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In the context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the hospital management of mother-infant pairs poses to obstetricians and neonatologists previously unmet challenges. In Lombardy, Northern Italy, 59 maternity wards networked to organise the medical assistance of mothers and neonates with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Six "COVID-19 maternity centres" were identified, the architecture and activity of obstetric and neonatal wards of each centre was reorganised, and common assistance protocols for the management of suspected and proven cases were formulated. Here, we present the key features of this reorganization effort, and our current management of the mother-infant dyad before and after birth, including our approach to rooming-in practice, breastfeeding and neonatal follow-up, based on the currently available scientific evidence. Considered the rapid diffusion of COVID-19 all over the world, we believe that preparedness is fundamental to assist mother-infant dyads, minimising the risk of propagation of the infection through maternity and neonatal wards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new coronavirus emergency spread to Italy when little was known about the infection's impact on mothers and newborns. This study aims to describe the extent to which clinical practice has protected childbirth physiology and preserved the mother-child bond during the first wave of the pandemic in Italy. A national population-based prospective cohort study was performed enrolling women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted for childbirth to any Italian hospital from 25 February to 31 July 2020. All cases were prospectively notified, and information on peripartum care (mother-newborn separation, skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and rooming-in) and maternal and perinatal outcomes were collected in a structured form and entered in a web-based secure system. The paper describes a cohort of 525 SARS-CoV-2 positive women who gave birth. At hospital admission, 44.8% of the cohort was asymptomatic. At delivery, 51.9% of the mothers had a birth support person in the delivery room; the average caesarean section rate of 33.7% remained stable compared to the national figure. On average, 39.0% of mothers were separated from their newborns at birth, 26.6% practised skin-to-skin, 72.1% roomed in with their babies, and 79.6% of the infants received their mother's milk. The infants separated and not separated from their SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers both had good outcomes. At the beginning of the pandemic, childbirth raised awareness and concern due to limited available evidence and led to "better safe than sorry" care choices. An improvement of the peripartum care indicators was observed over time.

From February 24, 2020, a COVID-19 obstetric task force was structured to deliver management recommendations for obstetric care. From March 1, 2020, six COVID-19 hubs and their spokes were designated. An interim analysis of cases occurring in or transferred to these hubs was performed on March 20, 2020 and recommendations were released on March 24, 2020. The vision of this strict organization was to centralize patients in high-risk maternity centers in order to concentrate human resources and personal protective equipment (PPE), dedicate protected areas of these major hospitals, and centralize clinical multidisciplinary experience with this disease. All maternity hospitals were informed to provide a protected labor and delivery room for nontransferable patients in advanced labor. A pre-triage based on temperature and 14 other items was developed in order to screen suspected patients in all hospitals to be tested with nasopharyngeal swabs. Obstetric outpatient facilities were instructed to maintain scheduled pregnancy screening as per Italian guidelines, and to provide pre-triage screening and surgical masks for personnel and patients for pre-triage-negative patients. Forty-two cases were recorded in the first 20 days of hub and spoke organization. The clinical presentation was interstitial pneumonia in 20 women. Of these, seven required respiratory support and eventually recovered. Two premature labors occurred., (© 2020 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics.)

Background: The Study Group on Accreditation and Quality Improvement of the Italian Society of Pediatrics has developed an observational study about the hospital management of pediatric patients affected by severe asthma, in order to evaluate how the Guidelines for severe asthma in childhood are applied in the daily practice., Methods: This study included patients between 2 and 17 years, hospitalized or under short intensive observation for acute asthma. The data collection was carried out through the compilation of on-line forms. The statistical technique used was the Chi Square test., Results: 409 forms were filled in by 32 Italian Centers. 17% of the patients showed severe asthma, 59% moderate and 24% mild. On arrival at the Emergency Room the oximetry was measured in 95% of the patients, the respiratory rate in 64% while the heart rate in 88% of them. 48% of the children were exposed to chest X-ray. More than half of the children received oxygen therapy, 98.5% received short-acting beta-2 agonists and systemic steroid therapy was given to 82% of children, mainly orally. At discharge only half of the children were provided with written instructions for the management of any subsequent asthmatic episode. The analysis of the collected data highlights that not all the children had their oxygen saturation measured, although this parameter is one of the main indicators of disease severity, as well as the respiratory rate, which was detected in a minimal percentage of cases. The frequency of chest X-ray was extremely high, even though it does not have any indication in the majority of asthma cases. The evaluation of the therapeutic treatment denotes an adequate use of the oxygen therapy according to the oximetry values found on arrival, but an abuse of steroid therapy. Critical issues emerge at discharge: children are not always educated about the home management of the disease and the self-evaluation of the illness seriousness., Conclusion: The pediatric network has become an excellent system of monitoring of the clinical management of asthmatic children, highlighting strengths and weaknesses on which to focus actions of improvement.

Background: Over the years 2009-2013, we conducted a prospective study within a network established by the Italian Society of Pediatrics to describe the in-hospital management of children hospitalized for acute bacterial meningitis in 19 Italian hospitals with pediatric wards., Methods: Hospital adherence to the study was voluntary; data were derived from clinical records. Information included demographic data, dates of onset of first symptoms, hospitalization and discharge; diagnostic evaluation; etiology; antimicrobial treatment; treatment with dexamethasone; in-hospital complications; neurological sequelae and status at hospital discharge. Characteristics of in-hospital management of patients were described by causative agent., Results: Eighty-five patients were identified; 49.4% had received an antimicrobial treatment prior to admission. Forty percent of patients were transferred from other Centers; the indication to seek for hospital care was given by the primary care pediatrician in 80% of other children. Etiological agent was confirmed in 65.9% of cases; the most common infectious organism was Neisseria meningitidis (34.1%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (20%). Patients with pneumococcal meningitis had a significant longer interval between onset of first symptoms and hospital admission. Median interval between the physician suspicion of meningitis and in-hospital first antimicrobial dose was 1 hour (interquartile range [IQR]: 1-2 hours). Corticosteroids were given to 63.5% of cases independently of etiology; 63.0% of treated patients received dexamethasone within 1 hour of antibiotic treatment, and 41.2% were treated for ≤4 days. Twenty-nine patients reported at least one in-hospital complication (34.1%). Six patients had neurological sequelae at discharge (7.1%). No deaths were observed., Conclusions: We observed a rate of meningitis sequelae at discharge similar to that reported by other western countries. Timely assistance and early treatment could have contributed to the favorable outcome that was observed in the majority of cases. Adherence to recommendation for corticosteroid adjunctive therapy seems suboptimal, and should be investigated in further studies. Most meningitis cases were due to N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae. Reaching and maintaining adequate vaccination coverage against pneumococcal and meningococcal invasive infections remains a priority to prevent bacterial meningitis cases.

Background: The major burden of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in childhood is related to its high frequency and the large number of hospitalizations, medical consultations, tests and drug prescriptions. The adherence to evidence-based recommendations for AGE management in European countries is unknown. The purpose of the study was to compare hospital medical interventions for children admitted for AGE with recommendations reported in the European Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Pediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines., Methods: A multicenter prospective study was conducted in 31 Italian hospitals. Data on children were collected through an online clinical reporting form and compared with European Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Pediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines for AGE. The main outcomes were the inappropriate hospital admissions and the percentage of compliance to the guidelines (full >90%, partial >80% compliance) based on the number and type of violations to evidence-based recommendations., Results: Six-hundred and twelve children (53.6% male, mean age 22.8 ± 15.4 months) hospitalized for AGE were enrolled. Many hospital admissions (346/602, 57.5%) were inappropriate. Once admitted, 20.6% (126/612) of children were managed in full compliance with the guidelines and 44.7% (274/612) were managed in partial compliance. The most common violations were requests for microbiologic tests (404; 35.8%), diet changes (310; 27.6%) and the prescription of non-recommended probiotics (161; 14.2%), antibiotics (103; 9.2%) and antidiarrheal drugs (7; 0.6%)., Conclusions: Inappropriate hospital admissions and medical interventions are still common in the management of children with AGE in Italy. Implementation of guidelines recommendations is needed to improve quality of care.

A prospective 2-year analysis including 322 infant patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD) hospitalized in a pediatric department in northern Italy was carried out to evaluate the role as respiratory pathogens or co-pathogens of recently identified viruses. The presence of respiratory syncitial virus (RSV), human Metapneumoviruses (hMPVs), human Bocaviruses (hBoVs), and human Coronaviruses (hCoVs) was assayed by molecular detection and clinical symptoms evaluated. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 150 of the 322 infants (46.6%) tested positive for at least one pathogen. Ninety samples (28.0%) tested positive for RSV RNA (61.5% genotype A and 38.5% genotype B), 46 (14.3%) for hMPV RNA (71.7% subtype A and 28.3% subtype B), 28 (8.7%) for hCoV RNA (39.3% hCoV-OC43, 35.7% hCoV-NL63, 21.4% hCoV-HKU1, and 3.6% hCoV-229E), and 7 (2.2%) for hBoV DNA (of the 6 typed, 50% subtype 1 and 50% subtype 2); 21/150 samples revealed the presence of 2 or more viruses. Co-infection rates were higher for hMPVs, hCoVs, and hBoV (38.3%, 46.4%, and 57.1%,) and lower for RSV (23.3%). RSV was associated with the presence of complications (P < 0.001) and hypoxia (P < 0.015). When the presence of RSV alone and the RSV-hMPV co-infections were considered, RSV mono-infected patients resulted to have longer hospitalization and higher hypoxia (P < 0.001). The data highlight that (i) RSV has a central role as a respiratory pathogen of infants, (ii) the wide circulation of recently identified viruses does not reduce the clinical and epidemiological importance of RSV, and that (iii) recently identified agents (hMPVs, hBoVs, and hCoVs) act as primary pathogens or co-pathogens.

Authors report a paediatric patient with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOC) and complete cervical rib. The symptoms at the time of presentation result from pressure on either the subclavian vessels or the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. TOC is infrequent in young people and usually the symptomatology does'nt need a surgical approach. Some Authors affirm that there are necessary impulsive moments like growth, increased muscular mass and rib ossification, decreased elasticity of ligaments, vessels, muscles and nerves, for outcoming the clinical manifestations. Paediatric competention has risen until adolescent age and may be more frequent the observation of this syndrome that present problems of both diagnosis and management.

Neonatal stridor often relates with a serious respiratory distress. We report a case of stridor appeared in tenth day of life. In this case of double aortic arch the surgical intervention at 25 days had a favourable outcome. Three months later the child was completely asymptomatic. An early diagnosis allows a prompt surgical approach with a favourable outcome. We outline the diagnostic procedure in neonatal stridor.

We describe a case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a 12 years old girl. The patient had anorexia, emesis and weight loss. Rx-abdomen without and with contrast medium showed duodenum obstruction. The syndrome was associated with application of body cast.

A case of West's syndrome in a four months old child affected with aplasia cutis congenita is described. The Authors suggest the possibility of a link between the two diseases.

A case with spondylocostal dysostosis is reported. The Authors emphasize the different prognosis of the autosomal recessive form in comparison with the autosomal dominant one. The association between pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 and this dysplasia is discussed.