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Industrial networks rely on standard real-time communication protocols, such as ProfiNet RT. These real-time protocols use cyclic data exchange between IO devices and controllers. Each IO device reports its internal state to the controller at a predefined frequency, even if the state of the device is unchanged. These reports are essential to accurately monitor the health of the devices, but network resources are limited and it is not advisable to overload the network with unnecessary packets. The traffic generated by a single device is insignificant, but in an industrial site with hundreds of such devices, the number of packets to be transmitted adds up. As cloud-based industrial controllers (e.g., cloud-based soft-PLCs) become more prevalent, all generated IO device traffic must be forwarded over the access link to edge computing or private/public cloud infrastructure. Wireless (e.g. 5G radio) transmission of many small packets leads to spectrum efficiency issues and high power consumption. In this paper, we propose an in-network solution to significantly reduce industrial network traffic by cooperating with two P4 programmable network elements deployed on both sides of an access link. Excess traffic is filtered out and new data content is cached at both ends while detecting both link and device failures in real-time. The adaptive mechanism introduced allows the system to automatically optimize its efficiency and performance by dynamically enabling and disabling traffic filtering/caching. Our measurements show that the method can significantly reduce the wireless link load while being seamlessly deployable in existing industrial environments without modifying the protocol, IO devices, and controllers.

This paper explores the potential for making the use of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Service Enabler Architecture Layer (SEAL) TS 23.434 even easier and more automatic in various industry verticals applying Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) for their operation. The proposed solution involves implementing a mapping node that converts ROS2 settings to 3GPP SEAL requests and an information collecting proxy node. We evaluate the proposed method in various scenarios and deployments, including a novel deployment option that improves the network’s action radius and an aid to overcome some limitations of current network deployments. We cover three SEAL functionalities: group management, network resource management (NRM), network monitoring and provide a solution that automatically maps ROS2 application layer information elements to SEAL requests, requiring the ROS2 application developer need only to tag the ROS2 topics for the special Quality of Service (QoS) handling. We demonstrate the feasibility and light-weight nature of the proposed solution. The code of ROS2 nodes is open-sourced and can be found at: (https://github.com/Ericsson/ros2-3gppSA6-mapper). The demo video of the proposed system in action can be seen at: (https://youtu.be/JXGAHvDSU4o).

GPUs and programmable data planes have gone through an enormous evolution in the past years. GPUs can be used for modeling the real-world environment accurately, while programmable data planes can monitor the network in real-time and implement novel packet processing and decision logic. In this paper, we investigate how these two distant technologies can be combined to implement efficient coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission in an indoor environment. The proposed system implements the concept of dynamic on-off switching (DOOS) among various radio transmitters, relying on two information sources: 1) radio propagation digital twin based on real-time simulations of radio channels in the accurate 3D digital representation of the real industrial environment and 2) traffic load collected by the data plane for each transmitter. The proposed DOOS method implemented as a data plane algorithm dynamically selects a set of radio transmitters for each receiver by mixing information provided by the digital twin and the in-network traffic load measurements. The proposed method has low computational complexity and reduces the number of actively used radio transmitters. The proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed system has been validated in simulations as well as with measurements. The method achieves 69% energy saving for the radio compared to the default CoMP transmission and reception.

This paper discusses necessary components of a GPU-assisted traffic classification method, which is capable ofmulti-Gbps speeds on commodity hardware. The majority of the traffic classification is pushed to the GPU to offload the CPU, which then may serve other processing intensive tasks, e.g., traffic capture. The paper presents two massively parallelizable algorithms suitable for GPUs. The first one performs signature search using a modification of Zobrist hashing. The second algorithm supports connection pattern-based analysis and aggregation of matches using a parallel-prefix-sum algorithm adapted to GPU.The performance tests of the proposed methods showed that traffic classification is possible up to approximately 6 Gbps with a commodity PC.

In the context of the dynamic transportation system, advancements in modern technological elements have facilitated the real-time, online transmission of vehicle positional data across numerous transport subsectors. Such data can be made accessible in a format that underpins the validity of simulations aimed at accurately representing real-world processes. In response to the prevailing trends of automation within air traffic control, there is an increasing imperative to develop a testing environment that allows for the simulation of automated system operations. This encompasses not only the examination of conflict resolution algorithms but also the exploration of human–machine collaboration. While archival traffic data can be readily obtained, they primarily capture the current functioning of the transportation system as a result of past control processes. Therefore, to ensure reliable testing of automation, it is essential to generate traffic demand based on real data through estimation methodologies.

Vértesszőlős was a populated area during the broad period of the Bronze Age. Artefacts from different cultures, and among them many bronze objects were found. Most are ornaments, but tools and weapons have also been unearthed. Jewellery and dress ornaments are found in many areas, and the examination provides an opportunity to compare regions, ages, and customs. Several stud ornaments and sporadic stud fragments were found during the excavation. Making studs requires careful elaboration and production. In general, it was stated that they were made of an alloy with a low and average tin content (3.5 -6 w% tin), which is malleable and easy to deform plastically. The morphology of the inclusions also suggests a high degree of plastic deformation. Due to the thin bronze material, the objects are subjected to solid corrosion effects, necessitating a detailed microstructural examination to examine the other constituents. The spiral beads require similarly careful elaboration, two of which were selected for parallel examination. A similar test protocol had to be used to determine the effect of corrosion. A slightly higher tin content and a more minor total deformation were found. The objects are also compared for inclusions and other impurities.

In Roman times, according to sources, mining and metallurgy were organized and managed centrally. The area of Pannonia was supplied with iron ore from the Majdan Mountains from the early Iron Age onward, which was then largely processed according to needs by local blacksmiths. Particularly interesting questions are raised by the square column bars found at several sites in Southern Transdanubia. Similar finds were found in 1880 near Hrvatska Dubica in Croatia. Aleksandar Durman hypothesized Syrian influences in the production of iron bars, defined as Roman and about 20 cm long, forged to a weight of 11–15 libra, or 3.6–4.91 kg, based on finds found in the vicinity of the aforementioned site. In Pannonia, square column-shaped iron bars are known near the Danube (Intercisa – Dunaújváros) and the Kapos Valley (Dombóvár, Regöly), but they are heavier than the finds from Croatia, weighing 5.4–10 kg. Iron metallurgy is highly technology- and raw material-dependent, and is traditional in every detail, even from compulsion to ensure quality. Therefore, metallographic examinations play a particularly important role in research. A recent analysis of Pannonian square-bar bars shows that several pieces of bloom were forged during their production. Their microstructure is heterogeneous, typically ferrite-perlitic in which ferrite is found with Widmanstätten morphology. All indications are that the raw material blocks provided a standard good quality raw material for the production of different tools, weapons, etc.

The primary goal of the survey conducted was to work out adequate methods for the exploration of the consumer attitudes of tourists visiting South Transdanubia (Hungary) and to typify these attitudes, especially to analyse tourists’ behaviour concerning local products. The source of the primary findings of the paper is a guest questionnaire survey conducted in 2018. These data were analysed – relying on professional literature – by cluster analysis and factor analysis. During the research comprehensive information was gained about the typical consumer habits of tourists arriving at South Transdanubia, which habits show several similarities and matches to consumer trends revealed by the literature research. Getting to know these consumer attitudes allowed the authors to create consumer types with the help of which the structure and size of the potential consumer base can be known.

Az új típusú tárgyak megjelenése nem csak bővülő kapcsolatrendszert, státusz- és presztízsjavak cseréjét és/vagy új etnikum megjelenését jelezheti, hanem ezek a korábban ismeretlen tárgyak egyben egy másik gondolkodásmód, eszmerendszer zárt és gyakran szigorúan következetes módon előkerülő kellékei, rítust jelző és bizonyító felszerelések. A regölyi tumulus építménye sem a korábban a Kárpát-medencében feltárt halomszerkezetet mutatja. A boronafalú építményt vesszővel font cölöpsor övezi, melyet kívülről faszénrétegre alapozott, vastag, keményre döngölt agyagköpeny borít. Az építmény belsejében 9×6 oszlop tartotta a lapos tetőt. A padlóba mélyedő gödrök alját kővel rakták ki, és mint arra az iráni párhuzamok is utalnak, a föld szentsége miatt erre helyezhették a halottaikat, majd a bomlási folyamat után a maradványokat megsemmisítették. Emberi csontokat nem találtunk, csak nagy mennyiségű, erősen fragmentált, részben szintén idegen eredetű, új típusú leletanyagot. Közülük kiemelkedő fontosságúak a bronzedények töredékei (bogrács, situla, cista). A cista új típusként jelenik meg ekkor, és a többi bordázott bronzvödör vizsgálatával legalább két műhelyt sikerült elkülönítenünk. A bronzedényeket a sörfogyasztás megjelenésével kapcsoljuk össze, ezeket a készleteket változatos kivitelű és finomságú kerámia- és üveg phiálékkal tették teljessé. Szintén az újdonságok közé tartozik a füstölőlánc használata; más típusainak öntőmintáit korábban ugyancsak Regölyben találták .Ezeket a tárgyakat – funkciójukban – az ókori Kelet palotareliefjein láthatjuk. Szintén novum a fedőperemes edények használata, ami a teázás megjelenésére utal. A temetkezés rítusa a Mazda-hit szokásait idézi, ahhoz köthető a tűzoltárokat szimbolizáló füstölők használata is. Mindezek egy konkrét eseménnyel értelmezhetők, melynek során a Kr. e. 7. század utolsó negyedében a kimmer szövetséghez tartozók (szigünnák és más sztyeppei kapcsolatokkal is rendelkező néptöredékek) több hullámban menekültek Európába, – magukkal hozva mestereket, ismereteket, rituális hagyományokat –, és megalapozták Európa vaskori átalakulását.

As a special segment of the research of the interrelated system of tourism and regional development, the present study is aimed to deal with and focus on the methods of the regional delimitation of spaces and areas of tourism based on its supply and demand aspects, providing recent data on this rather neglected field. Following the general introduction of the study area (South Transdanubia, Hungary), the research background with a literature review of the international practice on the given topic is presented. The main portion of the paper is the introduction of a new method elaborated by our research group concerning the demarcation possibilities of core/periphery areas of tourism, among others using GIS methods. This method provides a fairly accurate approach for centre–periphery research concerning the study of tourism.