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El objetivo fue determinar la influencia del estado madurativo en la pérdida de rendimiento del sprint y del sprint resistido en jóvenes futbolistas. Se evaluó la madurez biológica en 56 participantes y se agruparon según los años predichos a partir de la pico de velocidad de crecimiento (PHV) (pre-, mid- y post-PHV). Las diferencias entre grupos se determinaron a través de análisis de covarianzas. El tiempo del sprint de 30 m se midió mediante la aplicación MySprint. En el sprint de 5 m se observó una mayor pérdida de rendimiento entre mid- y pre-PHV que entre post- y mid-PHV (ES = -0.90 a -0.57 vs -0.52 a -0.34). En 30 m se mostró una mayor pérdida entre post- y mid-PHV que entre mid- y pre-PHV (ES = -1.04 a -0.69 vs -0.81 a -0.56). Es importante considerar el desfase madurativo en la optimización del sprint a largo plazo en jóvenes deportistas. Palabras clave: Maduración biológica, fútbol, entrenamiento de sprint resistido, adolescente. Abstract. The objective was to determine the influence of maturational status on the loss of sprint performance and resisted sprint performance in young soccer players. Biological maturity was assessed in 56 participants, who were grouped according to predicted years from peak height velocity (PHV) (pre-, mid-, and post-PHV). Differences between groups were determined through covariance analysis. The 30 m sprint time was measured using the MySprint application. For the 5 m sprint, a greater performance loss was observed between mid- and pre-PHV compared to post- and mid-PHV (ES = -0.90 to -0.57 vs. -0.52 to -0.34). Over 30 m, a greater loss was observed between post- and mid-PHV compared to mid- and pre-PHV (ES = -1.04 to -0.69 vs. -0.81 to -0.56). It is important to consider maturational timing in the long-term optimization of sprint performance in young athletes. Keywords: Biological maturation, football, resisted sprint training, adolescents.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate teacher and students' perspectives on their experiences within three consecutive hybrid sport education and cooperative learning pedagogical model units. Method: Fifty elementary school students (M[subscript age] = 10.52; SD[subscript age] = 0.39) and a 36-year-old male teacher participated in three consecutive hybrid cooperative learning/sport education units (24 lessons). Semistructured interviews were conducted to gather data and gain a rich, insiders' perspective of their experiences. Results: Three main themes (including several subthemes) were generated from the data analysis--students' enthusiasm and involvement (autonomy support, motivation, and engagement); students' learning (technical-tactical learning, cooperative skills, and social learning); and teacher challenges. Conclusions: Findings from the current study showed that a teacher's use of three consecutive hybrid sport education/cooperative learning pedagogical model units promoted a learning environment where students were involved in authentic sport experiences that fostered the development of students' learning across all domains.

As an alternative to the direct instructional model, Metzler proposed a range of pedagogical models that include second generation models such as teaching games for understanding (TGfU) and sport education (SE). These pedagogical models have key design features that can promote high levels of autonomous motivation for both boys and girls. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational outcomes of elementary boys and girls as they participated in an invasion game unit through two pedagogical models: a hybrid TGfU/SE unit or a direct instruction unit. Participants were 292 elementary school students (mean age = 10.41, standard deviation age = 0.49), who were taught through a hybrid TGfU/SE unit or a more traditional teacher-centred format within a pre-intervention/post-intervention quasi-experimental design. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE, while learning tasks were designed to integrate the pedagogical principles of TGfU. A 2 (pedagogical model) × 2 (test-time) × 2 (gender) multivariate analysis of variance was performed to detect between-groups and within-group differences. Significant differences in student motivation were observed for both boys and girls who participated in the hybrid TGfU/SE unit in both analyses across all motivational outcomes. Despite the existence of social stereotypes in terms of physical activity, teachers' use of hybrid TGfU/SE units promotes an autonomy-supportive, inclusive, and equitable learning environment where all students, regardless of their gender and/or content focus of the unit and have opportunities to increase their engagement, enjoyment, and social interactions within physical education lessons.

Introduction and purpose: Self-efficacy is considered an antecedent for physical activity levels in fibromyalgia patients. However, the influence of the fear of movement and fatigue on the self-efficacy to reduce physical inactivity is still not clear and could be critical in improving the biopsychosocial benefits of therapeutic exercise. In this way, the present study aims to assess the relationship between self-efficacy, fatigue, fibromyalgia impact, the fear of movement, and physical activity. Additionally, it aims to explore differences among patients based on self-reported physical activity levels. Material and methods: A sample of 115 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia were evaluated in this prospective study. The variables were the impact of fibromyalgia, the fear of movement, fatigue, self-efficacy, and physical activity levels. Results: Patients with high and moderate physical activity levels had higher self-efficacy for physical function (p < 0.05), which is in line with the previously known model. Furthermore, a model was developed where the significant relationship between the fear of movement and self-efficacy for physical activity was significantly mediated by general fatigue and the impact of fibromyalgia on physical function. Conclusions: The fear of movement may influence self-efficacy, affecting physical activity levels; therapeutic exercises targeting the fear of movement can enhance self-efficacy and activity levels, while fatigue and fibromyalgia may mediate this relationship.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of a hybrid teaching games for understanding (TGfU) and sport education (SE) physical education unit on autonomy support, perceived motivational climate, enjoyment and perceived competence, in comparison to a unit delivered via a traditional direct instruction model. A crossover design was utilized. Participants were 55 students divided into two groups. One group experienced a hybrid TGfU/SE unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE (e.g. formal competition, seasons, team identity, roles, etc.) and learning tasks were designed to integrate the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Dependent variables were measured using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, students in the two groups reported significantly higher mean scores in interest in athletes' input, praise for autonomous behavior, perceived competence, and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid TGfU/SE unit. The results demonstrate some initial evidence that a teacher's employment of a hybrid TGfU/SE unit can encourage students to assume responsibilities and make independent decisions, which leads to them reporting greater enjoyment and perceived competence when compared to physical education lessons delivered via a traditional direct instruction model.

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El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar, desde un enfoque mixto de investigación, el efecto de una unidad híbrida de Educación Deportiva y Enseñanza Comprensiva del Deporte sobre variables relacionadas con la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, además también de hacer un análisis en función del género de los estudiantes. 41 alumnos de Educación Secundaria (Medad = 12.78, DT = 0.69) fueron enseñados a partir de una unidad didáctica compuesta por 15 sesiones. La estructura de esta unidad fue diseñada acorde al modelo de Educación Deportiva, mientras que, las tareas de aprendizaje se diseñaron utilizando el modelo de Enseñanza Compresiva del Deporte. Los alumnos completaron los cuestionarios validados relacionados con la Teoría de la Autodeterminación antes y después de la intervención. Los análisis principales fueron realizados a partir de un MANOVA 2 (fase de la intervención: pre-test y post-test) x 2 (género: masculino y femenino). Se observó una mejoría en los resultados, tanto para chicos como para chicas, en los análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos en la percepción de apoyo del docente de Educación Física a la autonomía y relaciones sociales, satisfacción de autonomía, competencia, relaciones sociales, novedad, motivación autónoma, e intención de ser físicamente activo, todo ello, con relación a la medida inicial realizada. El uso de unidades híbridas promueve un ambiente de aprendizaje inclusivo donde todos los estudiantes, independientemente de su género, aumentan sus niveles de motivación e intención de seguir participando en actividades deportivas. Abstract. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a hybrid sport education / teaching games for understanding (SE/TGfU) on variables related to self-determination theory, as well as to make an analysis according to the gender of the students. Participants were 41 secondary school students (Mage = 12.78, SD = 0.69), who were taught through a hybrid SE/TGfU unit of 15 lessons. The structure of this unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE model, while learning tasks were designed using the pedagogical principles of TGfU model. Both self-reported validated questionnaires and focus groups were used before and after intervention to assess students’ motivational responses. A 2 x 2 within-test time (pre-test and post-test) x gender (boys and girls) MANOVA was conducted for data analysis. After the hybrid SE/TGfU unit, both quantitative and qualitative findings showed improvements in students’ perceptions of need-support from the physical education teacher, basic psychological needs satisfaction, novelty, autonomous motivation, and intention to be physically active, compared to baseline values. The use of hybrid SE/TGfU units promotes an inclusive and equitable learning environment where all students have opportunities to improve their motivational outcomes, regardless of their gender.

Purpose: This study analysed the effects of a training intervention programme using principles of Non-Linear Pedagogy (NLP) on the decision making (DM) and performance behaviours (P) of youth footballers. Method: 19 footballers (U12 yrs) participated in 14 training sessions, spread over three phases: Pre-intervention, Intervention, Retention. The intervention was based on Small-Sided and Conditioned Games. We assessed progress during the intervention phase at two different points: intermediate and final. The GPET instrument was used to analyse the DM and P during the completion of 3208 passes in the intervention. Results: Results shown significant improvements in the DM and P after the intermediate and final points of the acquisition phase. Moreover, significantly higher values were also obtained in both variables in the retention, compared to the pre-intervention phase. Conclusion: Results indicated that the NLP intervention programme was effective in improving both aspects of team games performance in youth players, with effects consolidated over time.

Adherence to physical exercise is especially low in patients with fibromyalgia, and there is a tendency to overestimate its performance. This study explores the relationship between perceived and actual walking behavior in patients with fibromyalgia, including self-efficacy as a mediating variable. A prospective study with two time points (with one week between them) was carried out on 132 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Self-efficacy towards exercise was assessed at the first time point, and perceived intensity of physical activity and “objective” walking amount (accelerometer) in relation to the previous week were assessed at the second point. Physical and emotional symptoms and the consumption of drugs were also evaluated as covariates. The results show that perception of vigorous-intensity exercise was related to walking (accelerometer) (effort greater than 6 METs). This relationship was explained by the mediating effect of self-efficacy and was not interfered with either by the symptoms or by the consumption of drugs. High self-efficacy regarding physical exercise was directly related to walking behavior despite patients’ interpretation of this activity as a vigorous physical exercise. In intervention and rehabilitation programs, it would be interesting to take into account and promote the self-efficacy of patients in relation to physical exercise in order to maintain adherence to walking.

Keeping high levels of physical activity is a challenge among chronic patients. In this regard, self-efficacy has been identified as a crucial variable to reduce sedentarism and physical inactivity in women with fibromyalgia. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations among objective physical activity levels, self-efficacy, activity patterns, and the impact of the disease, as well as to compare those variables between women with fibromyalgia with different self-efficacy levels. For this purpose, in this cross-sectional study, the physical activity levels of 123 women with fibromyalgia were assessed by accelerometers, together with self-efficacy, the impact of the disease, and activity patterns. Results revealed that self-efficacy for light or moderate physical activity was directly related to light (p < 0.01), moderate (p < 0.01), and vigorous physical activity (p < 0.05), as well as inversely related to sedentary time (p < 0.01). Moreover, the main differences were observed between those with low self-efficacy levels and the rest of the sample, while there were no differences between the high and the medium self-efficacy groups (p > 0.05). Thus, self-efficacy for walking and light physical activity seems to be more relevant than self-efficacy for moderate and vigorous physical activity to achieve higher levels of physical activity.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a unit of basketball based on Teaching Games for Understanding model combined with a program of unstructured practice based on small-sided games (experimental group), in comparison to the only application of the unit (control group), on the decision-making and execution in Physical Education students. Participants were 31 students with ages between 12 and 14. The intervention was conducted over four weeks, developing eight PE lessons and eight school recess to unstructured practice. The decision-making and the execution of the pass action were measured by systematic observation, using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool instrument. Results showed in the experimental group, significantly higher values in post-test with respect to pre-test, in both variables (decison-making, p = .001; execution, p = .024). Regarding to the control group, these differences were found only in the decision-making (p = .021). Findings demonstrated that the joined application of a unit with unstructured practise is more effective to improve decision-making and skill execution that if students are expose only in the Physical Education lessons. Therefore, we recommend teachers promote opportunities to students to have experiences in school recess. Resumen: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de una Unidad Didáctica de baloncesto basada en el modelo Enseñanza de los Juegos a través de la Comprensión, combinada con un programa de práctica no estructurada basado en juegos modificados (grupo experimental), en comparación con la aplicación únicamente de la Unidad Didáctica (grupo control), en la toma de decisiones y la ejecución en alumnos de Educación Física. Participaron 31 alumnos con edades entre 12 y 14 años. La intervención se realizó durante cuatro semanas, desarrollándose ocho clases de Educación Física y ocho recreos para la práctica no estructurada. La toma de decisiones y la ejecución fueron medidas a través de observación sistemática, usando el Instrumento de Evaluación del Rendimiento en el Juego. Los resultados mostraron en el grupo experimental, valores significativamente más altos en la evaluación final con respecto a la inicial, en ambas variables (toma de decisiones, p = .001; ejecución, p = .024).. Con respecto al grupo control, estas diferencias se encontraron solo en la toma de decisiones (p = .021). Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación conjunta de una Unidad Didáctica con práctica no estructurada es más efectiva para mejorar tanto la toma de decisiones como la ejecución de las habilidades, en vez de exponer a los alumnos solo a las clases de Educación Física. Por tanto, se recomienda que los profesores promuevan oportunidades de práctica en los recreos para los alumnos.

The analysis of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in a school context has become one of the main concerns within the educational community. Physical Education is highlighted as a key subject to analyze students’ behavior. Researchers and Physical Education teachers are interested on the motivational processes that predict positive student outcomes in order to support them. Thus, the main purpose was to determine a predictive model of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education students. The Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory acted as the theoretical framework. A total of 919 Spanish secondary school students participated in the study. The studied variables were task-oriented motivational climate, basic psychological needs, autonomous motivation, disciplined behavior, and academic performance. Data collection included Spanish validated questionnaires. The Mplus statistical program was used to perform a structural equation model of prediction. It included antecedents (task-oriented climate), motivational processes (basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation), and consequences (disciplined behavior, Physical Education and overall students’ performance). The results revealed that positive outcomes (discipline and academic performance in Physical Education) were positively predicted by autonomous motivation; autonomous motivation was positively predicted by basic psychological needs and these, in addition, by the task-oriented climate. The results highlighted the importance of the task-oriented motivational climate and the mediating role of the basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation in order to generate these positive student outcomes in Physical Education. This study could be a useful resource for teachers, since it offers the motivational variables that lead students to achieve disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education. Intervention programs based on the results of the present study could be applied in Physical Education classes in order to obtain better behavioral as well as cognitive positive student outcomes.

Abstract Lack of physical activity is one of the major causes for obesity and functional disability in the elderly. Including regular exercise in the elderly’s lifestyle is not an easy task. The main objective was to analyse the effect of a motivational resistance-training programme on satisfying the individual’s psychological needs, level of self-determination and body composition. A quasi-experimental study was performed with 47 volunteers (29 females, 18 males) of 67–75 years of age, divided into two groups: experimental (n = 27) and control (n = 20). A 12-week intervention programme was performed, with a total of 36 sessions. The results of the inter-group analysis indicated significant differences in the post-test measurement between the experimental group and the control group (in favour of the experimental group) regarding basic psychological needs. The experimental group, in comparison to the control group, significantly decreased their percentage of fat mass and increased muscle mass. Body weight and BMI values increased in the control group, while significantly decreasing in the experimental group. In conclusion, the motivational resistance-training programme in the elderly gave rise to positive significant changes at the physical, psychological and social levels, according to the definition of health by the World Health Organization.

The purpose of this study was to identify the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) at youth football level in Elite and lower-level clubs in Spain. RAE was also analyzed within each age group of players (U8 to U19) and within each team category considering the sport expertise level (A, B, C and D teams), according to the kind of club. All players (n = 1862) belonged to eight Spanish football clubs and 114 teams. Birth dates were categorized into relative age quartiles. The results obtained by the square test revealed the existence of a RAE with a large effect in the Elite group, while in the lower-level group this effect was medium. Thus, results show significant differences in the Elite group in all age categories, whilst in the lower-level group these were only observed in the U14, U16 and U18 categories. With respect to the team category, while RAE was observed in the Elite group in all teams, in the lower-level group it was only observed in teams A and B. In conclusion, RAE is more pronounced in Elite clubs, even starting at the U8 category. However, in lower-level clubs, where the objective is not just performance, it is delayed.

Background This study has analyzed the impact of applying a decision training program, in which video-feedback and questioning were used, on the development of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge in basketball players. Methods Participants were eleven male players aged between 12 and 13 years old (Mage = 12.75, SDage = .65), who were assigned to an experimental or control group within a pre-test/intervention test/retention test quasi-experimental design. The decision training program was applied over 11 weeks. Throughout this intervention, players had to analyze the causes and reasons for the decision made, using video feedback and questioning to this end. Decision-making and skill execution variables were analyzed using the French & Thomas (1987) observation instrument, while a validated questionnaire was used to assess procedural knowledge in basketball. Results The results reported that sport expertise improved in players from the experimental group, who had significantly higher intervention test scores for successful decisions and skill executions when compared to players in the control group. In the intra-group analysis, the experimental group significantly improved in the intervention test compared to the pre-test, in terms of some of the variables of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge. Discussion These results reinforce the idea of including cognitive tools in training, such as video-feedback and questioning, to improve sport expertise in players’ formative stages, and presumably to improve their performance whilst maintaining decision training throughout time.

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer los modelos de juego empleados por diferentes equipos de voleibol de etapas de formación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 66 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España de Selecciones Autonómicas infantil (13-14 años) y cadete (15-16 años) y por 21 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España Juvenil Masculino (17-19 años). Las variables fueron: sistema de ataque, sistema de recepción, incorporación del líbero y sistema de defensa. Los resultados mostraron que los sistemas más empleados en etapas de formación fueron: sistema de ataque 5-1; sistema de recepción de cuatro jugadores en semicírculo, en categoría infantil y de tres jugadores en V, en categoría cadete y juvenil; incorporación del líbero, excepto en categoría infantil en ambos géneros; en defensa, la posición inicial habitual fue 3-2-1 y las posiciones finales más habituales por los laterales fueron 2-0-4, en el género masculino, y 2-1-3, en el género femenino. Además de ello, se obtuvo una asociación muy leve entre el género y las posiciones finales de defensa por los laterales en categoría infantil y cadete. Finalmente, por la zona central de la red las posiciones más comunes fueron 1-2-3, en categoría infantil y cadete, y 2-1-3 en categoría juvenil. Estos resultados pueden ser considerados por los entrenadores de equipos de etapas de formación para la elección o análisis de modelos de juego en voleibol.

Introduction and purpose: Self-efficacy is considered an antecedent for physical activity levels in fibromyalgia patients. However, the influence of the fear of movement and fatigue on the self-efficacy to reduce physical inactivity is still not clear and could be critical in improving the biopsychosocial benefits of therapeutic exercise. In this way, the present study aims to assess the relationship between self-efficacy, fatigue, fibromyalgia impact, the fear of movement, and physical activity. Additionally, it aims to explore differences among patients based on self-reported physical activity levels. Material and methods: A sample of 115 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia were evaluated in this prospective study. The variables were the impact of fibromyalgia, the fear of movement, fatigue, self-efficacy, and physical activity levels. Results: Patients with high and moderate physical activity levels had higher self-efficacy for physical function (p < 0.05), which is in line with the previously known model. Furthermore, a model was developed where the significant relationship between the fear of movement and self-efficacy for physical activity was significantly mediated by general fatigue and the impact of fibromyalgia on physical function. Conclusions: The fear of movement may influence self-efficacy, affecting physical activity levels; therapeutic exercises targeting the fear of movement can enhance self-efficacy and activity levels, while fatigue and fibromyalgia may mediate this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize players' tactical abilities, coaches need to design training sessions with representative learning tasks, such as, small-sided games. Moreover, it is necessary to adapt the complexity of the tasks to the skill level of the athletes to maximally improve their perceptual, visual and attentive abilities. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two teaching programs, each utilizing modified games with varied levels of opposition, on decision-making and action execution in young players with different levels of sports expertise. 19 football players (U12), separated into two ability groups (Average versus Low skill-level), participated in a series of training sessions that were spread over 4 phases: Pre-intervention 1, Intervention 1 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical superiority in attack), Pre-intervention 2 and Intervention 2 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical equality). Each intervention phase lasted 14 sessions. Decision-making and the execution of pass action during league matches over the same period were evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). The Average skill-level group showed significant differences after the first intervention in decision-making and execution of the pass action (decision-making, p = .015; execution, p = .031), but not after the second intervention (decision-making, p = 1.000; execution, p = 1.000). For the Low skill-level group, significant differences were only observed in the execution of passing between the first and last phases (p = .014). These findings seem to indicate that for groups with an average level of expertise, training with numerical superiority in attack provides players with more time to make better decisions and to better execute actions. However, for lower-level groups programs may take longer to facilitate improvement. Nevertheless, numerical equality did not result in improvement for either group.

This study aims to develop a sailing simulation-based therapeutic rehabilitation program for individuals with Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) during the subacute phase of the injury. Participants were 11 patients, aged between 20–56 years (Mage = 42.36, SDage=12.90), who were randomly assigned into experimental group and control group, within a pre-test/post-test quasi-experimental design. While both groups followed the rehabilitation programmed by the hospital, experimental group participants were enrolled in an interactive rehabilitation exercise (The vSail-Access®, Virtual Sailing Pty Ltd). For this intervention, each subject underwent a semi-immersive Virtual Reality (VR) navigation therapy for 30–40 min per day, three times per week for six weeks. Quality of life (QoL), functionality and balance variables were measured for both groups one week before and after the intervention. Data was generated based on patients' responses using validated questionnaires and tests. A 2 (groups) × 2 (test-time) MANOVA was performed to detect between-group and within-group differences. Significant improvements were obtained in the experimental group in the mobility and balance variables, and in the global result of QoL. The sailing simulation program, included as a therapy within the rehabilitation process after a SCI, provides participants with an overall increase in QoL and functionality. Virtual reality is a therapy that can be part of the rehabilitation process of spinal cord injuries in the acute phase, improving functional capacity. The initiation to recreational sailing in a virtual way is a safe tool for the initiation to the practice of sports. The practice of a dynamic sport, such as sailing, helps to improve the quality of life in spinal cord injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer la asociación entre la toma de decisiones y el rendimiento, de jugadores de voleibol, en las acciones finalistas e intermedias, con el resultado del set. Se analizaron 9285 acciones: 4364 acciones intermedias (1454 acciones de recepción, 1377 acciones de colocación y 1548 acciones de defensa), 4921 acciones finalistas (1533 acciones de saque, 1555 acciones de ataque y 1818 acciones de bloqueo), correspondientes a los 21 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España Juvenil Masculino, celebrado en 2012. Se observaron dos partidos de cada uno de los equipos participantes en el Campeonato. Las variables de estudio fueron el resultado del set, la toma de decisiones y el rendimiento, en las acciones de juego intermedias y finalistas en voleibol. Los resultados mostraron asociación significativa entre el resultado del set y las variables toma de decisiones y el rendimiento en las acciones de juego, tanto en las acciones intermedias como en las acciones finalistas. Una mejor toma de decisiones por parte de los jugadores, y un mejor rendimiento en las acciones intermedias y finalistas, se asocian con la victoria del set. En el proceso de entrenamiento de jugadores de categoría juvenil sería apropiado considerar la posibilidad de empleo de actividades que contribuyan a la mejora de la capacidad decisional de los jugadores. Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the association between decision-making and performance during intermediate and terminal actions in volleyball, and set results. A total of 9,285 game actions were collected: 4,364 intermediate actions (1,454 receptions, 1,377 setting actions, and 1,548 defence actions) and 4,921 terminal actions (1,533 serves, 1,555 attacks, and 1,818 blocks), gathered from 21 teams participating in the U-19 Spanish Championship held in 2012. Two matches of each team were observed. Study variables were: set result, decision-making, and performance during intermediate and terminal game actions in volleyball. Results showed a significant association between set result and the variables decision-making and performance in both intermediate and terminal game actions. In fact, better players’ decision-making and higher players’ performance in both intermediate and terminal actions were significantly associated with winning sets. When coaching U-19 players, carrying out activities that improve players’ decision-making abilities should be highly recommended.

The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and Sport Education (SE) pedagogical models share several objectives and pedagogical processes. Despite this seemingly uncanny relationship, few studies have examined the efficacy of a hybrid TGfU/SE pedagogical model, particularly how a teacher's utilization of such a model impacts on student motivation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect a hybrid TGfU/SE unit, in comparison to direct instruction, on students' perceptions of various aspects of their motivation to engage in physical education (autonomous motivation, basic psychological needs, enjoyment and intention to be physically active). A crossover design was utilized, using the technique of counterbalancing. One group experienced a hybrid SE/TGfU unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. Participants were 55 students. The intervention was conducted over a total of 16 lessons. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE by using seasons, roles, persistent teams, etc. Learning tasks set by the teacher during individual lessons, however, were designed according to the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Student motivation data was generated using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, the two groups showed significant improvements in autonomy, competence and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid model. Instead, in the variables autonomous motivation, relatedness and intention to be physically active there were no significant improvements in one group. These results demonstrate that it is possible to design varied learning situations in which affiliation, leadership and trust are fostered, while tasks are adapted to the characteristics of the students. All this can cause greater autonomous motivation, and consequently, perceived competence in the student, a positive image of the sport to practice, and therefore greater enjoyment and to be physically active.

The main objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between level of competition and declarative and procedural knowledge in young volleyball players. We propose a descriptive/correlational study involving 219 players aged between 14 and 16 years. The level of competition (scholar, regional and national) was the independent variable. Whereas, dependent variables were the two types of knowledge, declarative and procedural, which were measured by filling in two questionnaires. The results show significant differences in knowledge according to the level of competition. Players who participated in national competition show higher levels of declarative and procedural knowledge than those who compete in regional and scholar level. These results reinforce the idea that is the quality of the competition, in which athletes participate, a key factor in the development of the two types of knowledge considered in the investigation

ResumenEl propósito del estudio fue analizar la influencia de la experiencia en práctica federada sobre el desarrollo del conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en jugadores de voleibol en categorías de formación. Se ha planteado un estudio descriptivo correlacional en el que han participado un total de 450 jugadores de voleibol. La variable independiente fue la experiencia en práctica federada, y las variables dependientes fueron el conocimiento declarativo y el conocimiento procedimental que fueron medidas mediante la cumplimentación de dos cuestionarios. De los resultados del estudio podemos destacar que se encontraron diferencias significativas en función de la experiencia en práctica federada, tanto en el conocimiento declarativo como en el conocimiento procedimental, produciéndose un salto en el conocimiento a partir del cuarto año de experiencia. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos en diversos estudios basados en la pericia deportiva en voleibol, confirmándose la importancia de la experiencia vivida por el deportista para el desarrollo del conocimiento y con ello de la pericia deportiva.AbstractThe intention of the study was to analyze the influence of the experience in practice federated on the development of the declarative and procedural knowledge in players of volleyball in categories of formation. It has presented a descriptive correlational study that enrolled a total of 450 volleyball players. The independent variable was the experience in federated practice, and the dependent variables were the declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge that were measured by completing two questionnaires. From the results of the study we can distinguish that they found significant differences depending on the experience in federated practice, both in the declarative knowledge and in the procedural knowledge, producing a in the knowledge from the fourth year of experience. These results are similar to the obtained in diverse studies based on the expertise in volleyball, being confirmed the importance of the experience lived by the player for the development of the knowledge.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the volleyball serve formative stages based on the function punch game player and receiver, and its effectiveness, and also establishing partnerships between these variables and gender. To this end, we analyzed a total of 1827 shares belonging to pull Spain Championship regional selections cadet class of 2005. The results show that both boys and girls guide to serve the ball to other players who are neither attackers-front, or underwriters, or releasing. However, the variable effectiveness, predominate in children serves to permit the construction of multiple attacks, while girls performed serves to limit the options of building the attack. In the inferential analysis, the gender variable is significantly associated with the three variables considered in the investigation, where the completion of the service by receptor-bombers and effectively services 1 and 0 are associated significantly and positively with male gender while carrying out the services from the opposite and the central and efficacy 3 and 4 are associated significantly and positively with the female gender.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de manipulación de diferentes condicionantes de la tarea sobre la toma de decisiones y la eficacia de la acción de ataque en voleibol. Se planteó un diseño pre-experimental en el que participaron 22 alumnos de Educación Física con una edad comprendida entre los 12 y 13 años. La variable independiente fue un programa de intervención aplicado durante las 9 sesiones de una Unidad Didáctica, la cual fue diseñada en base a los principios metodológicos de la pedagogía no lineal, centrándose fundamentalmente en manipular condicionantes de la tarea, tales como, espacio de juego, altura de la red y número de participantes. Las variables dependientes fueron la toma de decisiones y la eficacia en la acción de ataque. Ambas variables fueron evaluadas a partir de la observación sistemática, utilizando el “Game Performance Assesment Instrument” (GPAI) (Oslin, Mitchell, & Griffin, 1998) para la toma de decisiones y el “Team Sports Assesment Procedure” (TSAP) (Gréhaigne et al., 1997) para la eficacia de la acción de ataque. Los resultados del estudio determinaron que todos los participantes manifestaron una mejora significativa, tanto en la toma de decisiones como en la eficacia entre la medida pre-test y pos-test. Respecto a estos resultados, el profesor de Educación Física, con el propósito de hacer progresar a los alumnos en su competencia táctica, debe diseñar tareas motrices que sean representativas del juego real y cuya complejidad táctica sea adaptada al nivel de aprendizaje de los discentes. Abstract. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of manipulating different task constraints, such as play space, net height and number of participants on decision-making and efficacy in the attack action in volleyball. A pre-experimental design, in which 22 students aged between 12 and 13 years participated, was implemented. The independent variable was an intervention program applied during the 9 sessions of a teaching unit, which was designed based on the methodological principles of nonlinear pedagogy, focusing primarily on manipulating the different task constraints referred to above. The dependent variables were the decision-making and the efficacy in the attack action. Both variables were evaluated through the systematic observation of the game action, using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI; Oslin, Mitchell, & Griffin, 1998) for decision-making and the Team Sports Assessment Procedure (TSAP; Gréhaigne et al., 1997) for the efficacy of the attack action. The results of the study showed that all participants improved both decision making and efficacy between the pre-test and post-test measures. Regarding these results, Physical Education teachers, with the purpose of advancing students in the tactical competence, should design tasks representative of the game and with a tactical complexity adapted to the learning level of the students.

Adherence to physical exercise is especially low in patients with fibromyalgia, and there is a tendency to overestimate its performance. This study explores the relationship between perceived and actual walking behavior in patients with fibromyalgia, including self-efficacy as a mediating variable. A prospective study with two time points (with one week between them) was carried out on 132 women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Self-efficacy towards exercise was assessed at the first time point, and perceived intensity of physical activity and "objective" walking amount (accelerometer) in relation to the previous week were assessed at the second point. Physical and emotional symptoms and the consumption of drugs were also evaluated as covariates. The results show that perception of vigorous-intensity exercise was related to walking (accelerometer) (effort greater than 6 METs). This relationship was explained by the mediating effect of self-efficacy and was not interfered with either by the symptoms or by the consumption of drugs. High self-efficacy regarding physical exercise was directly related to walking behavior despite patients' interpretation of this activity as a vigorous physical exercise. In intervention and rehabilitation programs, it would be interesting to take into account and promote the self-efficacy of patients in relation to physical exercise in order to maintain adherence to walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Self-efficacy has been identified as a crucial variable to reduce sedentarism in women with fibromyalgia. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of self-efficacy, the impact of fibromyalgia, and activity patterns on the objective physical activity levels. One hundred and twenty-three women with fibromyalgia participated in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity levels were assessed with accelerometers, while self-efficacy, activity patterns, and fibromyalgia impact were evaluated through questionnaires. Results revealed that self-efficacy for physical activity was directly related to light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity, as well as inversely related to sedentary time. Self-efficacy for walking and light physical activity seems to be more relevant than self-efficacy for moderate and vigorous physical activity to achieve higher levels of physical activity. Keeping high levels of physical activity is a challenge among chronic patients. In this regard, self-efficacy has been identified as a crucial variable to reduce sedentarism and physical inactivity in women with fibromyalgia. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations among objective physical activity levels, self-efficacy, activity patterns, and the impact of the disease, as well as to compare those variables between women with fibromyalgia with different self-efficacy levels. For this purpose, in this cross-sectional study, the physical activity levels of 123 women with fibromyalgia were assessed by accelerometers, together with self-efficacy, the impact of the disease, and activity patterns. Results revealed that self-efficacy for light or moderate physical activity was directly related to light (p < 0.01), moderate (p < 0.01), and vigorous physical activity (p < 0.05), as well as inversely related to sedentary time (p < 0.01). Moreover, the main differences were observed between those with low self-efficacy levels and the rest of the sample, while there were no differences between the high and the medium self-efficacy groups (p > 0.05). Thus, self-efficacy for walking and light physical activity seems to be more relevant than self-efficacy for moderate and vigorous physical activity to achieve higher levels of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El propósito del estudio fue analizar el conocimiento procedimental, en función de la experiencia y el rendimiento, en jóvenes jugadores de voleibol de categoría cadete. La muestra de estudio estuvo compuesta por un total de 301 jugadores y jugadoras de voleibol, de categoría cadete, con edades comprendidas entre 14-16 años. Dichos jugadores correspondían a los 32 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España de Selecciones Autonómicas de 2011. Las variables independientes fueron el rendimiento, y la experiencia en práctica federada. La variable dependiente fue el conocimiento procedimental, medido a través del cuestionario elaborado y validado por Moreno (2006). Los resultados, a través de la prueba post-hoc de Tukey, mostraron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento procedimental en función de la experiencia y el rendimiento. Además, un análisis de correlación mostró una relación lineal y significativa entre las variables experiencia en práctica federada y conocimiento procedimental. Dichos resultados ponen de manifiesto la importancia de la experiencia para el desarrollo del conocimiento procedimental en deportes de equipo, en los cuales las exigencias tácticas poseen una gran relevancia. Por ello, es recomendable continuar realizando estudios que permitan relacionar diferentes tipos, contextos y niveles de práctica deportiva con los aspectos cognitivos de los deportistas, con el fin de aportar pautas que orienten el proceso de formación deportiva. Palabras claves: procesos cognitivos, etapas de formación, experiencia, voleibol. Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the procedural knowledge, based on experience and performance, in young volleyball players. The sample consisted of 301 Under-16, volleyball players. They belonged to the 32 teams participating in the Spanish Championship of Regional Selections in the 2011 season. The independent variables were performance and experience in federative practice. The dependent variable was procedural knowledge, it was measured by the questionnaire developed and validated by Moreno (2006). The results, through post-hoc test of Tukey, showed significant differences in procedural knowledge, based on experience and performance. Also a correlation analysis showed a significant linear relationship between experience in federated practice and procedural knowledge was founded. These results highlight the importance of experience for the development of procedural knowledge in team sports. It also emphasize the importance of experience for the development of procedural knowledge in team sports, in which the tactical requirements have great relevance. Thus, it is recommended to continue doing studies that connect different types, levels and contexts of practice with the cognitive aspects of athletes, in order to provide guidelines to lead the process of sports training. Keywords: cognitive processes, training stages, experience, performance, volleyball.

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El objetivo principal del estudio fue analizar la relación entre el nivel de competición, y el conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en jóvenes jugadores de voleibol. Se planteó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en el que participaron un total de 219 jugadores/as de voleibol de categoría cadete con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años. La variable independiente fue el nivel de competición de los participantes (nivel escolar, regional y nacional), mientras que las variables dependientes fueron el conocimiento declarativo y el conocimiento procedimental, que fueron medidas mediante la cumplimentación de dos cuestionarios. Los resultados reflejaron diferencias significativas en el conocimiento en función del nivel de competición, siendo los sujetos que participaron a nivel nacional, respecto a los de nivel regional y escolar, los que mayor conocimiento declarativo y procedimental mostraron. Estos resultados confirman que la calidad de las competiciones, en la cual participan los deportistas, actúa como un factor fundamental en el desarrollo de los dos tipos de conocimientos considerados en la investigación. Palabra clave: conocimiento declarativo, conocimiento procedimental, nivel de competición, pericia deportiva, voleibol. Abstract: The main objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between level of competition and declarative and procedural knowledge in young volleyball players. We propose a descriptive/correlational study involving 219 players aged between 14 and 16 years. The level of competition (scholar, regional and national) was the independent variable. Whereas, dependent variables were the two types of knowledge, declarative and procedural, which were measured by filling in two questionnaires. The results show significant differences in knowledge according to the level of competition. Players who participated in national competition show higher levels of declarative and procedural knowledge than those who compete in regional and scholar level. These results reinforce the idea that is the quality of the competition, in which athletes participate, a key factor in the development of the two types of knowledge considered in the investigation. Key words: declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, level of competition, sport expertise, volleyball.

El objetivo fundamental del presente estudio fue analizar el saque de voleibol en etapas de formación en base a la función en juego del jugador sacador y receptor, así como su eficacia, estableciendo además asociaciones entre las variables mencionadas y el género. Para tal fin, se analizaron un total de 1827 acciones de saque pertenecientes al Campeonato de España de selecciones autonómicas de categoría cadete del año 2005. Los resultados muestran que tanto los chicos como las chicas orientan el balón de saque a otros jugadores que no son ni atacantes-delanteros, ni colocadores, ni líberos. Sin embargo, en la variable eficacia, en los chicos predominan los saques que permiten la construcción de ataques múltiples, mientras que las chicas efectúan saques que limitan las opciones de construcción del ataque. En el análisis inferencial, la variable género se asocia significativamente con las tres variables consideradas en la investigación, donde la realización del saque por parte de los receptores-atacantes y saques con eficacia 1 y 0 se asocian significativamente y de manera positiva con el género masculino, mientras que la realización del saque por parte del opuesto y el central y la eficacia 3 y 4 se asocian significativamente y de manera positiva con el género femenino. Palabra clave: voleibol, saque, eficacia, función en juego, etapa de formación. Abstract: The main objective of this study was to analyze the volleyball serve formative stages based on the function punch game player and receiver, and its effectiveness, and also establishing partnerships between these variables and gender. To this end, we analyzed a total of 1827 shares belonging to pull Spain Championship regional selections cadet class of 2005. The results show that both boys and girls guide to serve the ball to other players who are neither attackers-front, or underwriters, or releasing. However, the variable effectiveness, predominate in children serves to permit the construction of multiple attacks, while girls performed serves to limit the options of building the attack. In the inferential analysis, the gender variable is significantly associated with the three variables considered in the investigation, where the completion of the service by receptor-bombers and effectively services 1 and 0 are associated significantly and positively with male gender while carrying out the services from the opposite and the central and efficacy 3 and 4 are associated significantly and positively with the female gender. Key words: volleyball, service, efficacy, game role, formation stage.

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The analysis of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in a school context has become one of the main concerns within the educational community. Physical Education is highlighted as a key subject to analyze students’ behavior. Researchers and Physical Education teachers are interested on the motivational processes that predict positive student outcomes in order to support them. Thus, the main purpose was to determine a predictive model of disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education students. The Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory acted as the theoretical framework. A total of 919 Spanish secondary school students participated in the study. The studied variables were task-oriented motivational climate, basic psychological needs, autonomous motivation, disciplined behavior, and academic performance. Data collection included Spanish validated questionnaires. The Mplus statistical program was used to perform a structural equation model of prediction. It included antecedents (task-oriented climate), motivational processes (basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation), and consequences (disciplined behavior, Physical Education and overall students’ performance). The results revealed that positive outcomes (discipline and academic performance in Physical Education) were positively predicted by autonomous motivation; autonomous motivation was positively predicted by basic psychological needs and these, in addition, by the taskoriented climate. The results highlighted the importance of the task-oriented motivational climate and the mediating role of the basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation in order to generate these positive student outcomes in Physical Education. This study could be a useful resource for teachers, since it offers the motivational variables that lead students to achieve disciplined behaviors and academic performance in Physical Education. Intervention programs based on the results of the present study could be applied in Physical Education classes in order to obtain better behavioral as well as cognitive positive student outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the traditional direct instruction pedagogical model, the teaching games for understanding (TGfU) model emphasizes the development of cognitive factors (i.e. tactical knowledge and decision-making) in the development of sport expertise. However, despite some TGfU-focused investigations demonstrating some positive learning outcomes for students, especially in terms of developing their tactical knowledge, more empirical support for TGfU is warranted. Consequently, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a TGfU soccer unit on the tactical knowledge development of middle school physical education (PE) students. Participants were 12 sixth grade students (n = 6 female) selected from four middle school PE classes who participated in a TGfU soccer unit taught by the lead author and teacher fidelity was established. A pre-test/middle-test/post-test quasi-experimental design was employed. A verbal protocol analysis (VPA) technique was applied to assess potential developments in students' tactical knowledge across the duration of the unit and was undertaken by participants acting like an ESPN sports announcer, providing live in-situ commentary on the activities of one player as they participated in the game. The interview commentaries were transcribed and coded using established protocols at three levels of analysis: conceptual content, conceptual sophistication, and conceptual structure. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to contrast the differences between the measurements conducted (pre-mid-post). Findings confirmed the effectiveness of the TGfU unit in developing adaptations to long-term memory that improved the quality of the students' tactical knowledge at all three levels of analysis (conceptual content, sophistication, and structure). Given our results, we emphasize the need to use pedagogical models such as TGfU to increase students' capacity to evaluate game situations and develop their tactical reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This study has analyzed the impact of applying a decision training program, in which video-feedback and questioning were used, on the development of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge in basketball players. Methods. Participants were eleven male players aged between 12 and 13 years old (Mage = 12:75, SDage = .65), who were assigned to an experimental or control group within a pre-test/intervention test/retention test quasi-experimental design. The decision training program was applied over 11 weeks. Throughout this intervention, players had to analyze the causes and reasons for the decision made, using video feedback and questioning to this end. Decision-making and skill execution variables were analyzed using the French & Thomas (1987) observation instrument, while a validated questionnaire was used to assess procedural knowledge in basketball. Results. The results reported that sport expertise improved in players from the experimental group, who had significantly higher intervention test scores for successful decisions and skill executions when compared to players in the control group. In the intra-group analysis, the experimental group significantly improved in the intervention test compared to the pre-test, in terms of some of the variables of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge. Discussion. These results reinforce the idea of including cognitive tools in training, such as video-feedback and questioning, to improve sport expertise in players' formative stages, and presumably to improve their performance whilst maintaining decision training throughout time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To optimize players' tactical abilities, coaches need to design training sessions with representative learning tasks, such as, small-sided games. Moreover, it is necessary to adapt the complexity of the tasks to the skill level of the athletes to maximally improve their perceptual, visual and attentive abilities. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two teaching programs, each utilizing modified games with varied levels of opposition, on decision-making and action execution in young players with different levels of sports expertise. 19 football players (U12), separated into two ability groups (Average versus Low skill-level), participated in a series of training sessions that were spread over 4 phases: Pre-intervention 1, Intervention 1 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical superiority in attack), Pre-intervention 2 and Intervention 2 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical equality). Each intervention phase lasted 14 sessions. Decision-making and the execution of pass action during league matches over the same period were evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). The Average skill-level group showed significant differences after the first intervention in decision-making and execution of the pass action (decision-making, p = .015; execution, p = .031), but not after the second intervention (decision-making, p = 1.000; execution, p = 1.000). For the Low skill-level group, significant differences were only observed in the execution of passing between the first and last phases (p = .014). These findings seem to indicate that for groups with an average level of expertise, training with numerical superiority in attack provides players with more time to make better decisions and to better execute actions. However, for lower-level groups programs may take longer to facilitate improvement. Nevertheless, numerical equality did not result in improvement for either group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2002) was aimed to determine the influence of a cognitive-motivational intervention program, to improve the basic psychological need satisfaction of autonomy and competence, autonomous motivation, procedural knowledge, perceived performance and sport commitment, in youth volleyball players. Participants included 34 Under-19 female volleyball players. A quasiexperimental design was carried out with an experimental group (n = 16; M = 17.45; SD = .45) and a control group (n = 18; M = 16.64; SD = .70). The experimental group followed a multidimensional intervention program comprised of 24 sessions held over three months (two training sessions per week). It was based on two strategies: giving athletes the possibility of choice in specific training tasks (proposing training situations with several action alternatives) and questioning (cognitively involving players through tactical questions). A repeated-measures MANOVA 2 (group: experimental and control) x 2 (time: pre-test and post-test) was used to analyse the effect of Group x Time interaction. The results of the inter-group analysis showed significant differences in the post-test measurement between the experimental group and the control group (in favour of the experimental group) in the variables: basic psychological need satisfaction of autonomy and competence, autonomous motivation, procedural knowledge, perceived performance and sport commitment. Given the relevance of the cognitive-motivational processes, not only for performance but also for sport commitment, this intervention has important implications for sport coaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies examining student motivation levels suggest that this is a significant factor in students' engagement in physical education and may be positively affected when teachers employ alternative pedagogical models such as game-centered approaches (GCAs). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in self-determined motivation of students as they participated in a GCA-basketball unit taught using the Tactical Games Model (TGM). Participants were 173 students (84 girls), 79 middle school (45 girls) and 94 (39 girls) elementary school students from four seventh and five fourth/fifth grade co-educational classes. Two teachers taught 32 (middle) and 33 (elementary) level one TGM basketball lessons. Need satisfaction and self-determined motivation data were collected using a previously validated instrument, while lesson context and teacher behavior data were recorded using systematic observation instruments. Repeated measures MANOVAs were employed to examine pre-posttest differences. Results revealed a significant main effect for time in need satisfaction for both middle (relatedness increased) and elementary school students (autonomy decreased) and a significant main effect in self-determined motivation for middle school students only (introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation all increased). Approximately 48%/42% (middle/elementary) of lesson time was game play, 22%/22% skill practice, 17%/17% management, and 13%/19% knowledge. The primary teacher behaviors used were instruction, management, specific observation, corrective feedback and modelling. Results indicate that it is important for future research to pay greater attention to the contextual factors associated with the application of the TGM, such as the students' previous exposure to TGM lessons, and the teachers' training and experience in utilizing the TGM. Indeed, results of the present study demonstrate that a longer-term commitment to the TGM is necessary to reduce controlling teacher behaviors, which will lead to positive changes in students' need satisfaction and self-determined motivation. Future research is therefore needed to embrace this challenge to provide an increased evidence-base for GCAs such as the TGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and Sport Education (SE) pedagogical models share several objectives and pedagogical processes. Despite this seemingly uncanny relationship, few studies have examined the efficacy of a hybrid TGfU/SE pedagogical model, particularly how a teacher’s utilization of such a model impacts on student motivation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect a hybrid TGfU/SE unit, in comparison to direct instruction, on students’ perceptions of various aspects of their motivation to engage in physical education (autonomous motivation, basic psychological needs, enjoyment and intention to be physically active). A crossover design was utilized, using the technique of counterbalancing. One group experienced a hybrid SE/TGfU unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. Participants were 55 students. The intervention was conducted over a total of 16 lessons. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE by using seasons, roles, persistent teams, etc. Learning tasks set by the teacher during individual lessons, however, were designed according to the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Student motivation data was generated using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, the two groups showed significant improvements in autonomy, competence and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid model. Instead, in the variables autonomous motivation, relatedness and intention to be physically active there were no significant improvements in one group. These results demonstrate that it is possible to design varied learning situations in which affiliation, leadership and trust are fostered, while tasks are adapted to the characteristics of the students. All this can cause greater autonomous motivation, and consequently, perceived competence in the student, a positive image of the sport to practice, and therefore greater enjoyment and to be physically active. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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