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The influence of solar activity on the ionosphere, a critical area of investigation due to its relevance to the Sun–Earth relationship, has been extensively examined through various methodologies. The ability of solar events to induce disturbances in both the ionosphere and the geomagnetic field is widely acknowledged. This specific study focused on sporadic incidents resulting from X-class solar flares that occurred between 2021 and 2022. Utilizing a methodology that involved analyzing data at 5Hz intervals using wavelet algorithms, the data from the GNSS stations of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) were investigated. The primary emphasis was on deducing the Total Electron Content (TEC) within the ionosphere. Subsequently, this parameter for each satellite during instances of solar flares was analyzed. The approach uncovered disruptions in the ionosphere triggered by solar flares, even in cases where events transpired at the periphery of the solar disk and were of magnitudes smaller than X2.

During the last two decades, Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic-grade receivers and accelerometers have been implemented in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). Most recently, the use of sensors integrated in smartphones has been evolving. Although some of their capabilities are validated for small and local structures, there is a gap in knowledge about the use of sensors embedded in smartphones and other electronic devices for SHM of complex structures as bridges. To contribute in this area, this paper demonstrates the application of GPS receivers, accelerometers, and smartphones, integrating a smart sensor for the SHM of bridges. In order to validate its capabilities, the alternative smart sensor is used to study a particular bridge with vibration problems. Semistatic and dynamic displacements are obtained by means of GPS measurements. Accelerations in three directions of the bridge are determined using the accelerometer and the smartphone. Based on the results of the alternative smart sensor, inappropriate structural behavior is detected in the vertical direction of the bridge. In addition, dynamic characteristics are extracted using the smart sensor applying the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and periodogram to the structural responses. As a result, it is verified the applicability of the fused smart sensor for SHM on real-scale bridges.

Dams are essential structures in the growth of a region due to their ability to store large amounts of water and manage it for different social activities, mainly for human consumption. The study of the structural behavior of dams during their useful life is a fundamental factor for their safety. In terms of structural monitoring, classic terrestrial techniques are usually costly and require much time. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology through the persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique has been widely applied to measure millimeter displacements of a dam crest. In this context, this paper presents an investigation about the structural monitoring of the crest of the Sanalona dam in Mexico, applying two geodetic satellite techniques and mathematical modeling to extract the risk of the dam–reservoir system. The applicability of the InSAR technique for monitoring radial displacements in dams is evaluated and compared with both GPS systems and an analytical model based on the finite element method (FEM). The radial displacements of the Sanalona dam follow a seasonal pattern derived from the reservoir level, reaching maximum radial magnitudes close to 13 mm in November when the rainy season ends. GPS recorded and FEM simulated maximum displacements of 7.3 and 6.7 mm, respectively. InSAR derived radial displacements, and the reservoir water level presented a high similarity with a correlation index equal to 0.8. In addition, it was found that the Sanalona dam presents the greatest deformation in the central zone of the crest. On the other hand, based on the reliability analysis, the probability of failure values lower than 8.3 × 10−2 was obtained when the reservoir level was maximum, which means that the radial displacements did not exceed the limit states of the dam–reservoir system in the evaluated period. Finally, the extracted values of the probability of failure demonstrated that the Sanalona dam does not represent a considerable risk to society.