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ABSTRACT Background Aims Methods Results Conclusion Marionette lines are a feature of the aging face, descending from the oral commissures towards the jaw. VYC‐17.5 L is a dermal filler that contains 17.5 mg/mL of hyaluronic acid (HA) and lidocaine (3 mg/mL); it is intended for the treatment of skin depressions. VYC‐17.5 L has been shown to be safe and effective in different conditions, but there is a lack of published literature on its effectiveness in marionette lines.This 12‐month prospective, open‐label, post‐marketing study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the injectable HA filler VYC‐17.5 L for the improvement of marionette lines.Adults (≥ 18 years) with mild‐to‐severe marionette lines on the validated Allergan Marionette Line Scale (AMLS) received VYC‐17.5 L on Day 1 with optional touch‐up on Day 14. The primary endpoint was proportion of participants with ≥ 1‐point change in AMLS from baseline at Month 1 (M1). Secondary endpoints were investigator‐ and participant‐rated Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), FACE‐Q satisfaction with facial appearance, and appraisal of lines: marionette. Safety was assessed throughout.A total of 83 participants completed the study; 69.9% of participants had ≥ 1‐point change in AMLS at M1. Investigator and participant GAIS showed improvement. Both FACE‐Q scores significantly improved from baseline (p < 0.0001). A significant volume improvement was seen and maximized at M1. Most participant‐reported injection site reactions were mild or moderate and resolved within 8 days; 14 subjects reported adverse device effects, with the most common being pain, which resolved within 8 days.This prospective, open‐label study showed that VYC‐17.5 L effectively improved marionette lines and was well tolerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanopatterned ferromagnetic (FM) thin films have specific characteristics that make them a workhorse for sensors based on magnonic, magnetoplasmonic, or anisotropic magneto-resistive effects. Undulated FM thin films have been studied because of their tunable uniaxial anisotropy. They have been traditionally understood by means of Schlömann's model taking account of shape-induced magnetic anisotropies in softly corrugated systems. Here, we show how it cannot describe accurately the magnetic behavior of highly corrugated FM systems within a thickness region of less than the ripple amplitude. We report on the magnetization reversal processes detected in Permalloy films deposited onto highly corrugated patterns (250 nm in periodicity, 180 nm in amplitude) in a wide thickness range (15–150 nm), finding both that the anisotropy of the system does not correspond to a uniaxial type for FM thicknesses larger than 40 nm and that the anisotropy of the system increases with the FM thickness. Based on the results, we hypothesize that whereas Schlömann's model is valid for softly corrugated thin films, it fails to explain magnetization reversal processes of highly corrugated thin films, especially when the ripple amplitude is much greater than the deposited FM layer thickness. By means of micromagnetic simulations, we find an increment of anisotropy with thickness, just as in the experimental, as well as determine the arise of magnetic domains at the ridges of high thickness corrugated FM thin films. This approach will help to get a better understanding of operating mechanisms in magnetic field sensors based on undulated ferromagnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the youthfulness of hybrid halide perovskite solar cells, their efficiencies are currently comparable to commercial silicon and have surpassed quantum‐dots solar cells. Yet, the scalability of these devices is a challenge due to their low reproducibility and stability under environmental conditions. However, the techniques reported to date to tackle such issues recurrently involve the use of solvent methods that would further complicate their transfer to industry. Herein a reliable alternative relaying in the implementation of an ultrathin plasma polymer as a passivation interface between the electron transport layer and the hybrid perovskite layer is presented. Such a nanoengineered interface provides solar devices with increased long‐term stability under ambient conditions. Thus, without involving any additional encapsulation step, the cells retain more than 80% of their efficiency after being exposed to the ambient atmosphere for more than 1000 h. Moreover, this plasma polymer passivation strategy significantly improves the coverage of the mesoporous scaffold by the perovskite layer, providing the solar cells with enhanced performance, with a champion efficiency of 19.2%, a remarkable value for Li‐free standard mesoporous n‐i‐p architectures, as well as significantly improved reproducibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel cell isolation technique was used to characterize cadmium and calcium uptake in distinct populations of gill cells from the adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A specific population of mitochondria-rich (MR) cell, termed the PN[A.sup.+] MR cell (PNA is peanut lectin agglutinin), was found to accumulate over threefold more [sup.109]Cd than did PN[A.sup.-] MR cells, pavement cells (PV cells), and mucous cells during a 1-h in vivo exposure at 2.4 [micro]g/1 [sup.109]Cd. In vitro [sup.109]Cd exposures, performed in standard PBS and [Cl.sup.-]- free PBS, at concentrations from 1 to 16 [micro]g/1 [sup.l09]Cd, were also carried out to further characterize [Cd.sup.2+] uptake kinetics. As observed during in vivo experiments, PN[A.sup.+] MR cells accumulated significantly more [sup.109]Cd than did other cell types when exposures were performed by an in vitro procedure in PBS. Under such conditions, [Cd.sup.2+] accumulation kinetics in all cell types could be described with Michaelis-Menten relationships, with [K.sub.m] values of ~3.0 [micro]g/l Cd (27 nM) for both MR cell subtypes and 8.6 [micro]g/1 Cd (77 nM) for PV cells. In similar experiments performed in [Cl.sup.-]-free conditions, a significant reduction in [sup.109]Cd accumulation in PN[A.sup.+] MR cells was seen but not in PN[A.sup.+] MR or in PV cells. In vitro [sup.45]Ca fluxes were also performed to determine the cellular localization of [Ca.sup.2+] transport in these functionally distinct populations of gill cells. [sup.45]Ca uptake was most pronounced in PN[A.sup.+] MR cells, with levels over threefold higher than those found in either PN[A.sup.-] MR or in PV cells. Results from the present study suggest that the PN[A.sup.+] MR cell type is a high-affinity and high-capacity site for apical entry of [Cd.sup.2+] and [Ca.sup.2+] in the gill epithelium of rainbow trout. freshwater fish gill epithelium; peanut lectin agglutinin; metal binding; MINEQL+

In this report, a method is proposed for determining the fluctuations of physical and structural properties in metallic ferromagnetic samples by magnetic scanning. The method is based on the shielding of a circular loop electromagnetic field source using a ferromagnetic and metallic sheet. The shielding of the electromagnetic field depends on the field frequency and amplitude as well as the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of the sheet. The proposed method does not require winding around the sheet. The experimental AC shielding results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic cell separation technique (MACS) was developed for isolating and characterizing peanut lectin agglutinin positive ([PNA.sup.+]) cells from rainbow trout gills. Percoll density separated mitochondria-rich (MR) cells were serially labeled with PNA-FITC and an anti-FITC antibody covalently coupled to a 50-nm iron particle and then applied to a magnetic column. [PNA.sup.+] MR cells were enriched to >95% purity. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of both the [PNA.sup.+] and PNA negative ([PNA.sup.-]) fraction showed that PNA binds to MR chloride cells while the [PNA.sup.-] cell fraction is comprised of MR cells with features characteristic of pavement cells. Western blotting demonstrated that both [PNA.sup.+] and [PNA.sup.-] fractions had high levels of [Na.sup.+]-[K.sup.+]-ATPase and Sco1 expression; however, relative expression of [H.sup.+]-ATPase in [PNA.sup.+] and [PNA.sup.-] cells demonstrated that untreated fish had twofold higher [H.sup.+]-ATPase levels in [PNA.sup.-] cells relative to the [PNA.sup.+] cells. Furthermore, hypercapnic acidosis significantly increased the relative [H.sup.+]-ATPase expression on [PNA.sup.-] cells only, whereas metabolic alkalosis had no significant effect. peanut lectin; pavement cell; fish; hypercapnia; hydrogen-adenosine-triphosphatase

A research report examines the transmission of waterborne silver to rainbow trout, creating an acute toxicity model to study the effects of the silver on the fish.

Background: Macracantorhincosis is a zoonotic disease resulting from inadequate sanitary conditions, which occurs in pigs infected by acanthocephalic helminths called Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. The eggs of these parasites are resistant to cold, high temperatures and can survive up to 3 years in the soil. They are consumed by dung beetles of the Scarabeidae family causing the parasite to evolve into its infective form, the cystacanth. The pig becomes infected after ingestion of either larvae or adult forms of these coleoptera. This work describes a case report of macracantorhincosis found in a pig from the canton of Zaruma located in the province of El Oro, Ecuador. Case: One sow, approximately 24-month-old, weighing 30 kg, presented cachexia, muscle weakness, pale oral and ocular mucosa and a body temperature above 39.4°C. The animal had a bulge on the ventral side of the neck, which evolved causing progressive discomfort to the point that the animal stopped eating. The sow was dewormed for 3 consecutive days. Fifteen days later, the animal had convulsions and muscle tremors, and died some hours after the symptoms started. During necropsy procedure, pale digestive tract membranes and nodules with fibrin were observed in the small intestine (jejunum), which was incised and the presence of parasites adhered to the granulomas detected. Two granulomas for morphological and histological studies and stool samples for coproparasitic test were collected. The collected parasites were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, cross-sections were made and routinely processed for histological studies. The 5 μm thick sections were stained using the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) technique. The parasite’s action involves perforation of the intestinal wall though its proboscis causing peritonitis and enteritis. Other conditions in intestinal dissection such as necrotic areas, inflammation of the submucosa and adult parasites adhered to the intestinal mucosa were also observed. The coproparasitic examination was performed using the flotation and sedimentation techniques. The coproparasitic test detected dark colored feces, semi-solid consistency and the presence of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceu eggs. In the histological evaluation of the cross section of the parasite, the presence of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers and lemniscus with their constrictor muscles was observed. Cuticle, hypodermis with tapered fibers and a large number of developing mature eggs were also reported. Discussion: There is no pathognomonic symptomatology about this parasitosis and peritonitis can be generated by intestinal perforations. The findings at necropsy were ulcerations, inflammation in the small intestine and the presence of numerous nodules in the serous layer, where there was penetration of the parasite’s proboscis. When fixed to the mucosa, these parasites cause ulcerations, inflammation and necrosis in the wall of the small intestine. The hypodermic layer is thicker than the muscular layer and the presence of leminis with their constricting muscles are typical features of acanthocephalus. It is considered appropriate to carry out epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the parasite Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus at pig farming system in the region, in order to determine the main risk factors. In Ecuador, cases of this disease in humans have not yet been reported, but have already been described in other countries, so the presence of this parasite in family swine farming may be considered a zoonotic-type risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static magnetic fields have been shown to induce effects on the human brain. Different experiments seem to support the idea that moderate static magnetic field can exert some influence on the gating processes of the membrane channels. In this article we visit the order of magnitude of the energy magnetic terms associated with moderate applied field (between 10 and 200 milliteslas). It is shown that gradients of the Zeeman energy associated with the inhomogeneous applied fields can induce pressures of the order of 10–2Pa. The surface tension generated by the magnetic pressure, on the surface delimiting the brain region subject to relevant field and gradients, is found to range between 10–1 and 1 mN⋅m–1. These pressures seem to be strong enough to interfere with the elastic and electrostatic energies involved in the channel activation-inactivation-deactivation mechanisms of biological membranes. It has been described that small mechanical force can activate voltage gated potassium channels. Moreover, stretch-activated ion channels are widely described in different biological tissues. Virtually, all these channels can modify their activity if stressed by a sufficient pressure delivered for enough time. We propose mechanical stimulation – possibly not exclusively – as a candidate mechanism how static magnetic field can produce effects in biological systems. It must be emphasized, that such field gradients were not previously proposed as a possible source of neural activity modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic and physiological responses in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) in the northern Gulf of Mexico have confirmed oil exposure of resident marsh fish following the Macondo blowout in 2010. Using these same fish, we evaluated otolith microchemistry as a method for assessing oil exposure history. Laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of sagittal otoliths to assess whether a trace metal signature could be detected in the otoliths of F. grandis collected from a Macondo-oil impacted site in 2010, post-spill relative to pre-spill, as well as versus fish from areas not impacted by the spill. We found no evidence of increased concentrations of two elements associated with oil contamination (nickel and vanadium) in F. grandis otoliths regardless of Macondo oil exposure history. One potential explanation for this is that Macondo oil is relatively depleted of those metals compared to other crude oils globally. During and after the spill, however, elevated levels of barium, lead, and to a lesser degree, copper were detected in killifish otoliths at the oil-impacted collection site in coastal Louisiana. This may reflect oil contact or other environmental perturbations that occurred concomitant with oiling. For example, increases in barium in otoliths from oil-exposed fish followed (temporally) freshwater diversions in Louisiana in 2010. This implicates (but does not conclusively demonstrate) freshwater diversions from the Mississippi River (with previously recorded higher concentrations of lead and copper), designed to halt the ingress of oil, as a mechanism for elevated elemental uptake in otoliths of Louisiana marsh fishes. These results highlight the potentially complex and indirect effects of the Macondo oil spill and human responses to it on Gulf of Mexico ecosystems, and emphasize the need to consider the multiple stressors acting simultaneously on inshore fish communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The killifish Fundulus heteroclitus is an estuarine species with broad physiological plasticity, enabling acclimation to diverse stressors. Previous work suggests that freshwater populations expanded their physiology to accommodate low salinity environments; however, it is unknown whether this compromises their tolerance to high salinity. We used a comparative approach to investigate the mechanisms of a derived freshwater phenotype and the fate of an ancestral euryhaline phenotype after invasion of a freshwater environment. We compared physiological and transcriptomic responses to high- and low-salinity stress in fresh and brackish water populations and found an enhanced plasticity to low salinity in the freshwater population coupled with a reduced ability to acclimate to high salinity. Transcriptomic data identified genes with a conserved common response, a conserved salinity-dependent response and responses associated with population divergence. Conserved common acclimation responses revealed stress responses and alterations in cell-cycle regulation as important mechanisms in the general osmotic response. Salinityspecific responses included the regulation of genes involved in ion transport, intracellular calcium, energetic processes and cellular remodeling. Genes diverged between populations were primarily those showing salinity-specific expression and included those regulating polyamine homeostasis and the cell cycle. Additionally, when populations were matched with their native salinity, expression patterns were consistent with the concept of 'transcriptomic resilience', suggesting local adaptation. These findings provide insight into the fate of a plastic phenotype after a shift in environmental salinity and help to reveal mechanisms allowing for euryhalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Peanut lectin binds to a subpopulation of mitochondria-rich cells in the rainbow trout gill epithelium. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 281: R1718-R1725, 2001.--Fluorescently labeled peanut lectin agglutinin (PNA-FITC) was used to identify a subtype of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the gills of freshwater rainbow trout. In situ binding of PNA-FITC was visualized by inverted fluorescence microscopy and found to bind to cells on the trailing edge of the filament epithelium as demonstrated by differential interference contrast optics. The amount of PNA-FITC binding on the filament epithelium increased with cortisol pretreatment concomitant with an increased chloride cell fractional area as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Dispersed gill cells were isolated by trypsinization and separated using a discontinuous Percoll density gradient. Cells migrating to the 1.06-1.09 g/ml interface were found to be MR as demonstrated by staining with the vital mitochondrial dye 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, only ~40% of the MR cells were found to bind PNA-FITC. Cortisol pretreatment increased the relative numbers of MR cells isolated from the dispersed gill cell population, but the relative proportions of PNA binding cells remained unchanged. Ultrastructural analysis of isolated cells in the TEM demonstrated that the MR cell fraction was comprised of a mixed population of chloride cells and pavement cells. chloride cells; pavement cells; peanut lectin; peanut lectin agglutinin; scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; fish

Germ cell tumors (GCTs) comprise 95% of malignant tumors arising in the testes. The present study reports a patient diagnosed with non-seminomatous testicular cancer, stage IB, with a good risk prediction according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group classification. The patient received chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin, and achieved complete remission. Eleven years later, while receiving treatment with interferon β-1a for multiple sclerosis, the patient developed a relapse of the original cancer in the lungs and lymph nodes. The majority of GCTs relapse within the first two years of treatment, while 2-4% of patients can present with late relapses. There is no clear established association between multiple sclerosis and testicular cancer; we present the hypothesis that the inmunosupressor treatment that was administered for the multiple sclerosis promoted the cancer relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental salinity presents a key barrier to dispersal for most aquatic organisms, and adaptation to alternate osmotic environments likely enables species diversification. Little is known of the functional basis for derived tolerance to environmental salinity. We integrate comparative physiology and functional genomics to explore the mechanistic underpinnings of evolved variation in osmotic plasticity within and among two species of killifish; Fundulus majalis harbours the ancestral mainly salt-tolerant phenotype, whereas Fundulus heteroclitus harbours a derived physiology that retains extreme salt tolerance but with expanded osmotic plasticity towards the freshwater end of the osmotic continuum. Common-garden comparative hypo-osmotic challenge experiments show that F. heteroclitus is capable of remodelling gill epithelia more quickly and at more extreme osmotic challenge than F. majalis. We detect an unusual pattern of baseline transcriptome divergence, where neutral evolutionary processes appear to govern expression divergence within species, but patterns of divergence for these genes between species do not follow neutral expectations. During acclimation, genome expression profiling identifies mechanisms of acclimation-associated response that are conserved within the genus including regulation of paracellular permeability. In contrast, several responses vary among species including those putatively associated with cell volume regulation, and these same mechanisms are targets for adaptive physiological divergence along osmotic gradients within F. heteroclitus. As such, the genomic and physiological mechanisms that are associated with adaptive fine-tuning within species also contribute to macro-evolutionary divergence as species diversify across osmotic niches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]