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NASA's Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) laser altimeter launched in Fall 2018, providing an invaluable addition to the polar altimetry record generated by ESA's CryoSat‐2 radar altimeter. The simultaneous operation of these two satellite altimeters enables unique comparison studies of sea ice altimetry, utilizing the different frequencies and profiling strategies of the two instruments. Here, we use freeboard data from ICESat‐2 to assess Antarctic snow freeboard retrievals from CryoSat‐2. We first discuss updates made to a previously published CryoSat‐2 retrieval process and show how this Version 2 algorithm improves upon the original method by comparing the new retrievals to ICESat‐2 in specific along‐track profiles as well as on the basin‐scale. In two near‐coincident along‐track profiles, we find mean snow freeboard differences (standard deviations of differences) of 0.3 (9.3) and 7.6 cm (9.6 cm) with 25 km binned correlation coefficients of 0.77 and 0.89. Monthly mean freeboard differences range between −2.9 (10.8) and 6.6 cm (16.8 cm) basin wide, with the largest differences typically occurring in Austral fall months that is hypothesized to be related to new ice growth and the use of static snow backscatter coefficients in the retrieval. Monthly mean correlation coefficients range between 0.57 and 0.80. While coincident data show good agreement between the two sensors, they highlight issues related to geometric and frequency sampling differences that can impact the freeboard distributions. Plain Language Summary: Measuring sea ice freeboard from space is an important first step in estimating its thickness. A previous study had developed a new method of measuring freeboard over Antarctic sea ice using ESA's CryoSat‐2 altimeter, however, few validation data existed at the time to determine how well it performed. In this paper, we improve the CryoSat‐2 processing and make use of data from NASA's ICESat‐2 altimeter for comparisons with the CryoSat‐2 data. While agreement is strong overall, there are still differences between the measurements that we hypothesize come from the different footprint sizes and wavelengths of the two instruments. Key Points: We present an updated CryoSat‐2 Antarctic snow freeboard retrieval methodThese improved CryoSat‐2 snow freeboard retrievals show strong agreement with ICESat‐2 data both along‐track and basin‐wideThis assessment highlights difficulties in laser‐radar comparisons brought on by frequency and geometric sampling discrepancies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NASA's Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite‐2 (ICESat‐2) mission launched in September 2018 and is now providing high‐resolution surface elevation profiling across the entire globe, including the sea ice cover of the Arctic and Southern Oceans. For sea ice applications, successfully discriminating returns between sea ice and open water is key for accurately determining freeboard (the extension of sea ice above local sea level) and new information regarding the geometry of sea ice floes and leads. We take advantage of near‐coincident optical imagery obtained from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel‐2 (S‐2) satellite over the Western Weddell Sea of the Southern Ocean in March 2019 and the Lincoln Sea of the Arctic Ocean in May 2019 to evaluate the surface classification scheme in the ICESat‐2 ATL07 and ATL10 sea ice products. We find a high level of agreement between the ATL07 (specular) lead classification and visible leads in the S‐2 imagery in these two coincident images across all six ICESat‐2 beams, increasing our confidence in the freeboard products and deriving new estimates of the sea ice state. The S‐2 overlays provide additional, albeit limited, evidence of the misclassification of dark leads due to clouds. Dark leads are no longer used to derive sea surface and thus freeboard as of the third release (r003) of the ICESat‐2 sea ice products. We show estimates of lead fraction and more preliminary estimates of chord length (a proxy for floe size) using two metrics for classifying sea surface (lead) segments across both the Arctic and Southern Ocean for the first winter season of data collection. Key Points: Specular leads in ICESat‐2 show strong agreement with leads observed in coincident Sentinel‐2 imageryThe scenes provide further evidence of the misclassification of dark leads, which are no longer used to derive freeboard in ICESat‐2 dataWe produce preliminary estimates of lead fraction and chord length across the Arctic and Southern Ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snow plays an essential role in the Arctic as the interface between the sea ice and the atmosphere. Optical properties, thermal conductivity and mass distribution are critical to understanding the complex Arctic sea ice system's energy balance and mass distribution. By conducting measurements from October 2019 to September 2020 on the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, we have produced a dataset capturing the year-long evolution of the physical properties of the snow and surface scattering layer, a highly porous surface layer on Arctic sea ice that evolves due to preferential melt at the ice grain boundaries. The dataset includes measurements of snow during MOSAiC. Measurements included profiles of depth, density, temperature, snow water equivalent, penetration resistance, stable water isotope, salinity and microcomputer tomography samples. Most snowpit sites were visited and measured weekly to capture the temporal evolution of the physical properties of snow. The compiled dataset includes 576 snowpits and describes snow conditions during the MOSAiC expedition., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Since the early 2000s, sea ice has experienced an increased rate of decline in thickness, extent and age. This new regime, coined the 'New Arctic', is accompanied by a reshuffling of energy flows at the surface. Understanding of the magnitude and nature of this reshuffling and the feedbacks therein remains limited. A novel database is presented that combines satellite observations, model output, and reanalysis data with sea ice parcel drift tracks in a Lagrangian framework. This dataset consists of daily time series of sea ice parcel locations, sea ice and snow conditions, and atmospheric states, including remotely sensed surface energy budget terms. Additionally, flags indicate when sea ice parcels travel within cyclones, recording cyclone intensity and distance from the cyclone center. The quality of the ice parcel database was evaluated by comparison with sea ice mass balance buoys and correlations are high, which highlights the reliability of this database in capturing the seasonal changes and evolution of sea ice. This database has multiple applications for the scientific community; it can be used to study the processes that influence individual sea ice parcel time series, or to explore generalized summary statistics and trends across the Arctic., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)