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This paper offers a critique of existing ways of understanding management practice in International Non-Government Organisations (INGOs) and compares and contrasts these with insights drawn from the complexity sciences. The authors put forward a more radical interpretation of complexity theory as it might be taken up in organisations rather than suggesting that it can be accommodated with existing theories based in systems thinking. They suggest that understanding the process of organising as contingent, paradoxical and experiential could profoundly refocus the attention of managers and practitioners alike and lead to an intensifying of practice as more consciously political. In being more open to others, including their partners and beneficiaries, staff in INGOs may be more ready to change themselves and their ideas. At the same time, the authors point out the existing dynamics of current practice and the way it perpetuates itself, no matter how problematic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: SPIRE, the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver, is one of three instruments to fly on the European Space Agency’s Herschel Space Observatory. It contains a three-band imaging photometer operating at 250, 350 and 500μm, and an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer covering 194–672μm. The SPIRE detectors are arrays of feedhorn-coupled bolometers cooled to 0.3K. The photometer has a field of view of 4×8′, observed simultaneously in the three spectral bands. The spectrometer has an approximately circular field of view with a diameter of 2.6′ The spectral resolution can be adjusted between 0.04 and 2cm−1 (resolving power of 20–1000 at 250μm). SPIRE will be used for many galactic and extragalactic science programmes, a number of which will be implemented as Herschel Key Projects. The SPIRE consortium’s Guaranteed Time (GT) programme will devote more than 1000h to Key Projects covering the high-redshift universe and local galaxies, which will be carried out in coordination with other GT programmes, especially that of the PACS consortium. It is also expected that substantial amounts of Herschel Open Time will be used for further extragalactic investigations. The high-redshift part of the SPIRE GT programme will focus on blank-field surveys with a range of depths and areas optimised to sample the luminosity-redshift plane and characterize the bolometric luminosity density of the universe at high-redshift. Fields will be selected that are well covered by Spitzer, SCUBA-2, PACS-GT and near-IR surveys, to facilitate source identifications and enable detailed studies of the redshifts, spectral energy distributions, and other properties of detected galaxies. The local galaxies programme will include a detailed spectral and photometric study of a sample of well resolved nearby galaxies, a survey of more than 300 local galaxies designed to provide a statistical survey of dust in the nearby universe, and a study of the ISM in low-metallicity environments, bridging the gap between the local universe and primordial galaxies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]