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Smart living appears as the most important domain of a smart city, and many studies propose that it is synonymous with resident quality of life. The main aims of this research were to understand better residents’ perceptions of quality-of-life issues and priorities in smart cities. The study (re)defines smart living using domains and indicators that were carefully selected from a systematic literature review, a close analysis of previous studies and their methodologies, and a pilot test of a questionnaire in Budapest, Hungary. The research is considered timely because of Budapest’s relatively low performance in quality-of-life rankings in Europe and the lack of data on the needs of citizens. The main domains of smart living and their relevant indicators include housing, health, safety, education, environment, social cohesion, leisure, culture and tourism. Overall, the research aims to assist urban researchers and city agencies in the development of indicators of smart living when measuring resident quality of life. The results could be applicable to other post-socialist cities which have followed similar trajectories to Budapest, but the results are useful for almost any city that hopes to enhance quality of life by prioritising smart living.

For a long time, tourism statistics were the only reliable source of information on tourism mobility. Tourism statistics are inadequate for the analysis of tourist mobility within state borders and across Schengen Borders without using registered accommodations. Big data offers the opportunity to gain a better understanding of tourism movements, for example, same-day tourist flows in metropolitan areas. Here, we introduce the concept of the satellite traveller to more effectively investigate the nature of tourism between the large city and its surroundings. As tourists communicate via cellular devices, the use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for researchers to explore the mobility pattern of tourists. In this article, we discuss the specificities of mobility in Hungary by SIM card users registered in foreign countries. The analysis is based on the Telekom database. We seek to answer the question to what extent the information from the satellite tourists’ mobile phone use can help to understand their movements and to identify frequented places less commonly accounted for in tourism statistics. The most important findings of our investigation are (1) the confirmation of former knowledge about spatial characteristics of same-day tourist flows in the Budapest Metropolitan Region, (2) the insight that far away settlements are also visited by satellite travellers, and (3) the methodological limitations of mobile phone cellular data for tourism mobility analysis.

In recent decades, there has been a dynamic growth of Chinese outbound tourism to the Central and Eastern European region, and Hungary has been one of the most visited countries. This increase in demand is linked, in part, to the important Chinese diaspora in Hungary whose members play the role of hosts in VFR travel. This paper aims to explore the social relations—guanxi—within the Chinese diaspora living in Budapest and its influence on VFR travels back and forth China. Results of the survey with 202 Chinese immigrants reveal the strong nexus between migration and VFR travel. The Chinese hosts who have been living in the country for two decades behave differently in their guanxi compared to those who have settled in Budapest recently. The article provides several practical contributions to local destination management organizations and tourism service providers to successfully reach Chinese hosts, such as providing commissions, coupons, and getting discounts.

Educational travel provides opportunities for participants to explore specific issues in unconventional ways. In Hungary, primary and secondary schools organise annual study trips as part of their curricula. The aim of these trips is to familiarise students with the main sights of the country, and to bring to life national narratives discussed in lessons. Furthermore, these trips often play a key role in students’ socio-psychological development, both as future tourism consumers and as future citizens. Recognising the opportunity to influence students’ worldview and way of thinking during their sensitive teenage years, the Hungarian government has created a national programme to financially support school trips organised to visit minority Hungarian communities living in the neighbouring countries. This paper is based on the content analysis of 256 detailed reports submitted by participants of school trips organised in 2013/14 with the aim to visit Hungarian minority communities in the Carpathian Basin. The analysis focuses on the detailed descriptions of the participants’ personal memories of their experiences, the social construction of the visited destinations, and the influences of their memorable experiences on their sense of national identity. The research disclosed that the trips made to Hungarian territories outside the borders contributed to shaping the national sentiment of the students participating in the programme. The findings suggest that participation in tourism is an effective means to experience nationhood and national identity, by financially supporting school trips abroad, the state is able to exert political influence over national consciousness.

A társadalom elöregedésének folyamata olyan demográfiai jelenség, amely komoly gazda-sági és társadalmi kihívásokat jelez előre, amelyek megoldásához átfogó stratégiára van szükség. Az idősek társadalmon belüli részarányának növekedésével párhuzamosan egyre szaporodik az elöregedéshez való alkalmazkodás sikerességét, valamint ennek területi ösz-szevethetőségét mérő indexek száma is. E nemzetközi mutatószámok tekintetében azonban Magyarország rendszerint a mezőny hátsó felében végez, amely azt feltételezi, hogy van még fejlődési lehetőség ezen a téren. Mélyinterjúkon alapuló kvalitatív kutatásunk az időskorúak szubjektív életminősége és a turisztikai szolgáltatói szerepvállalásuk közötti kapcsolatot tárja fel. Eredményeink azt mutatják, hogy ezen időskorúak készségei és tapasztalatai kiválóan alkalmassá teszik őket az örökségbemutatással összefüggő feladatok ellátására. The phenomenon of aging societies represents major economic- and social challenges whi-ch has to be addressed by comprehensive strategies. Parallelly, the number of complex in-dicators, aiming to measure the success of adaptation to aging and to make it regionally comparable is growing as well. In terms of these international indices, Hungary usually ranks at the second half of the field, which leaves ample room for improvement. Our resear-ch explores the relationship between subjective well-being of elderly and their involvement in tourism as service providers. Our results show that the skills and experience of these elderly make them well-suited for the task of heritage presentation.

A doktori iskolák a magyarországi felsőoktatás jövőjének letéteményesei. Egyrészt gondoskodnak a tudományos utánpótlásról, felkészítik a hallgatókat a PhD-fokozat megszerzésére, másrészt az adott egyetem, kar szellemi műhelyeként az alap- és alkalmazott kutatások ösztönzésében, kivitelezésében is részt vesznek, harmadrészt koordinálják az egyetemi tanárrá válás igen fontos állomását képező habilitációs eljárásokat. A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetemen (2015. december 31-ig) működő 10 doktori iskola közül a Gazdálkodástani (GDI) az egyike a legnagyobb hallgatói létszámmal és legkedvezőbb fokozatszerzési mutatókkal rendelkező műhelyeknek. A felsőoktatási törvény tervezett módosítása jelentős átalakításokat hozhat a GDI által a gazdálkodás- és szervezéstudományok területén folytatott képzésben, számos anomália kiküszöbölésére kínál majd alkalmat. Az erre való felkészülés, a reform előkészítése érdekében a GDI vezetése 2015 októberében online kérdőíves vizsgálatot végzett, oktatói és hallgatói körében, kifejezetten a fejlesztendő területekre koncentrálva. A kérdőívet 113 fő töltötte ki, a jelen tanulmány a létrejött adatbázis feldolgozása és értékelése után született eredményeket mutatja be.

The regime change, the South Slavic civil war, global recession and their political, economic and social consequences had a significant impact on the tourism market of South-east Europe and the Balkan region. Many potential visitors to the region were affected by their negative associations with past events, even those that happened many years ago. The image of the Balkan region has become at times almost synonymous with conflict, turmoil and unrest. However, these perceptions may be changing and are therefore worthy of exploration. The article provides a tourism oriented analysis of the area’s image as a tourism destination. In accordance with the literature, the perceptions are measured by using a customer-based approach. Internet-based social media encourages the sharing of recent tourism experiences which can confirm or change associations with destinations. This study provides a content analysis of comments from one of the most popular travel portals (TripAdvisor) including key elements of the Balkan region’s image. The results of the research show theoretical implications like the importance of emotional image elements, the role of locals, or the complexity of tourism experience. From a practical point of view, the conclusions can induce long term thinking about the selected destination’s branding, and motivation for further research, as well.

Countries of the Balkan region possess great endowed resources in health tourism, mainly in the area of natural resources, and Mediterranean diet in some countries. The question is whether these countries have already realized their uniqueness in this area? Conscious brand building starting at the so called brand positioning is crucial in the fierce competition of tourism, particularly on online platforms assuring the possibility of easy comparison. The main objective of the paper is to analyze by structured content analysis the issue how consciously Balkan countries build their brands in health tourism through their online communication.

The study offers a short geographical overview of migration studies and theories, doing so in the context of the European migration crisis of 2015–2016. It outlines the history of international migrations affecting Europe (immigration, emigration, migration within Europe and between countries) and the demographic effects of such migration on the present European population. It then analyses and examines the global and regional causes of recent migration to Europe (the European Economic Area, EEA), the countries of origin of the migrants, the main routes of migration, and the destination areas in Europe. As far as intercontinental migration is concerned, Europe was characterised by emigration between the 16th and mid-20th centuries (partly in consequence of colonisation) and mainly by immigration thereafter. Immigration has principally affected Western Europe, the more developed part of the continent. In consequence of post-World War II reconstruction, dynamic economic development, local labour shortages, and the decolonisation process, Western Europe received many migrants, initially from the Mediterranean region and subsequently (i.e. after the collapse of communism in 1989–1990) from the post communist European countries. Meanwhile, the core areas of the EEA became the main destination for migrants coming from predominantly Muslim regions in Asia and Africa (SW Asia, Muslim Africa). This decades-old process has recently accelerated and now constitutes mass migration. The global and regional causes of such intercontinental migration in the sending areas are as follows: the population boom, economic backwardness, unemployment, growing poverty, climate change, desertification, negative ecological changes, global political rivalries and local power changes (e.g. the Arab Spring, 2011), growing political instability, wartime destruction, multiple and cumulative crises, general hopelessness and despair.

Tourism to religious sites, shrines, temples, churches and religious festivities is significantly growing worldwide. Central and Southeastern Europe is historically a region where different ethnic and religious groups live. In the last century, during the 40 years of Communist rule over the social and political system in the Carpathian Basin, religion was banished and spiritual life could be practised mainly within the domestic environment. Since 1990, former socialist countries like Hungary (as also for example Poland, Slovakia, Romania etc.) have turned to capitalism, but without being prepared for the social, economical and psychological changes, with which that process would affect individuals and families. Faith and pilgrimages seem to have regained their roles in people's lives. This paper outlines an integrative framework on Christian religious tourism and discusses its cultural aspects. The framework emphasises the identification of geographical aspects of the phenomenon in terms of scale (local, regional, national and international) as well as in terms of the research theme (cultural, political and health-related aspects). In the first part, the history of religious tourism and its integrative framework are presented based on relevant international literature. In the second part of the paper, the focus is on the development and interpretation of the Via Maria pilgrimage route (especially at its most important station, Mátraverebély-Szentkút), the first established within the Central and Southeastern European area, and the primary results of our fi eld research are presented.

Medical tourism is a relatively new fi eld in Hungarian health tourism development, with significant growth potential. The paper presents the findings of an Internet-based research project that aims to explore the fundamental characteristics of medical tourism in Hungary. The key issues discussed in the framework of the analysis are the interrelationship of healthcare and tourism on the one hand, and the spatial distribution of medical services and treatments on the other hand. The research identified four main segments of the Hungarian medical tourism product: (1) the international tourism- and expatriate-oriented healthcare of Budapest, (2) the socio-geographically determined medical practices located near the Austrian border, (3) the combination of traditional spa culture and latest medical technology in the classical spa towns, and (4) the fast developing regional centres of the periphery

Hungary is ranked among the most important spa and health tourism destinations in the world. The number and variety of mineral and medicinal waters result in a unique supply in Eastern Central Europe. In Hungary, 51 settlements have certified medical spas, with Budapest, the capital city offering 7 medical spas alone. In addition to their favourable impact on tourism development, the wide range of baths and spa hotels of international standards also affect the real estate market in a positive way. Tourists, who wish to regularly benefit from the medicinal qualities of the waters and the associated medical treatments, may decrease their costs of stay either by buying their own property or by investing in a time-share accommodation facility. Of course, real estate transactions in spa destinations are not always explained by health tourism related motivations; buyers may plan to rent out their property and may be attracted by the expected return on their investment, or may simply wish to repeatedly enjoy the tourist milieu of a given destination. In this article, the spatial characteristics of Hungarian spa destinations’ domestic and international tourism demand will be analysed. In addition, the tourism-oriented characteristics of the spa towns’ housing markets (with special emphasis on second homes and other properties with leisure-related functions) are to be assessed and foreign citizens’ activities on the property market of these settlements evaluated. The research is based on the census and the tourism statistics of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office as well as the registry of foreigners’ real estate transactions drawn up by the Ministry of Local Government.

Nowadays the clarification of the issues concerning subjective quality of life (QoL) enjoys a priority both in the dialogue between academic workshops and in political quarters responsible for the general state of society. The researchers – let them be the representatives of philosophy, psychology, sociology, geography or economics – are keen on finding the paths towards the sources of happiness, the ways to achieve subjective well-being, whilst the politicians are eager to trace what could be done in this sense by the power. There has been a wealth of literature on the relationship between the achievement of overall life satisfaction and sustainability of political power, notwithstanding only minor emphasis was put on the travelling behaviour of population as a factor of QoL and, consequently, of happiness. The governments of bourgeois democracies tend to cherish the sources of happiness stemming from leisure time spending – driven not so much by the desire to extend their power in time, rather prompted by moral responsibility for the well-being of society. Writings on the ways how policies might promote leisure time spending with travelling are many, but it is hardly known how these efforts have been able to influence subjective QoL. In Hungary, the National Tourism Development Strategy (2005–2013) attributes paramount importance to travelling of Hungarian population as one of the means to increase QoL – an effort unique even in international comparison. To attain the objectives formulated in this document, and in order to yield a profit for the society, the Tourism Unit of Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development (now Ministry of Local Government), together with the Hungarian National Tourist Offi ce and Geographical Research Institute Hungarian Academy of Sciences had requested the Hungarian Central Statistical Office to perform a survey on the happiness markers related to travelling behaviour of the country’s population. This survey by questionnaires conducted in 11,500 households in the year 2007 has surfaced relationships between tourism and QoL hardly acknowledged heretofore. Putting the results of the survey considered representative with reference to the adult (18+) population of Hungary in the context of Hungarian and international literature, the present study provides an assessment of the tables of the data referring to the different variables. A special emphasis is addressed to the general linkage between travels and overall life satisfaction and to the components of happiness off ered by travelling.

Although shopping has been long acknowledged as a major tourist activity, the extent and characteristics of shopping tourism have only recently become the subject of academic research and discussion. As a contribution to this field of knowledge, the paper presents the characteristics of shopping tourism in Hungary, and discusses the typically female features of outbound Hungarian shopping tourism. The research is based on a survey of 2473 Hungarian tourists carried out in 2005. As the findings of the study indicate, while female respondents were altogether more likely to be involved in tourist shopping than male travellers, no significant difference was experienced between the genders concerning the share of shopping expenses compared to their total travel budget. In their shopping behaviour, women were typically affected by price levels, and they proved to be both more selfish and more altruistic than men by purchasing more products for themselves and for their family members. The most significant differences between men and women were found in their product preferences as female tourists were more likely to purchase typically feminine goods such as clothes, shoes, bags and accessories, in the timing of shopping activities while abroad, and in the information sources used by tourists, since interpersonal influences such as friends’, guides’ and fellow travellers’ recommendations played a higher role in female travellers’ decisions.

Copyright of Hungarian Statistical Review / Statisztikai Szemle is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Space & Society / Tér és Társadalom is the property of Centre for Economic & Regional Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of Economic Theory & Practice / Köz-gazdaság: Tudományos Füzetek is the property of Corvinus University of Budapest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyses the publication performance of economics and management researchers in Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia) based on their 2009-2018 publications included in the Scopus database. It seeks to answer two questions: What does the Central and Eastern European economic research community consider to be the key factors of a successful publishing strategy? What criteria can be used to group researchers in terms of their publication performance? Using a 449-item dataset, six analyses are performed to examine the relationships between the seven variables that characterize publication performance. The results shed light on the criteria of excellence in the publication performance of Central and Eastern European economics and management researchers, as well as their ranking position. According to the authors, the bridge to global competition in higher education is already 'visible', however, it still appears to be too far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism geography is one of the disciplines close to the practice of tourism itself. In addition to its contribution to theory and academic literature, the formation and development of tourism geography have always been in symbiosis with the everyday practice of tourism, in particular in the service of planning, development, and regulation. Tourism geography focuses on the social, economic, and environmental issues of the interaction between the traveler (homo turisticus) and the destination, but the exploration of psychological changes has also become increasingly prominent in the last decade. The examination of the impact of tourism on the quality of life in Hungary was induced during the process of drafting the National Tourism Development Strategy 2005-2013, and the think tank established at that time enriched both theory and practice with valuable research results. This study reviews the impact of tourism on well-being, and then demonstrates how the theory can be transformed into planning practice through the process of designing the Austrian Tourism Strategy (Masterplan T) and the document itself, published in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Demográfia is the property of Hungarian Demographic Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The results published by prestigious journals reflecting the achievements of PhD students pursuing their studies at the various universities of the world are crucial in settling the discourse on tourism as a science. Although the international dissemination of findings yielded by the tourism-oriented research of Hungarian doctoral schools is still in its infancy, the fact that several generations of such scientists have been brought up since the 1970s implies promising changes and a brighter future when it comes to the tourism sciences. The years following the political changeover brought about significant changes in the higher education of tourism as more institutions started offering a degree in tourism. In fact, tourism became one of the most popular subjects among both university students and persons seeking retraining. The boom reached professionals with a PhD degree as well since in order to have their tourism major accredited, it was indispensable for universities and colleges to employ lecturers with an academic degree. The present study describes the progress made in the education of tourism in Hungary over a period of nearly 50 years. It evaluates each subperiod, with specific emphasis on the decade between 2007-2018. The research is based on the analysis of national and international scholarly literature, the dissertations of PhD candidates available at the MTA library, in the database of the Hungarian Doctoral Council, as well as the publications uploaded to the MTMT database. The study provides a comprehensive overview of how PhD degree holders who were trained in the Hungarian system and wrote their dissertation on a tourism-related subject have integrated into the academic sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each discipline's leaders are responsible for determining the milestones of the scientific careers in that certain discipline; during this work the measurement is just as important as the discourse surrounding the results. Statisztikai Szemle has recently opened an academic discussion in determining the requirements for publishing in domestic habilitation processes in economics. In the study, a method of mathematical statistics is used to process previous publications of those who have habilitated in Hungary and comparison between international higher education practices also takes place. The opinions of the leaders of Hungarian doctoral economic schools regarding habilitation are considered to closely examine the policy and regulatory environment, and the scientific performance of the Central and Eastern European regions. The future of the institutions of habilitation is determined based on these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Hungarian higher education in social sciences, and within that in business and management sciences, business informatics, and economic sciences, researchers and lecturers being in their 40s show a strong habilitation demand. Professors of the future apply to the doctoral schools one after the other to initiate a habilitation procedure. However, the explicit habilitation requirements, especially the minimum publication and citation criteria, have been set so far only in a few doctoral schools. The paper reviews the habilitation regulations (the publication requirements) of the Hungarian universities having doctoral programs, and examines the results in the international context. Such knowledge may help in the field of economic and management sciences to elaborate a competitive assessment methodology that is based on international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volunteers are indispensable in the organization of international mega sport events. Their activity is really important not only during these world-level meetings, but also after the competition has ended, as they play an important role in furthering the life of the events and in maintaining interest in the host location. Although the practice of volunteering in Hungary is still in its infancy, its social status and popularity are developing dynamically. The 2017 FINA Championships in Budapest is considered to be a milestone in the evolution of Hungarian volunteer work. The volunteers took part in a variety of roles in order to facilitate the biggest international event in "water sports". During the two-week-long competition, more than 3500 volunteers from more than 560 towns and cities provided their help enthusiastically to ensure that everything was perfect both for the athletes and the tourists. After the conclusion of the championships we conducted an online questionnaire and more than 400 volunteers filled the online form. As part of this research we were looking to answer how and in what capacity the volunteers played a role in tourism in the Hungarian capital. Our results showed that during the championships volunteers not only acted as tourists themselves, but also contributed significantly to world-of-mouth marketing, and were both the users of the different services being provided, and producers of an image of Budapest. In March of 2018 we conducted a second investigation and asked the volunteers once again to measure and compare the changes in their attitude about volunteer work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the results of a work team assigned by the Doctoral Council of the Corvinus University of Budapest in the spring of 2015. In the paper, the authors, who were charged with laying down the minimum scientific requirements for a possible beginning of a habilitation procedure, investigate the scientific results of formerly habilitated and active scholars at the Corvinus University of Budapest. To do so, methods of multivariate statistical analysis such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Területi Statisztika is the property of Hungarian Central Statistical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One factor of successful aging is the quality of spending free time, which can result in the prolongation of healthy life expectancy. The senior mobility in tourism can unfold in an active lifestyle, cultivating social relationships; furthermore it can lead to the use of various services. This is beneficial to the physical and mental health of those involved. Since the interest of the state is to increase the quality of life of elderly people, their mobility is therefore subsidized by travel discounts. Seniors over the age of 65 in Hungary can make free use of local and long distance public transport, which is one of the reasons that only limited reliable information is available regarding their mobility. In 2011, Hungarian State Railways (MÁV Start Zrt.) started to sell so-called registration tickets as a means of tracking the frequency of travellers making use of the free-of-charge service. This investigation explores the spatial and temporal peculiarities of the invisible mobility of the elderly through an analysis of these databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hungary is one of Europe's transit countries. It plays significant role in serving the passenger traffic in both east-westerly and north-southerly direction of the Continent. Almost one third of foreigners (14 million people) arriving annually in the country are only transit travellers. A traffic of such multitude is capable of generating changes at micro level in the life of concerned settlements, to cause social, economic and physical impacts. To examine these impacts delimitation of settlements with transit traffic is inevitable. The paper describes those methodological approaches, by the application of which the focal points of transit traffic in Hungary can be set. By the use of geographic information system and by applying the logit model, which uses its results, settlements concerned by transit traffic could be delimitated. It was stated that settlements concerned by transit traffic are located in the crossing points of routes between country border sections which enable reach within the shortest time (1), at the nodes of access from main roads to motorways (2) and at the crossing points of two main roads (3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the change in the political system the number of towns has considerably increased in Hungary. Thus several such settlements have become a town, which cannot be considered a real town in functional term. Szob, the small town also belongs to them. Based upon different sources and primarily empirical researches, the main purposes of this study are to demonstrate what urban status means in Hungary in the beginning of the 21" century, and how it affects the social and economic development of a settlement, on the case of Szob during the last decade, especially its transport geographical location and tourism potential, and what is the opinion of the local population about it. The urban status meant a new phase of the settlement's development. Since it has been declared a town, Szob developed a lot, and the local society is basically satisfied with it. As a consequence declaring a town did not mean the end, but the beginning of becoming a real town in the case of Szob. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Corvin passage is one of the most important symbolic spaces of 1956 revolution in Hungary. The majority of armed conflicts took place in Budapest, where the largest resistance group had to battle against Soviet tanks in the neighbourhood of the Corvin Passage. This study aims to highlight the fact that, even though a general shift has taken place from the pre-1990 policy to ‘forget’ to today’s established remembrance practices, the Corvin Passage still does not have a prominent position as a major historic site. Our research is based on a study of relevant national and international literature, on an analysis of documents relating to tourism site management, on historical sources related to the Corvin Passage, and on a content analysis of guide-books and websites. The authors would tribute to 70 anniversary of treading out of Hungarian revolution and war of independence with this paper.

Although religious tourism and pilgrimage have been widely studied there is very limited research that explores the peculiarities in attitude and behaviour among tourists with different demographic factors. The present exploratory study enhances the discussion on perception of religious tourism behaviour. Specifically, eleven statements on attitude and behaviour were explored among 345 Hungarians with different socio-demographic backgrounds. The results show that there are significant variations between senior and young travellers: seniors see as important, the educational purposes and feelings of national identity related to sacred sites while these are less motivating for the young. The frequency of participating in religious tourism is also a determining factor: frequent travellers donate more and are more willing to purchase ‘sacred’ souvenirs. The findings provide inputs for developing a new scale to measure attitude and related behaviour in religious tourism. Furthermore, practical implications of the research are relevant to managers of sacred sites because a better understanding of visitors’ behaviour would enhance market segmentation and marketing to target groups.he research are relevant to managers of sacred sites because a better understanding of visitors’ behaviour would enhance market segmentation and marketing to target groups.

The development of the night-time economy has improved the destination competitiveness of many big cities. Income and tourism experiences, in particular, have been the most affected by this change. However, managing the potential negative impacts and harmonising the interests of stakeholders represent challenges. The purpose of this article is to show that a destination can only be competitive if it can serve the long-term well-being of both visitors and locals. In this research the authors provide an overview of the problems of the night-time economy and analyses the available solutions. Urban politics and local political forces are determinant factors that influence the management of a creative city. Furthermore, they focus on the solutions provided by social innovation. which involves the learning and cooperation of locals. In this paper, all these aspects are analysed in the context of Budapest's ruin pub quarter, which is nowadays the focus of debates as the negative effects of the night economy have not yet been effectively resolved. The impact of the night-time economy is examined through qualitative interviews in the quarter with locals and visitors to crystalize the most important issues and solutions as well as by mapping the characteristics of recent civil initiatives which are the driving force of social innovation due to the limited effectiveness of the measures of urban policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]