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Summary: Background: NOTCH3 encodes a transmembrane receptor critical for vascular smooth muscle cell function. NOTCH3 variants are the leading cause of hereditary cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). While monoallelic cysteine-involving missense variants in NOTCH3 are well-studied in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), patients with biallelic variants in NOTCH3 are extremely rare and not well characterised. Methods: In this study, we present clinical and genetic data from 25 patients with biallelic NOTCH3 variants and conduct a literature review of another 25 cases (50 patients in total). Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were analysed by expert neuroradiologists to better understand the phenotype associated with biallelic NOTCH3 variants. Findings: Our systematic analyses verified distinct genotype-phenotype correlations for the two types of biallelic variants in NOTCH3. Biallelic loss-of-function variants (26 patients) lead to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by spasticity, childhood-onset stroke, and periatrial white matter volume loss resembling periventricular leukomalacia. Conversely, patients with biallelic cysteine-involving missense variants (24 patients) fall within CADASIL spectrum phenotype with early adulthood onset stroke, dementia, and deep white matter lesions without significant volume loss. White matter lesion volume is comparable between patients with biallelic cysteine-involving missense variants and individuals with CADASIL. Notably, monoallelic carriers of loss-of-function variants are predominantly asymptomatic, with only a few cases reporting nonspecific headaches. Interpretation: We propose a NOTCH3-SVD classification depending on dosage and variant type. This study not only expands our knowledge of biallelic NOTCH3 variants but also provides valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of NOTCH3-related SVD. Funding: The Wellcome Trust, the MRC.

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is defined as compression of neurovascular components passing the thoracic outlet. While neurologic compression is the most common form, rare cases of arterial comprssion could result in concerning cerebral thromboembolic events. Here we present a 15-year-old female with repeated left hemiparesis and radiologic signs of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) in right middle cerebral artery. Further investigations revealed stenosis of the right subclavian artery, saccular aneurysm, and occlusion of the right brachial artery which suggested the diagnosis of arterial TOS. Based on this report, we present this diagnosis as a rare but important cause of CVA, especially in young patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics on the treatment of constipation in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) by analyzing data from published randomized clinical trials (RCTs). PD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by clinical symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. Constipation is a common complaint reported by PD patients. Probiotics are often used to treat functional constipation. The potential mechanisms behind PD-related constipation include dysfunction of the enteric nervous system due to alpha-synuclein aggregation, dyssynergic contractions of the puborectalis muscle, and alterations of the gut microbiome. Method: To conduct this study, we searched Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar for published articles on PD, probiotics, and constipation. We selected RCTs from 944 studies, and ultimately included 3 RCTs in our meta-analysis. The frequency of bowel movements per week was the only index that could be summarized among the records. We extracted and analyzed the results as means and standard deviations. Result: We calculated a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.65 to 1.19; I-squared = 57.0%; p

Background Mindfulness-based intervention has been found efficacious in reducing primary headaches and negative cognitive-related pain. However, little is known about the potential moderators in this regard. One of the most important moderators affecting the headaches is Alexithymia. Objective The present study investigated the moderating role of Alexithymia on the effect of Mindfulness- Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on pain intensity in patients with primary headache. Methods A clinical trial was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Imam Hossein Hospital of Tehran City, Iran. Using judgment sampling method, of 94 inpatients with chronic headache, 85 were selected and randomly assigned into the two groups of MBCT (43 patients) and control (42 patients). The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) of Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) were applied to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed by Independent Samples t-test and Chi-squared test; longitudinal data were analyzed using linear mixed model analysis. Findings Statistically significant time×group interactions were found for pain intensity (P

Background: Migraine is a common disease with neurovascular nature, which is commonly prevalent in the general population. Due to the significant prevalence of migraine and its long-term complications, it is necessary to pay attention to its exacerbating factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency distribution of dyslipidemia in patients with migraine compared with control group. Materials and Methods: This is a case–control study, in which 50 patients with migraine (with aura and without aura) were confirmed by the criteria of International Headache Society. Migraineurs and control group (n = 50) were selected from among patients who referred to the Neurology Clinic of Imam Hossein Hospital. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured in both the groups. SPSS software (version 21) was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings showed that among migraineurs, 21 patients (42%) revealed high levels of cholesterol and 22 revealed high levels of LDL (44%); whereas among subjects without migraine, 12 subjects (24%) exhibited high levels of cholesterol and 12 (24%) high levels of LDL, where a significant correlation between the two groups was achieved. Conclusion: The present results showed that migraine is associated with higher level of cholesterol and LDL when compared with the control group, where a significant relationship was found.

Abstract Background At the end of December 2019, a novel respiratory infection, initially reported in China, known as COVID‐19 initially reported in China, and later known as COVID‐19, led to a global pandemic. Despite many studies reporting respiratory infections as the primary manifestations of this illness, an increasing number of investigations have focused on the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations in COVID‐19. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the CNS presentations in COVID‐19 patients in an attempt to identify the common CNS features and provide a better overview to tackle this new pandemic. Methods In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Included studies were publications that reported the CNS features between 1 January 2020 and 20 April 2020. The data of selected studies were screened and extracted independently by four reviewers. Extracted data analyzed by using STATA statistical software. The study protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020184456). Results Of 2,353 retrieved studies, we selected 64 studies with 11,687 patients after screening. Most of the studies were conducted in China (58 studies). The most common CNS symptom of COVID‐19 was headache (8.69%, 95%CI: 6.76%–10.82%), dizziness (5.94%, 95%CI: 3.66%–8.22%), and impaired consciousness (1.90%, 95%CI: 1.0%–2.79%). Conclusions The growing number of studies has reported COVID‐19, CNS presentations as remarkable manifestations that happen. Hence, understanding the CNS characteristics of COVID‐19 can help us for better diagnosis and ultimately prevention of worse outcomes.

Background: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is an increased intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) characteristic in the absence of identifiable causes. The most important complication of this disorder is visual impairment. So far, no comprehensive study has been done on the relationship between the opening CSF pressure and visual field defect in IIH. Methods: In this study, 35 patients with increased intracranial pressure who fulfilled modified Dandy’s criteria underwent ophthalmologic examination and lumbar puncture. The opening CSF pressure was categorized into mild (25-30), moderate (30-40) and severe (>40). The degree of visual field defect was reported both quantitatively and qualitatively. Eventually, the statistical relationship was established among these variables. Results: The mean opening CSF pressure was 33.71 CmH2o. Twelve patients had minor CSF pressure, whereas in 14 and 9 patients the CSF pressure was respectively moderate and severe. There was not statistically significant relationship between the visual field defect and CSF pressure. The most common patterns of visual field involvement were enlarged blind spot and peripheral restriction. Conclusion: The most important morbidity in IIH is visual impairment. According to the findings, the visual field impairment is not pertinent to CSF pressure. In other words, neither high CSF pressure predicts intense visual defect, nor low CSF pressure indicates minimal visual impairment.

Background and Aim: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by declined cognitive function greater than that expected for a person’s age. The clinical significance of this condition is its possible progression to dementia. MLC601 is a natural neuroprotective medication that has shown promising effects in Alzheimer disease. Accordingly, we conducted this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MLC601 in MCI patients. Methods: Seventy-two patients with a diagnosis of MCI were recruited. The included participants were randomly assigned to groups to receive either MLC601 or placebo. An evaluation of global cognitive function was performed at baseline as well as at 3-month and 6-month follow-up visits. Global cognitive function was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) scores. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing global function scores between the 2 groups during the study period. Safety assessment included adverse events (AEs) and abnormal laboratory results. Results: Seventy patients completed the study, 34 in the MLC601 group and 36 in the placebo group. The mean changes (±SD) in cognition scores over 6 months in the MLC601 group were –2.26 (±3.42) for the MMSE and 3.82 (±6.16) for the ADAS-cog; in the placebo group, they were –2.66 (±3.43) for the MMSE and 4.41 (±6.66) for the ADAS-cog. The cognition changes based on both MMSE and ADAS-cog scores were statistically significant between the placebo and the MLC601 group (p < 0.001). Only 5 patients (14.7%) reported minor AEs in the MLC601 group, the most commonly reported of which were gastrointestinal, none of them leading to patient withdrawal. Conclusion: MLC601 has shown promising efficacy and acceptable AEs in MCI patients.

A novel type of brainstem-predominant encephalomyelitis was first described as chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) in 2010 by Pittocket al and then few additional patients were reported. Here we report a 50-year-old Iranian male who presented with a number of clinical features described as typical for CLIPPERS. The association of typical clinical presentation and typical MR imaging could be sufficient for a reliable diagnosis of CLIPPERS.

استروک بخش قابل توجهی از علل مراجعات به بخش اورژانس را شامل می شود. این عارضه در صورت تشخیص سریع و مداخله درمانی مناسب می تواند با پیامد مطلوبی همراه باشد، ولی در صورت تاخیر در درمان با هزینه های فراوانی برای فرد، خانواده وی و همچنین سیستم بهداشت جامعه همراه خواهد بود. بنابراین تشخیص به موقع قدم اول و اساسی در برخورد با این بیماران در بخش اورژانس محسوب می شود و بعد از آن انتخاب روش درمانی مناسب در الویت خواهد بود. امروزه روش های درمانی مختلفی در برخورد با این بیماران، از اقدامات حمایتی تا ترومبولیتیک تراپی و مداخلات اندوواسکولار، در دسترس می باشند و یکی از سوالات اصلی در درمان سکته مغزی حاد در بخش اورژانس این است که کدام بیمار برای دریافت کدام درمان مناسب است؟ مداخلات اندوواسکولار روش درمانی نسبتا جدیدی است که می تواند لخته را از داخل عروق مغزی بیرون آورده و در مطالعات مختلف نشان داده شده است که یکی از موثرترین مداخلات درمانی در برخورد با سکته مغزی می باشد. مطالعات مختلفی در حمایت از فواید آن در سالهای اخیر منتشر شده اند که باعث تغییر گایدلاین های درمانی بیماران دچار استروک در امریکا و اروپا شده و نقش مداخلات اندوواسکولار پررنگ تر گردیده است. البته این مداخله درمان، روشی تهاجمی به شمار می رود که می تواند با عوارضی نیز همراه باشد و بنابراین برای دستیابی به حداکثر موفقیت در درمان با این روش باید تلاش شود تا بیمارانی که با احتمال بیشتری از این مداخله سود می برند به این منظور انتخاب شوند. گفته می شود اگر دلیل سکته مغزی انسداد یک رگ بزرگ باشد بهترین کاندید برای اینترونشن و درمان آندوواسکولار می باشد. در این شرایط مهمترین وظیفه پزشک بخش اورژانس، شناسایی عروق مسدود شده است. مهمترین روش تشخیصی که گایدلاینهای موجود در این زمینه پیشنهاد می دهند انجام سی تی آنژیوگرافی می باشد که وضعیت عروق بزرگ را از ابتدای شریان آئورت تا کوچکترین عروق داخل مغز نشان می دهد. بعضی از مراکز درمانی این اقدام را فقط برای موارد با احتمال سکته های وسیع مغزی انجام می دهند ولی پیشنهاد می شود که هم سی تی اسکن مغزی و هم سی تی آنژیوگرافی برای همه موارد استروک حتی موارد خفیف نیز انجام گیرد؛ چرا که ممکن است این بیماران در معرض بروز یک سکته وسیع قریب الوقوع باشند. در بعضی از مراکز تکنیک CT Perfusion را به دوگانه سی تی اسکن مغزی و سی تی آنژیوگرافی (CTA) اضافه می کنند. متاسفانه این تکنیک تقریبا در اغلب مراکز کشور ایران در دسترس نیست. ولی در مراکز پیشرفته دنیا در همان مقطعی که سی تی اسکن مغزی انجام می شود قابل انجام بوده و می تواند وضعیت دقیقی از حجم درگیری بافت مغزی و حتی برگشت پذیری بافت درگیر در استروک را نشان دهد. عروق مناسب برای ترومبکتومی شامل شاخه شریان مغزی میانی (MCA) کاروتید اینتراکرانیال، خصوصا قسمت افقی آن (M1) و در بعضی موارد بعد از دو شاخه شدن کاروتید (M2) می باشد. همچنین با پیشرفت های صورت گرفته، ترومبکتومی کاروتید اکستراکرانیال نیز امروزه قابل انجام است. ولی تقریبا هیچگاه شریان های مغزی قدامی (ACA) و شریان مغزی خلفی (PCA) در شرایط فعلی کاندید اینترونشن نیستند. مطالعات گسترده ای شامل IMS-3، MR-CLEN، ESCAPE، EXTEND-IA، SWIFTPRIME و PREVASCAT با هدف انتخاب عروق مناسب و کاندیداهای مداخله اندوواسکولار انجام گرفته اند که تقریبا هیچ یک امکان انجام ترومبکتومی شریان بازیلر را در مطالعه مربوطه بررسی نکرده اند. ولی مطالعه ای تحت عنوانBASICS در این زمین انجام گرفته است که در مجموع حتی زمان انجام ترومبکتومی برای شریان بازیلر و پروگنوز آن حتی بهتر از سایر عروق گزارش کرده است و بیشتر نورولوژیست های اینترونشنیست و استروک نسبت به انجام آن دید مثبتی پیدا کرده اند. در مجموع مطالعات فوق حدود 1700 بیمار تحت ترومبکتومی اورژانس قرار گرفتند که میزان موفقیت بدون انجام CTA حدود 40% و در صورت آگاهی از رگ درگیر در CTA میزان موفقیت حدود 70% گزارش شده است. در خصوص تحلیل شرایطی که امکانCTA وجود ندارد باید یادآوری شود که بعد از فراهم شدن امکان ترومبولیتیک تراپی، استفاده از ترومبکتومی حتی بدون اطلاع از وضعیت عروق درگیر با تکنیکی مانند CTA میزان موفقیت درمان بیماران دچار استروک از حدود 23% به حداقل40% افزایش یافته است. بنابراین به نظر می رسد که فراهم آوری امکانات انجام CTA قبل از ترومبکتومی اورژانسی باید حداقل در تمام بخش های اورژانس بیمارستانهای مرجع کشور مورد حمایت جدی قرار گیرد. همچنین از امکانات فعلی موجود نیز در کشور مثل دستگاه سی تی اسکن و بخشهای نورولوژی و آنژیوگرافی و متخصصین مربوطه به شکل مطلوبی بهره برداری شود. چنانچه بتوان دستگاه سی تی اسکن را به شکلی برنامه ریزی نمود که همزمان با انجام سی تی اسکن مغزی، همزمان سی تی آنژیوگرافی را هم انجام دهد، در نتیجه انتخاب بیمار کاندید انجام ترومبکتومی به نحوی مناسب تر انجام خواهد گرفت و با این تمهیدات ممکن است میزان بهبودی بیمار دچار سکته مغزی و در نتیجه رهایی از یک فلج و مشکل طولانی و ناتوان کننده را به 70% ارتقا داد.

Stroke makes up a significant part of causes for emergency department (ED) visits. This complication can be accompanied by a desirable outcome in case of rapid diagnosis and proper treatment intervention. However, in case of delay in treatment, it will bring about many costs for the individual, his or her family and the health care system. Therefore, timely diagnosis is the first and major step in managing these patients in ED and after that, choosing the proper treatment method is the priority. Currently, various treatment methods are available for managing these patients, from palliative care to thrombolytic therapy and endovascular interventions and one of the major questions in treatment of acute brain stroke in ED is which patient is suitable for receiving which treatment? Endovascular intervention is a relatively new treatment method that can extract the blood clot from the brain vessels and various studies have shown that it is one of the most effective treatment interventions in management of brain stroke. Various studies have been published in favor of its benefits in recent years, which have resulted in changes in treatment guidelines of stroke patients in America and Europe and highlighting the role of endovascular interventions in them. However, this interventional treatment is considered an invasive method that can be accompanied by side effects and thus, for reaching maximum success in this method, efforts should be made to select patients who have a higher probably to benefit from this intervention. It has been said that if obstruction of a big vessel is the reason for brain stroke, the patient is the best candidate for intervention and endovascular treatment. In this situation, the most important duty of the ED physician is to identify the obstructed arteries. The most important diagnostic method that existing guidelines suggest in this regard is performing computed tomography (CT) angiography that shows the status of big arteries from the beginning of Aorta to the smallest arteries inside the brain. Some treatment centers do this only for cases with the probability of extensive brain stroke, but it is suggested to perform both brain CT scan and CT angiography for all stroke cases including mild cases; because these patients might be at risk of an upcoming extensive stroke. Some centers add CT perfusion technique to the brain CT scan and CT angiography (CTA) duo. Unfortunately, this technique is not available in most centers in Iran. However, in the advanced centers around the world it can be performed at the same time as brain CT scan and can show an accurate picture regarding the extent of the brain tissue involved and even the reversibility of the tissue involved in the stroke. Proper arteries for thrombectomy are the middle cerebral artery (MCA) branch of intracranial carotid, especially its horizontal part (M1) and in some cases after branching of the carotid (M2). In addition, with the advances made, extracranial carotid thrombectomy can also be done today. But anterior and posterior cerebral arteries (ACA and PCA) are almost never intervention candidates. Extensive studies including IMS-3, MR-CLEN, ESCAPE, EXTEND-IA, SWIFTPRIME, and PREVASCAT have been done with the aim of selecting the proper vessels and candidates of endovascular interventions, almost none of which have evaluated the possibility of performing thrombectomy of basilar artery. However, a study called BASICS has been done in this regard that has even reported the time of thrombectomy for basilar artery and its prognosis even better than the other arteries and most interventionist and stroke neurologists have gained a positive view to performing it. Overall, in the above-mentioned studies about 1700 patients underwent emergency thrombectomy and the success rate without performing CTA was about 40% and if aware of the artery involved via CTA, the success rate has been reported to be about 70%. Regarding processing the situations in which CTA cannot be performed it should be noted that after enabling thrombolytic therapy, using thrombectomy even without knowing the status of the arteries involved with techniques such as CTA, the success rate of treating patients with stroke increased from about 23% to at least 40%. Therefore, it seems that preparing the equipment for performing CTA before emergency thrombectomy should be seriously supported, at least in major hospitals of Iran. In addition, the presently available equipment such as CT scan device and neurology and angiography departments and the specialists in these fields should be employed effectively. If the CT scan device can be programmed in a way that when performing brain CT scan, CT angiography can also be performed simultaneously, the candidate patients for undergoing thrombectomy can be selected more properly and by using these solutions the rate of improvement in patients with brain stroke and thus, being relieved from paralysis and long-term problems might increase to 70%.

Background: Warfarin is an effective oral anticoagulant which exert its effect by blocking the utilization of vitamin K. Warfarin therapy requires ongoing monitoring using the international normalized ratio (INR). In this study, effect of modest increase in vitamin K intake from vegetables on INR values was evaluated in warfarin treated patients. Methods: A single-center study involving 24 outpatients (mean age, 62 years) with two last INR in therapeutic range in which INR variations was less than 0.5. Patients were selected based on their VKORC1 1639G→A polymorphism so that 8 patients from each of GG, AA or GA genotypes were recruited. Patients were asked to consume a vegetable mix (including lettuce, peeled cucumber and tomato) containing approximately 100 µg vitamin K (divided in two meals, lunch and dinner) daily for one week when INR response was measured. Results: Daily consumption of vegetable mix decreased patient’s INR from 2.43±0.51 to 2.08± 0.46 (P

Introduction: Topiramate, a sulfa-derivative monosaccharide, is an antiepileptic drug which is administered in the control of migraine. It is reported to cause various ocular side effects such as visual field defect and myopic shift. To investigate the alterations in refractive error, properties of the cornea and changes in the anterior chamber in patients that receive Topiramate for migraine control. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital-based, noninterventional, observational study that is conducted at Imam Hossein Hospital, affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, in collaboration with the department of Ophthalmology. Thirty three consecutive patients with the diagnosis of migraine that were candidate for Topiramate therapy were recruited. Patients with history of ocular trauma or surgery, keratoconus, glaucoma, congenital ocular malformations and any history of unexplained visual loss were excluded. After thorough ophthalmic examination, all the patients underwent central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement, and Pentacam imaging (Scheimpflug camera) at the baseline. Various parameters were extracted and used for analysis. Anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurement was performed. These measurements were repeated on day 30th and 90th after the initiation of Topiramate therapy. According to the normality tests, parameters with normal distribution were analysed using the repeated measures test and the remaining parameters (with non-normal distribution) were analysed using the non-parametric k-sample test. A p-value< 0.05 was considered statistically significant, according to Bonferroni post hoc correction. Results: There were 66 eyes of 33 patients under the diagnosis of migrainous headache, that Topiramate was initiated for headache control, included in the study. The mean value of refractive error had a statistically significant myopic change, from −0.23 diopters (D) at the baseline to −0.61 D at the 90th day of follow-up period (p-value < 0.001). Mean CCT was 531.43 μm at the baseline and increased to 534.72 μm at the 30th day, and 537.51 μm at the 90th day after the administration of Topiramate (p-value=0.001). Mean value of other parameters, ACV, ACD, and ACA, did not reveal statistically significant change. Conclusion: Myopic shift and gradually increasing CCT in the patients after Topiramate administration should be considered before any refractive surgery. We found no gradual change in the anterior chamber and angle parameters in our patients in the 90 days of follow up. More studies with a longer duration of follow-up are needed to elucidate dose-dependent ocular manifestations.

Background: Although the risk factors of ischemic strokes are well defined, there is slight information about their relations with the etiologies of ischemic strokes. This study investigated the distribution of ischemic stroke risk factors and their connections to diverse etiologies of cerebrovascular attack (CVA) and specific ischemic regions of brain. Methods: In this cross sectional study, we analyzed the data of patients with definite diagnosis of CVA, excluding hemorrhagic strokes, registered in Imam Hossein Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. The data were collected from entire archived medical records from March 2010 until September 2012, retrospectively. Results: Out of 1696 cases a total of 1011 subjects, 487 (48.2%) males and 524 (51.8%) females with mean age of 68.91±13.54 yr were included in the study. Patients suffering from atrial fibrillation (AF), valvular heart disease (VHD), and dilated cardiomyopathy were more prone to develop cardioembolic stroke. Those with diabetes mellitus (DM), carotid artery stenosis and dyslipidemia (DLP) had a higher prevalence of macroangiopathic stroke. Ischemic heart disease (IHD), AF, and VHD were associated with stroke in the brain territory supplied by middle cerebral artery (MCA) while DM and carotid artery stenosis were correspondent with posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke. Conclusion: The diagnosis of the weight of each risk factor of ischemic strokes on different etiologies and territories of ischemia can assist care providers for a more efficient prevention of strokes. The results of this study can also be a basis for further investigations to corroborate the pathophysiology of such relations. Keywords: Stroke, Cerebral arteries, Risk factors, Iran

Introduction: The role of diabetes mellitus in the pathogenesis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is controversial. Underlying comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus may increase the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. In this study, we sought to assess the role of diabetes mellitus in the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was evaluated in 120 patients presenting with intracerebral hemorrhage and in a control group of 135 patients with low back pain. All patients were treated at the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Shohadaye Tajrish University Hospital, Tehran, Iran between 2008 and 2012. T-test was applied for analysing the quantitative variables and chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyse qualitative variables. Results: The mean age was 67.5±12.7 y in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and 70.5±12.6 y in the control group (p=0.201). Diabetes mellitus was found in 39 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (33.1%) and 30 (22.2%) control subjects (p=0.054). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients younger than 60 y was 7.4% in the control group and 27.8% in the case group (p=0.042). Conclusion: In our study, no significant relationship was found between diabetes mellitus and intracerebral hemorrhage (except in patients younger than 60 years) and diabetes mellitus did not cause bleeding in certain brain areas. However, more studies are required on the correlation of diabetes mellitus and intracerebral hemorrhage in the same population to reach a definite conclusion.