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1. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Tressières, Gaetan, Chauvey, Lorelei, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Calvière-Tonasso, Laure, Kusliy, Mariya, Gaunitz, Charleen, Liu, Xuexue, Wagner, Stefanie, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Bouchez, Olivier, Donnadieu, Cécile, Collin, Yvette, Gregersen, Kristian, Jessen, Mads, Christensen, Kirsten, Claudi-Hansen, Lone, Pruvost, Mélanie, Pucher, Erich, Vulic, Hrvoje, Novak, Mario, Rimpf, Andrea, Turk, Peter, Reiter, Simone, Brem, Gottfried, Schwall, Christoph, Barrey, Éric, Robert, Céline, Degueurce, Christophe, Horwitz, Liora, Klassen, Lutz, Rasmussen, Uffe, Kveiborg, Jacob, Johannsen, Niels, Makowiecki, Daniel, Makarowicz, Przemysław, Szeliga, Marcin, Ilchyshyn, Vasyl, Rud, Vitalii, Romaniszyn, Jan, Mullin, Victoria, Verdugo, Marta, Bradley, Daniel, Cardoso, João, Valente, Maria, Telles Antunes, Miguel, Ameen, Carly, Thomas, Richard, Ludwig, Arne, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Granado, José, Schlumbaum, Angela, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Mráz, Monika, Boulbes, Nicolas, Gardeisen, Armelle, Mayer, Christian, Döhle, Hans-Jürgen, Vicze, Magdolna, Kosintsev, Pavel, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, OConnor, Terry, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Andrey, Kovalev, Alexey, Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Sablin, Mikhail, Dashkovskiy, Petr, Graphodatsky, Alexander, Merts, Ilia, Merts, Viktor, Kasparov, Aleksei, Pitulko, Vladimir, Onar, Vedat, Öztan, Aliye, Arbuckle, Benjamin, McColl, Hugh, Renaud, Gabriel, Khaskhanov, Ruslan, Demidenko, Sergey, Kadieva, Anna, Atabiev, Biyaslan, Sundqvist, Marie, Lindgren, Gabriella, López-Cachero, F, Albizuri, Silvia, Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana, and Rapan Papeša, Anita

Abstract

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

Published
2024

2. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Subjects
Animals, Archaeology, Asia, DNA, Ancient, Domestication, Europe, Genetics, Population, Genome, Grassland, Horses, Phylogeny, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

3. Sex in the city: Uncovering sex-specific management of equine resources from prehistoric times to the Modern Period in France

Author

Clavel, Benoît, Lepetz, Sébastien, Chauvey, Lorelei, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Liu, Xuexue, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Clavel, Pierre, Estrada, Oscar, Alioğlu, Duha, Gaunitz, Charleen, Aury, Jean-Marc, Barme, Maude, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Boulbes, Nicolas, Bourgois, Alice, Decanter, Franck, Foucras, Sylvain, Frère, Stéphane, Gardeisen, Armelle, Jouanin, Gaëtan, Méla, Charlotte, Morand, Nicolas, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Perdereau, Aude, Putelat, Olivier, Rivière, Julie, Robin, Opale, Salin, Marilyne, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Vallet, Christian, Yvinec, Jean-Hervé, Wincker, Patrick, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2022
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4. Historical management of equine resources in France from the Iron Age to the Modern Period

Author

Lepetz, Sébastien, Clavel, Benoît, Alioğlu, Duha, Chauvey, Lorelei, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Liu, Xuexue, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Clavel, Pierre, Estrada, Oscar, Gaunitz, Charleen, Aury, Jean-Marc, Barme, Maude, Boulbes, Nicolas, Bourgois, Alice, Decanter, Franck, Foucras, Sylvain, Frère, Stéphane, Gardeisen, Armelle, Jouanin, Gaëtan, Méla, Charlotte, Morand, Nicolas, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Perdereau, Aude, Putelat, Olivier, Rivière, Julie, Robin, Opale, Salin, Marilyne, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Vallet, Christian, Yvinec, Jean-Hervé, Wincker, Patrick, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2021
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8. Tracking Five Millennia of Horse Management with Extensive Ancient Genome Time Series

Author

Fages, Antoine, Hanghøj, Kristian, Khan, Naveed, Gaunitz, Charleen, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Leonardi, Michela, McCrory Constantz, Christian, Gamba, Cristina, Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Albizuri, Silvia, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Allentoft, Morten, Alquraishi, Saleh, Anthony, David, Baimukhanov, Nurbol, Barrett, James H., Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Benecke, Norbert, Bernáldez-Sánchez, Eloísa, Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Biglari, Fereidoun, Boessenkool, Sanne, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Brem, Gottfried, Brown, Dorcas, Burger, Joachim, Crubézy, Eric, Daugnora, Linas, Davoudi, Hossein, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, de los Ángeles de Chorro y de Villa-Ceballos, María, Deschler-Erb, Sabine, Detry, Cleia, Dill, Nadine, do Mar Oom, Maria, Dohr, Anna, Ellingvåg, Sturla, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Fathi, Homa, Felkel, Sabine, Fernández-Rodríguez, Carlos, García-Viñas, Esteban, Germonpré, Mietje, Granado, José D., Hallsson, Jón H., Hemmer, Helmut, Hofreiter, Michael, Kasparov, Aleksei, Khasanov, Mutalib, Khazaeli, Roya, Kosintsev, Pavel, Kristiansen, Kristian, Kubatbek, Tabaldiev, Kuderna, Lukas, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Laleh, Haeedeh, Leonard, Jennifer A., Lhuillier, Johanna, Liesau von Lettow-Vorbeck, Corina, Logvin, Andrey, Lõugas, Lembi, Ludwig, Arne, Luis, Cristina, Arruda, Ana Margarida, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Matoso Silva, Raquel, Merz, Victor, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Miller, Bryan K., Monchalov, Oleg, Mohaseb, Fatemeh A., Morales, Arturo, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Nistelberger, Heidi, Onar, Vedat, Pálsdóttir, Albína H., Pitulko, Vladimir, Pitskhelauri, Konstantin, Pruvost, Mélanie, Rajic Sikanjic, Petra, Rapan Papeša, Anita, Roslyakova, Natalia, Sardari, Alireza, Sauer, Eberhard, Schafberg, Renate, Scheu, Amelie, Schibler, Jörg, Schlumbaum, Angela, Serrand, Nathalie, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Shapiro, Beth, Sheikhi Seno, Shiva, Shevnina, Irina, Shidrang, Sonia, Southon, John, Star, Bastiaan, Sykes, Naomi, Taheri, Kamal, Taylor, William, Teegen, Wolf-Rüdiger, Trbojević Vukičević, Tajana, Trixl, Simon, Tumen, Dashzeveg, Undrakhbold, Sainbileg, Usmanova, Emma, Vahdati, Ali, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Viegas, Catarina, Wallner, Barbara, Weinstock, Jaco, Zaibert, Victor, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Mashkour, Marjan, Helgason, Agnar, Stefánsson, Kári, Barrey, Eric, Willerslev, Eske, Outram, Alan K., Librado, Pablo, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2019
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10. Ancient genomes revisit the ancestry of domestic and Przewalski’s horses

Author

Gaunitz, Charleen, Fages, Antoine, Hanghøj, Kristian, Albrechtsen, Anders, Khan, Naveed, Schubert, Mikkel, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Owens, Ivy J., Felkel, Sabine, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, de Barros Damgaard, Peter, Mittnik, Alissa, Mohaseb, Azadeh F., Davoudi, Hossein, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Crubézy, Eric, Benecke, Norbert, Olsen, Sandra, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Massy, Ken, Pitulko, Vladimir, Kasparov, Aleksei, Brem, Gottfried, Hofreiter, Michael, Mukhtarova, Gulmira, Baimukhanov, Nurbol, Lõugas, Lembi, Onar, Vedat, Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Undrakhbold, Sainbileg, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Lepetz, Sébastien, Mashkour, Marjan, Ludwig, Arne, Wallner, Barbara, Merz, Victor, Merz, Ilja, Zaibert, Viktor, Willerslev, Eske, Librado, Pablo, Outram, Alan K., and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2018

12. Ancient genomic changes associated with domestication of the horse

Author

Librado, Pablo, Gamba, Cristina, Gaunitz, Charleen, Sarkissian, Clio Der, Pruvost, Mélanie, Albrechtsen, Anders, Fages, Antoine, Khan, Naveed, Schubert, Mikkel, Jagannathan, Vidhya, Serres-Armero, Aitor, Kuderna, Lukas F. K., Povolotskaya, Inna S., Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Lepetz, Sébastien, Neuditschko, Markus, Thèves, Catherine, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled, Rieder, Stefan, Samashev, Zainolla, Francfort, Henri-Paul, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Keyser, Christine, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Ludes, Bertrand, Crubézy, Eric, Leeb, Tosso, Willerslev, Eske, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2017

14. A method to investigate muscle target‐specific transcriptional signatures of single motor neurons.

Author

Berki, Bianka, Sacher, Fabio, Fages, Antoine, Tschopp, Patrick, and Luxey, Maëva

Subjects
MOTOR neurons, EMBRYOS, CELL differentiation, SPINAL cord, CHICKEN embryos, INNERVATION
Abstract

Background: Motor neurons in the vertebrate spinal cord have long served as a paradigm to study the transcriptional logic of cell type specification and differentiation. At limb levels, pool‐specific transcriptional signatures first restrict innervation to only one particular muscle in the periphery, and get refined, once muscle connection has been established. Accordingly, to study the transcriptional dynamics and specificity of the system, a method for establishing muscle target‐specific motor neuron transcriptomes would be required. Results: To investigate target‐specific transcriptional signatures of single motor neurons, here we combine ex‐ovo retrograde axonal labeling in mid‐gestation chicken embryos with manual isolation of individual fluorescent cells and Smart‐seq2 single‐cell RNA‐sequencing. We validate our method by injecting the dorsal extensor metacarpi radialis and ventral flexor digiti quarti wing muscles and harvesting a total of 50 fluorescently labeled cells, in which we detect up to 12,000 transcribed genes. Additionally, we present visual cues and cDNA metrics predictive of sequencing success. Conclusions: Our method provides a unique approach to study muscle target‐specific motor neuron transcriptomes at a single‐cell resolution. We anticipate that our method will provide key insights into the transcriptional logic underlying motor neuron pool specialization and proper neuromuscular circuit assembly and refinement. Key Findings: Ex‐ovo culturing conditions for chicken embryos.Injection of individual limb muscles and retrograde labeling of connected motor neurons.Neural tube dissociation and manual cell picking of individual labeled motor neurons.Muscle target‐specific transcriptional signatures via single motor neuron Smart‐seq2 sequencing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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15. The genomic history and global expansion of domestic donkeys.

Author

Todd, Evelyn T., Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Chauvey, Loreleï, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Fages, Antoine, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Clavel, Pierre, Khan, Naveed, Pardal, Lucía Pérez, Rosa, Laura Patterson, Librado, Pablo, Ringbauer, Harald, Verdugo, Marta, Southon, John, Aury, Jean-Marc, Perdereau, Aude, Vila, Emmanuelle, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, and Tecchiati, Umberto

Published
2022
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16. Evolutionary Genomics and Conservation of the Endangered Przewalski’s Horse

Author

Der Sarkissian, Clio, Ermini, Luca, Schubert, Mikkel, Yang, Melinda A., Librado, Pablo, Fumagalli, Matteo, Jónsson, Hákon, Bar-Gal, Gila Kahila, Albrechtsen, Anders, Vieira, Filipe G., Petersen, Bent, Ginolhac, Aurélien, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Magnussen, Kim, Fages, Antoine, Gamba, Cristina, Lorente-Galdos, Belen, Polani, Sagi, Steiner, Cynthia, Neuditschko, Markus, Jagannathan, Vidhya, Feh, Claudia, Greenblatt, Charles L., Ludwig, Arne, Abramson, Natalia I., Zimmermann, Waltraut, Schafberg, Renate, Tikhonov, Alexei, Sicheritz-Ponten, Thomas, Willerslev, Eske, Marques-Bonet, Tomas, Ryder, Oliver A., McCue, Molly, Rieder, Stefan, Leeb, Tosso, Slatkin, Montgomery, and Orlando, Ludovic

Published
2015
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17. Early pastoral economies along the Ancient Silk Road: Biomolecular evidence from the Alay Valley, Kyrgyzstan.

Author

Taylor, William, Shnaider, Svetlana, Abdykanova, Aida, Fages, Antoine, Welker, Frido, Irmer, Franziska, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Khan, Naveed, Douka, Katerina, Kolobova, Ksenia, Orlando, Ludovic, Krivoshapkin, Andrei, and Boivin, Nicole

Subjects
BIOMOLECULAR archaeology, SOCIAL development, TRADE routes, HOLOCENE Epoch, SILK Road
Abstract

The Silk Road was an important trade route that channeled trade goods, people, plants, animals, and ideas across the continental interior of Eurasia, fueling biotic exchange and key social developments across the Old World. Nestled between the Pamir and Alay ranges at a baseline elevation of nearly 3000m, Kyrgyzstan’s high Alay Valley forms a wide geographic corridor that comprised one of the primary channels of the ancient Silk Road. Recent archaeological survey reveals a millennia-long history of pastoral occupation of Alay from the early Bronze Age through the Medieval period, and a stratified Holocene sequence at the site of Chegirtke Cave. Faunal remains were recovered from test excavations as well as surface collection of material from recent marmot activity. Although recovered specimens were highly fragmented and mostly unidentifiable using traditional zooarchaeological methods, species identification via collagen mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) coupled with sex and first-generation hybrid identification through ancient DNA enabled preliminary characterization of the animal economy of Alay herders. Our new results indicate primary reliance on sheep at Chegirtke Cave (ca. 2200 BCE), with cattle and goat also present. The discovery of a large grinding stone at a spatially associated Bronze or Iron Age habitation structure suggests a mixed agropastoral economic strategy, rather than a unique reliance on domestic animals. Radiocarbon-dated faunal assemblages from habitation structures at nearby localities in the Alay Valley demonstrate the presence of domestic horse, as well as Bactrian camel during later periods. The current study reveals that agropastoral occupation of the high-mountain Alay corridor started millennia before the formal establishment of the Silk Road, and posits that ZooMS, when paired with radiocarbon dates and ancient DNA, is a powerful and cost-effective tool for investigating shifts in the use of animal domesticates in early pastoral economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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18. Experimental conditions improving in-solution target enrichment for ancient DNA.

Author

Cruz‐Dávalos, Diana I., Llamas, Bastien, Gaunitz, Charleen, Fages, Antoine, Gamba, Cristina, Soubrier, Julien, Librado, Pablo, Seguin‐Orlando, Andaine, Pruvost, Mélanie, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Alquraishi, Saleh A., Al‐Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Scheu, Amelie, Beneke, Norbert, Ludwig, Arne, Cooper, Alan, Willerslev, Eske, and Orlando, Ludovic

Subjects
HIGH throughput screening (Drug development), SHOTGUN sequencing, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA, DNA probes, SPECIES hybridization
Abstract

High-throughput sequencing has dramatically fostered ancient DNA research in recent years. Shotgun sequencing, however, does not necessarily appear as the best-suited approach due to the extensive contamination of samples with exogenous environmental microbial DNA. DNA capture-enrichment methods represent cost-effective alternatives that increase the sequencing focus on the endogenous fraction, whether it is from mitochondrial or nuclear genomes, or parts thereof. Here, we explored experimental parameters that could impact the efficacy of MYbaits in-solution capture assays of ~5000 nuclear loci or the whole genome. We found that varying quantities of the starting probes had only moderate effect on capture outcomes. Starting DNA, probe tiling, the hybridization temperature and the proportion of endogenous DNA all affected the assay, however. Additionally, probe features such as their GC content, number of CpG dinucleotides, sequence complexity and entropy and self-annealing properties need to be carefully addressed during the design stage of the capture assay. The experimental conditions and probe molecular features identified in this study will improve the recovery of genetic information extracted from degraded and ancient remains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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19. The Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Makeup of Domestic Horses.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Fages, Antoine, Gaunitz, Charleen, Leonardi, Michela, Wagner, Stefanie, Khan, Naveed, Hanghøj, Kristian, Alquraishi, Saleh A., Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A., Sarkissian, Clio Der, Schubert, Mikkel, and Orlando, Ludovic

Subjects
*BIOLOGICAL evolution, *HORSES, *BIOLOGICAL extinction, *ANIMAL breeds, *DOMESTICATION of animals, *COMPARATIVE genomics, *GENETICS
Abstract

The horse was domesticated only 5.5 KYA, thousands of years after dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. The horse nonetheless represents the domestic animal that most impacted human history; providing us with rapid transportation, which has considerably changed the speed and magnitude of the circulation of goods and people, as well as their cultures and diseases. By revolutionizing warfare and agriculture, horses also deeply influenced the politico-economic trajectory of human societies. Reciprocally, human activities have circled back on the recent evolution of the horse, by creating hundreds of domestic breeds through selective programs, while leading all wild populations to near extinction. Despite being tightly associated with humans, several aspects in the evolution of the domestic horse remain controversial. Here, we review recent advances in comparative genomics and paleogenomics that helped advance our understanding of the genetic foundation of domestic horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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20. Rewilded horses in European nature conservation – a genetics, ethics, and welfare perspective.

Author

Lovász, Lilla, Sommer‐Trembo, Carolin, Barth, Julia M.I., Scasta, John D., Grancharova‐Hill, Ralitsa, Lemoine, Rhys T., Kerekes, Viola, Merckling, Léa, Bouskila, Amos, Svenning, Jens‐Christian, and Fages, Antoine

Subjects
*WILD horses, *NATURE conservation, *BIRTH control, *ANIMAL diseases, *GENETIC variation, *WILDLIFE reintroduction
Abstract

ABSTRACT In recent decades, the integration of horses (Equus ferus) in European rewilding initiatives has gained widespread popularity due to their potential for regulating vegetation and restoring natural ecosystems. However, employing horses in conservation efforts presents important challenges, which we here explore and discuss. These challenges encompass the lack of consensus on key terms inherent to conservation and rewilding, the entrenched culture and strong emotions associated with horses, low genetic diversity and high susceptibility to hereditary diseases in animals under human selection, as well as insufficient consideration for the social behaviour of horses in wild‐living populations. In addition, management of wild‐living horses involves intricate welfare, ethics and legislative dimensions. Anthropocentric population‐control initiatives may be detrimental to horse group structures since they tend to prioritise individual welfare over the health of populations and ecosystems. To overcome these challenges, we provide comprehensive recommendations. These involve a systematic acquisition of genetic information, a focus on genetic diversity rather than breed purity and minimal veterinary intervention in wild‐living populations. Further, we advise allowing for natural top‐down and bottom‐up control – or, if impossible, simulating this by culling or non‐lethal removal of horses – instead of using fertility control for population management. We advocate for intensified collaboration between conservation biologists and practitioners and enhanced communication with the general public. Decision‐making should be informed by a thorough understanding of the genetic makeup, common health issues and dynamics, and social behaviour in wild‐living horse populations. Such a holistic approach is essential to reconcile human emotions associated with horses with the implementation of conservation practices that are not only effective but also sustainable for the long‐term viability of functional, biodiverse ecosystems, while rehabilitating the horse as a widespread wild‐living species in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 BCE in Eurasia.

Author

Librado P, Tressières G, Chauvey L, Fages A, Khan N, Schiavinato S, Calvière-Tonasso L, Kusliy MA, Gaunitz C, Liu X, Wagner S, Der Sarkissian C, Seguin-Orlando A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Southon J, Shapiro B, Bouchez O, Donnadieu C, Collin YRH, Gregersen KM, Jessen MD, Christensen K, Claudi-Hansen L, Pruvost M, Pucher E, Vulic H, Novak M, Rimpf A, Turk P, Reiter S, Brem G, Schwall C, Barrey É, Robert C, Degueurce C, Horwitz LK, Klassen L, Rasmussen U, Kveiborg J, Johannsen NN, Makowiecki D, Makarowicz P, Szeliga M, Ilchyshyn V, Rud V, Romaniszyn J, Mullin VE, Verdugo M, Bradley DG, Cardoso JL, Valente MJ, Telles Antunes M, Ameen C, Thomas R, Ludwig A, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Granado J, Schlumbaum A, Deschler-Erb S, Mráz MS, Boulbes N, Gardeisen A, Mayer C, Döhle HJ, Vicze M, Kosintsev PA, Kyselý R, Peške L, O'Connor T, Ananyevskaya E, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Kovalev AA, Iderkhangai TO, Sablin MV, Dashkovskiy PK, Graphodatsky AS, Merts I, Merts V, Kasparov AK, Pitulko VV, Onar V, Öztan A, Arbuckle BS, McColl H, Renaud G, Khaskhanov R, Demidenko S, Kadieva A, Atabiev B, Sundqvist M, Lindgren G, López-Cachero FJ, Albizuri S, Trbojević Vukičević T, Rapan Papeša A, Burić M, Rajić Šikanjić P, Weinstock J, Asensio Vilaró D, Codina F, García Dalmau C, Morer de Llorens J, Pou J, de Prado G, Sanmartí J, Kallala N, Torres JR, Maraoui-Telmini B, Belarte Franco MC, Valenzuela-Lamas S, Zazzo A, Lepetz S, Duchesne S, Alexeev A, Bayarsaikhan J, Houle JL, Bayarkhuu N, Turbat T, Crubézy É, Shingiray I, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Korobov DS, Belinskiy A, Kalmykov A, Demoule JP, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Wallner B, Roslyakova N, Kuznetsov PF, Tishkin AA, Wincker P, Kanne K, Outram A, and Orlando L

Subjects
Animals, Female, Male, Asia, Europe, Genome genetics, History, Ancient, Reproduction, Phylogeny, Animal Husbandry history, Domestication, Horses classification, Horses genetics, Transportation history, Transportation methods
Abstract

Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility 1 . However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious 2-4 . Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier 3,5 . Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses 6,7 . This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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22. Early dispersal of domestic horses into the Great Plains and northern Rockies.

Author

Taylor WTT, Librado P, American Horse CJ, Shield Chief Gover C, Arterberry J, Afraid of Bear-Cook AL, Left Heron H, Yellow Hair RM, Gonzalez M, Means B, High Crane S, Yellow Bull WW, Dull Knife B, Afraid of Bear A, Tecumseh Collin C, Ward C, Pasqual TA, Chauvey L, Tonasso-Calviere L, Schiavinato S, Seguin-Orlando A, Fages A, Khan N, Der Sarkissian C, Liu X, Wagner S, Leonard BG, Manzano BL, O'Malley N, Leonard JA, Bernáldez-Sánchez E, Barrey E, Charliquart L, Robbe E, Denoblet T, Gregersen K, Vershinina AO, Weinstock J, Rajić Šikanjić P, Mashkour M, Shingiray I, Aury JM, Perdereau A, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Trbojević Vukičević T, Buric M, Sauer E, Lucas M, Brenner-Coltrain J, Bozell JR, Thornhill CA, Monagle V, Perri A, Newton C, Hall WE, Conver JL, Le Roux P, Buckser SG, Gabe C, Belardi JB, Barrón-Ortiz CI, Hart IA, Ryder C, Sponheimer M, Shapiro B, Southon J, Hibbs J, Faulkner C, Outram A, Patterson Rosa L, Palermo K, Solé M, William A, McCrory W, Lindgren G, Brooks S, Eché C, Donnadieu C, Bouchez O, Wincker P, Hodgins G, Trabert S, Bethke B, Roberts P, Jones EL, Running Horse Collin Y, and Orlando L

Subjects
Animals, Humans, Archaeology, United States, Horses, Domestication, Animals, Domestic
Abstract

The horse is central to many Indigenous cultures across the American Southwest and the Great Plains. However, when and how horses were first integrated into Indigenous lifeways remain contentious, with extant models derived largely from colonial records. We conducted an interdisciplinary study of an assemblage of historic archaeological horse remains, integrating genomic, isotopic, radiocarbon, and paleopathological evidence. Archaeological and modern North American horses show strong Iberian genetic affinities, with later influx from British sources, but no Viking proximity. Horses rapidly spread from the south into the northern Rockies and central plains by the first half of the 17th century CE, likely through Indigenous exchange networks. They were deeply integrated into Indigenous societies before the arrival of 18th-century European observers, as reflected in herd management, ceremonial practices, and culture.

Published
2023
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