioactive compounds as antibacterial compounds. The extraction process uses a maceration technique and fractionation using buthanol, ethyl acetate, and hexan solvents. Antibacterial activity was carry out by the diffusion method and identification of bioactive compounds by GCMS analysis. This study showed that greatest antibacterial activity was found in ethyl acetate fraction with a strong category and MIC value of 12,5%. This study for the first time also revealed that the types of bioactive compounds from sweet root plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as antibacterial compounds are n-Hexadecanoic as a fatty acid group and 4H-Pyran 4-one 2.3 dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6 methyl from the flavonoid group.

This study aims to extract Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (licorice) using a novel, high efficiency, and low-cost extraction method. Water was chosen as the proper solvent for the extraction process to eliminate the requirement of harmful and toxic solvents, prepare an environmentally friendly process, and reduce the costs. The effect of different process variables (extraction time, feed to solvent ratio, pH of extraction medium, and temperature) on the extraction, yield was investigated experimentally and statistical analysis using the RSM method was performed to analyze the effect of variables and obtain a proper model correlating the yield of extraction to variables. The obtained model was found successful in fitting the experimental results. It was found that all the four variables affect the yield of extraction significantly, and only the interaction between pH and extraction time was found important in increasing the GA% in the precipitate. The highest yield was achieved experimentally 54.9%, for the case with the extraction time of 17 h, feed to solvent ratio of 10 g/ml, pH of 10, and temperature of 60ºC.On the other hand, the optimum condition obtained by the model was found at extraction time of 10.12 h, feed to solvent ratio of 10.71 g/ml, pH of 9.8, and temperature of 119.7ºC.

In this study, Glycyrrhiza glabra L (GG) aqueous extract was extracted to evaluate its nephroprotective effect on renal structural, hematological, and biochemical changes in CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity in male mice. Fifty male mice were divided into five groups (n = 10); group I served as control, received 1 mL/kg olive oil intraperitoneally and 0.5 mL distilled water through gavage. Group II served as untreated group, received 1 mg/kg CCl4 mixed with olive oil in the ratio of 1:1 intraperitoneally and 0.5 mL distilled water orally. Groups III, IV, V, and VI received CCl4 mixed with olive oil in the ratio of 1:1 intraperitoneally and 30, 90, and 270 mg/kg of GG through gavage for 45 consecutive days. At 45th day, the mice were dissected; blood and kidney samples collected for hematological, biochemical, and histological parameter analysis. The data of this study were analyzed by the SPSS-18 software using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). Different doses of GG (especially GG270) could significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduce the raised levels of urea, creatinine, WBC, and platelet and increased SOD, CAT, and RBC levels as compared to the untreated group. The weight and volume of the renal structures were decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in several doses of GG as compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, GG has nephroprotective effect, thereby reducing the causation of toxicity in experimental mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of epidemic proportion, projected to become the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world in future. Despite extensive research in understanding this disease at molecular level, and the discovery of new drugs, diabetes and its complications remain largely untreated. Many of the late diabetic complications are associated with the glycation of proteins in the body. Natural flora has long been a rich source for therapeutic agents, especially against diabetes. The present study deals with the anti-glycation properties of some medicinally important plants of Arabian region. Methods: Twenty-six medicinal plants, commonly found in different regions of Arabian Peninsula, were evaluated for their protein anti-glycation activity by using BSA-MG glycation assay in-vitro. The extracts were incubated with BSA and MG at 37 °C for 9 days, each sample was then examined for the presence of fluorescence (Aex 330 nm, and Aem 420 nm), which represent the extent of protein glycation. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), iron chelation, and superoxide radical scavenging asaays. Results: The data revealed that out of 26 medicinal plants, five plants viz. Sida cordifolia, Plumbago zeylanica, Tribulus terrestris, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Rosa indica were active against the in-vitro protein glycation with IC50 values between 0.408-1.690 mg/mL Among the active plants, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. was found to be the most potent (IC50 = 0.408 ± 0. 027 mg/mL), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.596 ± 0.0179 mg/mL), and Sida cordifolia L .(IC50 = 0.63 ± 0.009 mg/mL). The antioxidant potential of these plant extracts were also determined by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), iron chelation, and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays. Among five plants, Sida cordifolia exhibited a potent anti-oxidant activity in both DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging assays (IC50 = 0.005 ± 0.0004, and 0.078 ±0. 002 mg/mL, respectively), followed by Rosa indica (IC50 = 0.023 ± 0.0005 and 0.141 ± 0.003 mg/mL, respectively). Conclusions: Protein glycation in hyperglycemic conditions involve oxidative changes. Therefore dual inhibition of protein glycation and oxidation are desirable properties in any test substance investigated for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Licorice, the root and stolons of the Glycyrrhiza plant (Fabaceae), has been used for centuries as a food additive (sweetener), in cosmetics, and in traditional medicine. In this research, we provide evidence that licorice extract activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and, as identified through HPLC fractionation and mass spectroscopy, one of the activating phytochemicals is glabridin. Glabridin was shown to bind to and activate PPARγ. It was also shown to activate PPARγ-regulated gene expression in human hepatoma cells similar to known PPARγ ligands and that the expression was blocked by a PPARγ specific antagonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. is used in folk medicine for treatment of stomach disorders including peptic ulcers. The hydroalcoholic extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (HEGG) was evaluated for antiulcerogenic activity and acute toxicity profile in mice. Various doses of HEGG (50-200 mg/kg) were administered orally to animals of different groups. Omeprazole and cimetidine at doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg were used as positive controls, respectively. Stomach was opened along the greater curvature then ulceration index was determined examining the inner lining of stomach. Oral administration of the extract at 1600 mg/kg did not produce toxic symptoms and mortality in mice. 2950 mg/kg was determined as the oral LD50. The HEGG (50-200 mg/kg) showed a significant reduction in ulcer index in HCl/Ethanol-induced ulcer. G. glabra extract (50-150 mg/kg) showed antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions dose dependently. The extract effectively inhibited formation of gastric lesions induced by ethanol. The extract (200 mg/kg) was more potent than omeprazole (30 mg/kg). HEGG reduced the ulcer index in hypothermic stress induced gastric ulcers in mice and the antiulcer effect was comparable to that of cimetidine. The results indicated that G. glabra hydroalcoholic extract exerted an antiulcergenic effect that could be associated with increase in gastric mucosal defensive factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the emergence of strains resistant to conventional antibiotics, it is important to carry studies using alternative methods to control these microorganisms causing important infections, such as the use of products of plant origin that has demonstrated effective antimicrobial activity besides biocompatibility. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts of Equisetum arvense L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Punica granatum L. and Stryphnodendron barbatimam Mart. against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata, and to analyze the cytotoxicity of these extracts in cultured murine macrophages (RAW 264.7). Methods: Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by microdilution method based on Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), M7-A6 and M27-A2 standards. The cytotoxicity of concentrations that eliminated the microorganisms was evaluated by MTT colorimetric method and by quantification of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) using ELISA. Results: In determining the minimum microbicidal concentration, E. arvense L., P. granatum L., and S. barbatimam Mart. extracts at a concentration of 50 mg/mL and G. glabra L. extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, were effective against all microorganisms tested. Regarding cell viability, values were 48% for E. arvense L., 76% for P. granatum L, 86% for S. barbatimam Mart. and 79% for G. glabra L. at the same concentrations. About cytokine production after stimulation with the most effective concentrations of the extracts, there was a significant increase of IL-1β in macrophage cultures treated with S. barbatimam Mart. (3.98 pg/mL) and P. granatum L. (7.72 pg/mL) compared to control (2.20 pg/mL) and a significant decrease of TNF-α was observed in cultures treated with G. glabra L. (4.92 pg/mL), S. barbatimam Mart. (0.85 pg/mL), E. arvense L. (0.83 pg/mL), and P. granatum L. (0.00 pg/mL) when compared to control (41.96 pg/mL). Conclusions: All plant extracts were effective against the microorganisms tested. The G. glabra L. extract exhibited least cytotoxicity and the E. arvense L. extract was the most cytotoxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the performance and adsorption characteristics of five macroporous resins for the separation of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. have been evaluated. The adsorption and desorption properties of glabridin on macroporous resins including HPD100, HPD300, HPD800, NKA and H103 were compared. HPD100 resin offered the best adsorption and desorption capacities based on the research results. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the interactions between the solutes and resins at different initial concentrations. Dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments on HPD100 resin packed column were conducted to optimize the separation process of glabridin from licorice extracts. After the treatment with stepwise elution on HPD100 resin, the content of glabridin in the product increased from 0.21% to 32.2% which is 153-fold higher than it in G. glabra L. roots and the recovery yield was 79.7%. The results indicated the good ability of HPD100 resin for separation glabridin and the study may provide scientific references for the large-scale glabridin production from G. glabra L. or other plants extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Components of the ethylacetate extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra root were separated based on their acid-base properties. The major components of the fraction soluble in aqueous NaOH were identified by GC-MS as glabridin, the principal component of the ethylacetate extract of licorice root ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), 4-O-methylglabridin, and hispaglabridin B. The isoflavene glabrin was identified in addition to the isoflavan derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and bioactive compounds has gained much attention. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco‐friendly, cost‐effective, and is a promising substitute for the chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Also, the previous experiments have revealed that plants raise the cytotoxicity potentials of silver nanoparticles against several cell lines especially tumor cell lines. The present study confirms the potential of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra L leaf grown under in vitro condition for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Also, in this study, we revealed the antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines. Silver nanoparticles were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including UV–Vis. and FT‐IR spectroscopy, TEM, and FE‐SEM. DPPH free radical scavenging test was carried out to assess the antioxidant potentials of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. MTT assay was used on normal cell line (HUVEC) and acute T cell leukemia cell lines (J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5) for analyzing of anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNO3, G. glabra, and AgNPs. FT‐IR analysis revealed antioxidant compounds in the nanoparticles were the sources of reducing power, reducing silver ions to AgNPs. TEM and FE‐SEM images indicated a uniform spherical morphology in size of 20 nm for silver nanoparticles. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for G. glabra, AgNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. Silver nanoparticles had very low cell viability dose‐dependently against J45.01, Jurkat, Clone E6–1, J.CaM1.6, and J.RT3‐T3.5 cell lines without any cytotoxicity on HUVEC cell line. The best result of cytotoxicity property of AgNPs against above cell lines was seen in the case of J.CaM1.6 cell line. Above findings confirm the significant antioxidant and anti‐acute T cell leukemia properties of AgNPs. After confirming these results in clinical trial studies, AgNPs can be used as a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of acute T cell leukemia in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate antigenotoxic, antioxidant and COX-2 inhibitory potential of ‘GG-1’ fraction isolated by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) from ethyl acetate extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (G. glabra) L rhizomes. Methods: The antigenotoxic activity was tested in human blood lymphocytes using comet assay and SOS chromotest using PQ37 strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) against the diagnostic mutagens viz. 4-NQO and H2O2. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay. It was also investigated for the COX-2 inhibitory activity using Cayman COX (ovine) inhibitory screening assay. Results: The spectroscopic data of ‘GG-1’ fraction revealed it to be 7-hydroxycoumarin (Umbelliferone). In SOS chromotest, at the concentration of 616.75 μM, umbelliferone exhibited moderate response by reducing the induction factor of hydrogen peroxide by 68.99% (IC50 223.44 μM) and that of 4NQO by 59.71% (IC50 280.74 μM). In comet assay, exhibited a good activity by inhibiting the genotoxicity of both hydrogen peroxide and 4NQO by 61.64% (IC50 330.02 μM) and 50.66% (IC50 577.83 μM) respectively. The umbelliferone exhibited free radical scavenging potential of 43.88% at 616.75 μM. Umbelliferone possessed 95.68% inhibition of COX-2 at 10 μM concentration with IC50<1. Conclusions: The antigenotoxic, antioxidant and COX-2 inhibitory properties showed by the umbelliferone suggests that it may have several applications in nutraceuticals and human health care. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]