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CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10) is an essential fat-soluble metabolite that plays a key role in cellular metabolism. A less-known function of CoQ10 is whether it may act as a plasma membrane-stabilizing agent and whether this property can affect cancer development and progression. Here, we show that CoQ10 and its biosynthetic enzyme UBIAD1 play a critical role in plasmamembrane mechanical properties that are of interest for breast cancer (BC) progression and treatment. CoQ10 and UBIAD1 increase membrane fluidity leading to increased cell stiffness in BC. Furthermore, CoQ10 and UBIAD1 states impair ECM (extracellular matrix)-mediated oncogenic signaling and reduce ferroptosis resistance in BC settings. Analyses on human patients and mouse models reveal that UBIAD1 loss is associated with BC development and progression and UBIAD1 expression in BC limits CTCs (circulating tumor cells) survival and lung metastasis formation. Overall, this study reveals that CoQ10 and UBIAD1 can be further investigated to develop therapeutic interventions to treat BC patients with poor prognosis. The roles of CoQ10 and producing enzymes in cancer have not been well explored. Here, the authors identify that the CoQ10-biosynthetic enzyme UBIAD1 is a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. CoQ10 induced alterations in plasma membrane mechanical properties lead to increased cellular stiffness and impaired tumorigenic signaling, as well as enhanced sensitivity to ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproduction of reliable in vitro models of human skeletal muscle is made harder by the intrinsic 3D structural complexity of this tissue. Here we coupled engineered hydrogel with 3D structural cues and specific mechanical properties to derive human 3D muscle constructs ("myobundles") at the scale of single fibers, by using primary myoblasts or myoblasts derived from embryonic stem cells. To this aim, cell culture was performed in confined, laminin-coated micrometric channels obtained inside a 3D hydrogel characterized by the optimal stiffness for skeletal muscle myogenesis. Primary myoblasts cultured in our 3D culture system were able to undergo myotube differentiation and maturation, as demonstrated by the proper expression and localization of key components of the sarcomere and sarcolemma. Such approach allowed the generation of human myobundles of ~10 mm in length and ~120 μm in diameter, showing spontaneous contraction 7 days after cell seeding. Transcriptome analyses showed higher similarity between 3D myobundles and skeletal signature, compared to that found between 2D myotubes and skeletal muscle, mainly resulting from expression in 3D myobundles of categories of genes involved in skeletal muscle maturation, including extracellular matrix organization. Moreover, imaging analyses confirmed that structured 3D culture system was conducive to differentiation/maturation also when using myoblasts derived from embryonic stem cells. In conclusion, our structured 3D model is a promising tool for modelling human skeletal muscle in healthy and diseases conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Surface chemical functionalization of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) is helpful for a wide range of technological applications, ranging from solar cells to biomedical devices, as it allows to tune the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of TCOs toward the desired goal. The electrochemical grafting technique is a surface modification methodology affording robust coatings with tuneable properties and has the potential to be exploited for modifying TCO surfaces. However, due to technical limitations, like the use of a 3‐electrode cell and the need for low pH‐solutions, this approach has not been recurrently applied. Here a novel electrochemical‐microfluidic combined methodology is used where the use of a microchannel drives the spatially controlled covalent grafting of reagents on a TCO surface. To corroborate the validity of this approach in producing more complex chemical structures localized on selected microscale‐sized areas, where a first electrochemical grafting step takes place, an electrochemical glucose biosensor is realized through a layer‐by‐layer approach that shows a remarkable limit of detection in the micromolar concentration range. The sensing mechanism is based on an efficient electron transfer from glucose to the functionalized TCO surface. Biosensor performance is conveniently tuned by acting on the number of enzymatic units loaded onto the biosensor‐tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of smart biomaterials able to quantitatively analyse the dynamics of biological systems with high temporal resolution in biomimetic environments is of paramount importance in biophysics, biology and medicine. In this context, we develop a biosensing water-based soft biomaterial with tunable mechanical properties through the generation of an electroconductive nano-element network. As a proof of concept, in order to detect glucose concentration, we fabricate an electroconductive polyacrylamide glucose oxidase (GOx) loaded hydrogel (HY) modified with a small amount of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (up to 0.85 wt%). MicroRaman maps and optical analysis show the nanotube distribution in the samples at different mass fractions. Electrochemical impedance spectra and their fitting with equivalent circuit models reveal electron conduction in the charged hydrogels in addition to ionic conductivity. The effective resulting resistance of the nanostructured network is comparable to that of a gold electrode. These findings were also confirmed by cyclic voltammetry. Interestingly, heterogeneous clustering of SWNTs shows double electric mechanisms and efficiencies. GOx–SWNT doped hydrogels show a linear glucose concentration response in the range between 0.1 mM and 1.6 mM; taken together these results show high detection limits for glucose (down to 15 μM) and a sensitivity of 0.63 μA mM−1. In the perspective of monitoring cell dynamics, hydrogel functionalization allows cell adhesion and long-term cell culture, and atomic force microscopy is used for mapping the doped hydrogel stiffness. Myoblasts, cells sensitive to mechanical substrate properties, show proper differentiation of phenotype in the SWNT–HYs with nominal physiological stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which focuses on preventing a real effluents coming from landfills and tanning processes by eclectro-fenton-based treatments. It says that the iron (Fe) anode with titanium (ti) and hydrogen (H)2 O2-assisted electroprecipitation (HAEP) method was used in the water effluents treatment. Result of the study shows that electro precipitation (EP) was appropriate for tanning solution, industrial effluents, and percolates treatment.

Hydrogels are biomaterials that, thanks to their unique hydrophilic and biomimetic characteristics, are used to support cell growth and attachment and promote tissue regeneration. The use of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from different tissues or organs significantly demonstrated to be far superior to other types of hydrogel since it recapitulates the native tissue's ECM composition and bioactivity. Different muscle injuries and malformations require the application of patches or fillers to replenish the defect and boost tissue regeneration. Herein, we develop, produce, and characterize a porcine diaphragmatic dECM-derived hydrogel for diaphragmatic applications. We obtain a tissue-specific biomaterial able to mimic the complex structure of skeletal muscle ECM; we characterize hydrogel properties in terms of biomechanical properties, biocompatibility, and adaptability for in vivo applications. Lastly, we demonstrate that dECM-derived hydrogel obtained from porcine diaphragms can represent a useful biological product for diaphragmatic muscle defect repair when used as relevant acellular stand-alone patch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cell-resolved model that simulates the dynamic thermal behavior of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery during charge and discharge is presented. It takes into account, at a cell level, the reversible entropic heat of the electrochemical reactions, irreversible heat due to overpotentials, self-discharge reactions due to ion crossover, and shunt current losses. The model accounts for the heat transfer between cells and toward the environment, the pump hydraulic losses and the heat transfer of piping and tanks. It provides the electrolyte temperature in each cell, at the stack inlet and outlet, along the piping and in the tanks. Validation has been carried out against the charge/discharge measurements from a 9kW/27 kWh VRFB test facility. The model has been applied to study a VRFB with the same stack but a much larger capacity, operating at ±400 A for 8 h, in order to identify critical thermal conditions which may occur in next-generation industrial VRFB stacks capable to operating at high current density. The most critical condition has been found at the end of a long discharge, when temperatures above 50 °C appeared, possibly resulting in V O 2 + precipitation and battery faults. These results call for heat exchangers tailored to assist high-power VRFB systems. Image 1 • A cell-resolved dynamic thermal model of a VRFB system is presented. • Reversible entropic heat of main electrochemical reactions is taken into account. • Losses due to overpotentials, shunt currents, and species crossover are considered. • Model successfully validated on a 9 kW experimental VRFB stack. • Insights are given on the thermal behavior of next-generation compact stacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturization in biological analyses has several advantages, such as sample volume reduction and fast response time. The integration of miniaturized biosensors within lab-on-a-chip setups under flow conditions is highly desirable, not only because it simplifies process handling but also because measurements become more robust and operator-independent. In this work, we study the integration of flow amperometric biosensors within a microfluidic platform when analyte concentration is indirectly measured. As a case study, we used a platinum miniaturized glucose biosensor, where glucose is enzymatically converted to H2O2 that is oxidized at the electrode. The experimental results produced are strongly coupled to a theoretical analysis of fluid dynamic conditions affecting the electrochemical response of the sensor. We verified that the choice of the inlet flow rate is a critical parameter in flow biosensors, because it affects both glucose and H2O2 transport, to and from the electrode. We identify optimal flow rate conditions for accurate sensing at high time resolution. A dimensionless theoretical analysis allows the extension of the results to other sensing systems according to fluid dynamic similarity principles. Furthermore, we developed a microfluidic design that connects a sampling unit to the biosensor, in order to decouple the sampling flow rate from that of the actual measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) results in lung hypoplasia. In severe cases, tracheal occlusion (TO) can be offered to promote lung growth. However the benefit is limited, and novel treatments are required to supplement TO. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is downregulated in animal models of CDH and could be a therapeutic target, but its role in human CDH is not known., Objectives: To investigate whether VEGF supplementation could be a suitable treatment for CDH-associated lung pathology., Methods: Fetal lungs from CDH patients were used to determine pulmonary morphology and VEGF expression. A novel human ex vivo model of fetal lung compression recapitulating CDH features was developed and used to determine the effect of exogenous VEGF supplementation. A nanoparticle-based approach for intra-pulmonary delivery of VEGF was developed by conjugating it on functionalized nanodiamonds (ND-VEGF) and was tested in experimental CDH in vivo ., Measurements and Main Results: VEGF expression was downregulated in distal pulmonary epithelium of human CDH fetuses in conjunction with attenuated cell proliferation. The compression model resulted in impaired branching morphogenesis similar to CDH and downregulation of VEGF expression in conjunction with reduced proliferation of terminal bud epithelial progenitors; these could be reversed by exogenous supplementation of VEGF. Prenatal delivery of VEGF with the ND-VEGF platform in CDH fetal rats resulted in lung growth and pulmonary arterial remodelling that was complementary to that achieved by TO alone with appearances comparable to healthy controls., Conclusions: This innovative approach could have a significant impact on the treatment of CDH.

In the last two decades lab-on-chip models, specifically heart-on-chip, have been developed as promising technologies for recapitulating physiological environments suitable for studies of drug and environmental effects on either human physiological or patho-physiological conditions. Most human heart-on-chip systems are based on integration and adaptation of terminally differentiated cells within microfluidic context. This process requires prolonged procedures, multiple steps, and is associated with an intrinsic variability of cardiac differentiation. In this view, we developed a method for cardiac differentiation-on-a-chip based on combining the stage-specific regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with the forced expression of transcription factors (TFs) that timely recapitulate hallmarks of the cardiac development. We performed the overall cardiac differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to cardiomyocytes (CMs) within a microfluidic environment. Sequential forced expression of cardiac TFs was achieved by a sequential mmRNAs delivery of first MESP1 , GATA4 followed by GATA4 , NKX2.5 , MEF2C , TBX3 , and TBX5 . We showed that this optimized protocol led to a robust and reproducible approach to obtain a cost-effective hiPSC-derived heart-on-chip. The results showed higher distribution of cTNT positive CMs along the channel and a higher expression of functional cardiac markers ( TNNT2 and MYH7 ). The combination of stage-specific regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with mmRNAs encoding cardiac transcription factors will be suitable to obtain heart-on-chip model in a cost-effective manner, enabling to perform combinatorial, multiparametric, parallelized and high-throughput experiments on functional cardiomyocytes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Contato, Gagliano, Magnussen, Giomo and Elvassore.)

Modern Chemical Engineering was born around the end of the 19th century in Great Britain, Germany, and the USA, the most industrialized countries at that time. Milton C. Whitaker, in 1914, affirmed that the difference between Chemistry and Chemical Engineering lies in the capability of chemical engineers to transfer laboratory findings to the industrial level. Since then, Chemical Engineering underwent huge transformations determining the detachment from the original Chemistry nest. The beginning of the sixties of the 20th century saw the development of a new branch of Chemical Engineering baptized Biomedical Engineering by Peppas and Langer and that now we can name Biological Engineering. Interestingly, although Biological Engineering focused on completely different topics from Chemical Engineering ones, it resorted to the same theoretical tools such as, for instance, mass, energy and momentum balances. Thus, the birth of Biological Engineering may be considered as a Darwinian evolution of Chemical Engineering similar to that experienced by mammals which, returning to water, used legs and arms to swim. From 1960 on, Biological Engineering underwent a considerable evolution as witnessed by the great variety of topics covered such as hemodialysis, release of synthetic drugs, artificial organs and, more recently, delivery of small interfering RNAs (siRNA). This review, based on the activities developed in the frame of our PRIN 2010-11 (20109PLMH2) project, tries to recount origins and evolution of Chemical Engineering illustrating several examples of recent and successful applications in the biological field. This, in turn, may stimulate the discussion about the Chemical Engineering students curriculum studiorum update., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.)