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Abstract Background The importance of physical education in higher education is widely recognized, as it improves not only exercise attitudes and motor skills but also physical fitness, social skills, and academic performance. However, physical education courses in Chinese colleges and universities face various constraints, such as a shortage of teachers, limited teaching methods, and insufficient resources, resulting in low student motor skills, negative attitudes toward sports, and low participation rates. This study explores the effectiveness of a blended learning model, which integrates traditional face-to-face instruction with online learning components, in improving university students’ exercise attitudes and basketball skills. Methods The research was conducted in 2022 at Luoyang Normal University in China, utilizing a cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) with 78 healthy first-year university students. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (blended learning) or the control group (traditional learning), and the intervention lasted 16 weeks. Exercise attitudes were assessed via the Exercise Attitude Scale, whereas basketball skills were evaluated via set shot and half-court dribbling and shooting tests. Results Both instructional models improved students’ exercise attitudes and basketball skills; however, the blended learning model demonstrated significantly superior outcomes. Effect sizes (d) ranging from 0.57 to 1.92 indicated that the experimental group showed greater improvements in behavior attitude, target attitude, behavior cognition, behavior intention, emotional experience, behavior control, and subjective standards. In basketball skills, the experimental group outperformed the control group in set shots (d = 0.56) and half-court dribbling and shooting (d = 0.46). Conclusion Compared with traditional methods, blended learning significantly enhances university students’ exercise attitudes and basketball skills. Future research should explore the long-term effects and underlying mechanisms of blended learning in physical education, involving larger and more diverse samples to validate these findings.

IntroductionThis study explores the role of physical activity, exercise attitude, and sleep quality in college students’ happiness, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for improving college students’ mental health.MethodsThe study employed a whole group sampling method, utilizing a physical activity level scale, exercise attitude scale, sleep quality scale, and happiness scale. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1,308 college students from four universities in China.ResultsThe analysis yielded three key findings: (1) Physical activity significantly improves college students’ happiness, and this improvement can be achieved through direct and indirect effects. (2) Positive exercise attitude plays an important mediating role between physical activity and happiness, and a high level of exercise attitude can enhance happiness. In addition, the effect of physical activity on happiness is most significant through exercise attitude. (3) Although sleep quality did not significantly mediate the relationship between physical activity and happiness alone, it played a positive role in the chain mediation path of “physical activity → exercise attitude → sleep quality → happiness.”DiscussionThe discovery of the chain mediation path shows that physical activity not only affects happiness, but also indirectly affects college students’ happiness through the combined effects of psychological and physiological factors.

Abstract Background The “Double Reduction” policy published in China provides a new opportunity to increase youth sports. Based on the perspective of parents’ influence on their children, this study aimed to explore the impact of parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy on youth off-campus sports. Methods This study was conducted empirically through a nationwide sample survey to analyze the relationship between parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy, parental education anxiety, and parental attitudes toward children’s participation in sports and youth off-campus sports to construct and verify a conditional process model. Results Parental awareness of the “Double Reduction” policy had a significant positive impact on their children’s off-campus sports (β = 0.103, SE = 0.018, P

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the moderation effects of affective attitude on the effects of cognitive attitude and intention on leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: A total of 2100 undergraduate students completed validated instruments measuring their affective and cognitive attitude, intention to do MVPA, and leisure-time MVPA. Hierarchical regression analyses and Hayes' Process program (model 1 and model 58) were used to address the research questions. Results: The results showed that affective attitude significantly moderated the effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA. It suggested that when affective attitude was negative, the effect of cognitive attitude on MVPA was not significant; when it was positive, the higher the value of affective attitude score, the larger the effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA. The results also showed that affective attitude significantly moderated the effect of intention on MVPA and the indirect effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA through intention. It suggested that the higher the value of the affective attitude, the larger the effects of intention on MVPA and the larger the indirect effects of cognitive attitude on MVPA through intention. Conclusions:These results indicate that the moderating role of affective attitude in behavior change is important and should be considered for future theory development on the relationship between attitude and behavior. Practically, it suggests that people's affective attitude should be first understood and addressed when designing PA promotion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The "Double Reduction" policy published in China provides a new opportunity to increase youth sports. Based on the perspective of parents' influence on their children, this study aimed to explore the impact of parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy on youth off-campus sports. Methods: This study was conducted empirically through a nationwide sample survey to analyze the relationship between parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy, parental education anxiety, and parental attitudes toward children's participation in sports and youth off-campus sports to construct and verify a conditional process model. Results: Parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy had a significant positive impact on their children's off-campus sports (β = 0.103, SE = 0.018, P < 0.01), but had a significant negative impact on parental education anxiety (β = -0.305, SE = 0.032, P < 0.01) which showed a significant negative effect on their children's off-campus sports (β = -0.114, SE = 0.011, P < 0.01) and played a significant intermediary role between parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy and children's off-campus sports (β = 0.031, 95%CI: 0.020 ~ 0.044). All dimensions of parental education anxiety showed different characteristics with only academic achievement anxiety (β = 0.034, 95%CI: 0.021 ~ 0.047), parent–child interaction anxiety (β = 0.027, 95%CI: 0.014 ~ 0.038), and learning attitude anxiety (β = 0.024, 95%CI: 0.015 ~ 0.033) presenting significant mediating effects. The interaction between parental education anxiety and parental attitudes toward children's sports significantly positively impacted youth off-campus sports (β = 0.008, SE = 0.001, P < 0.01). The moderating role of parental attitudes toward their children's participation in off-campus sports, indicating it was significant (95%CI: 0.005 ~ 0.011) along the pathway of parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy to parental education anxiety to youth off-campus sports. Conclusions: Parental awareness of the "Double Reduction" policy has a positive impact on youth off-campus sports. Parents' anxiety about their children's academic achievement, parent–child interaction anxiety, and learning attitude anxiety mediate in the process model. Parental attitudes toward sports can magnify the relationship between their education anxiety and youth off-campus sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between parental cognitive awareness (criticality, disruption and novelty cognition) of DBR, educational anxiety, and attitudes toward students' physical exercise and students' extracurricular physical exercise so as to construct and verify a conditional process model. Methods: We adopted a stratified random cluster sampling approach and conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey with 2,700 junior high school students and their parents across 9 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Results: Parents generally had a certain degree of cognitive awareness of DBR. Criticality cognition and disruption cognition had a significant positive impact on junior high school students' extracurricular physical exercise (β = 0.24, p < 0.01; β = 0.04, p < 0.05), but the effect of novelty cognition was not significant (β = -0.04, p = 0.06). Parents' educational anxiety played a significant mediating role in parents' cognition of DBR and students' extracurricular physical exercise (criticality cognition: β = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03-0.06; disruption cognition: β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.31- 0.42). Parents' attitude toward students' exercise also played a significant positive moderating effect in the mediation model (criticality cognition: β = 0.014, 95% CI: 0.002-0.031; disruption cognition: β = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.007-0.013). Conclusion: Parents' novelty, disruption, and criticality cognition of DBR have different effects on parents' education anxiety and students' extracurricular physical exercise, in which parental educational anxiety mediates the influence of DBR cognition on students' extracurricular physical exercise, while attitudes toward students' extracurricular physical exercise positively moderates the mediating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to explore to how exercise experience affects the aggression of college students and the mediating effects of mood and exercise attitude in COVID-19. Methods: A questionnaire survey [The Subjective Exercise Experience Scale (SEES); Profile of Mood State (POMS); Exercise Attitude Scale; and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ)] was conducted among 1,006 college students. Results: Exercise experience had a significant effect on aggression. The direct effect of exercise well-being was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. The direct effect of exercise distress was not significant, but indirectly affected the aggression through independent mediation and chain mediation of mood and exercise attitude. Conclusion: Mood and exercise attitude are powerful factors to alleviate the impact of exercise experience on aggression during the pandemic. Actively adjusting the mood and exercise attitude from a cognitive perspective may be an effective way to promote college students' physical exercise and reduce aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to determine the direct and indirect effects of cognitive and affective attitudes on leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviour in an integrated model constructed based on the theory of planned behaviour and the behavioural affective associations model. A total of 2100 undergraduate students completed the validated measures of cognitive attitude, affective attitude, intention, and leisure-time MVPA. Structure equation modelling and two mediation analyses were conducted to address the research questions. Cognitive attitude influenced leisure-time MVPA through three indirect pathways: cognitive attitude→affective attitude→MVPA, cognitive attitude→intention→MVPA, cognitive attitude→affective attitude→intention→MVPA. Affective attitude influenced leisure-time MVPA through one direct pathway and one indirect pathway: affective attitude→intention→MVPA. In addition, this study showed that cognitive attitude had similar total effects on leisure-time MVPA with affective attitude. These findings imply that (a) the effects of cognitive attitude on PA behaviour tend to be more complicated and more indirect than affective attitude. (b) Cognitive attitude should be valued at the same level as affective attitude in PA behaviour change because of its total effect size and its role of serving as an important building block of PA behaviour change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study employed the theory of planned behavior as a research framework to analyze the explanatory power of exercise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on exercise intention among older adults and to obtain insight on exercise behavior among older adults. The study used Ajzen's theory of planning behavior as a basis to compile the "Exercise Behavior Intention Questionnaire of the Older Adults." Results showed that there were significant differences were detected in the exercise intentions of older adults with different subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. This indicated that older adults of greater age have a greater need for companionship from family members and stronger subjective norms. In addition, exercise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control explained the variance in exercise intention among older adults, verifying the positive explanatory power of these variables on exercise intention in older adults. The study concluded that the theory of planned behavior, improving older adults' exercise attitude alone was insufficient for increasing their exercise behavior intention. In particular, older adults of greater age had greater needs for social support from the main groups, and they required encouragement to enhance their self-efficacy and confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the differences of college students' attitudes toward physical activity (PA) with different intensities and the contributions of students' cognitive and affective attitude to their global attitude toward PA. Design: This study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 159 college students completed validated measures of global, cognitive, and affective attitude for general, vigorous, moderate, and light PA, respectively. Repeated-measure one-way ANOVAs were conducted to determine the differences of students' attitude toward PA with different intensities. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine the contributions of cognitive and affective attitude to global attitude for each type of PA. Results: Students had significantly higher levels of cognitive attitude toward moderate PA than vigorous and light PA. They had significantly higher levels of affective attitude toward light PA than moderate and vigorous PA and higher levels of affective attitude toward moderate PA than vigorous PA. They also had significantly lower levels of global attitude toward vigorous PA than light and moderate PA. This study also showed that both cognitive and affective attitude contributed to global attitude and cognitive attitude had a stronger influence than affective attitude. Conclusions: College students tend to have different levels of cognitive, affective, and global attitude toward PA with different intensities. Interventions targeting at cognitive beliefs about PA may be more effective to change college students' attitude toward PA than targeting at feeling or emotions attached to PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study employed the theory of planned behavior as a research framework to analyze the explanatory power of exercise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on exercise intention among older adults and to obtain insight on exercise behavior among older adults. The study used Ajzen's theory of planning behavior as a basis to compile the "Exercise Behavior Intention Questionnaire of the Older Adults." Results showed that there were significant differences were detected in the exercise intentions of older adults with different subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. This indicated that older adults of greater age have a greater need for companionship from family members and stronger subjective norms. In addition, exercise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control explained the variance in exercise intention among older adults, verifying the positive explanatory power of these variables on exercise intention in older adults. The study concluded that the theory of planned behavior, improving older adults' exercise attitude alone was insufficient for increasing their exercise behavior intention. In particular, older adults of greater age had greater needs for social support from the main groups, and they required encouragement to enhance their self-efficacy and confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using a qualitative approach, this study explored attitudes, social support and barriers influencing long-term exercise adherence among five older patients with cardiac disease. Results found that patients understood and valued the benefits of health-related exercise, thereby demonstrating positive exercise attitudes. Some patients, however were unsure of the recommended guidelines for producing exercise benefits. Introducing into exercise rehabilitation programmes strategies to assess knowledge of exercise guidelines may prove useful in confirming patients' understanding of these guidelines. Future research into the effectiveness of such strategies is recommended. Support from family, friends, and health professionals was found to be important in long-term exercise adherence. Some patients, however were unhappy with the nature of support provided. While doctors encouraged patients to exercise, not all prescribed exercise because they knew little about the referral schemes available. This suggests the need to evaluate service provision to ensure that doctors are informed and active in prescribing exercise. Barriers, such as poor health and lower body limitations, did not prevent exercise per se, however they did prevent patients exercising at levels recommended to protect against disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To validate the Senior Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (SPPLI). Methods: In the pilot study, we refined the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI, Cronbach’s α = 0.94, initially designed for adults) into SPPLI using internal reliability, content validity, and construct validity results. A total of 341 older adults recruited from community centers in Southern Taiwan participated in the study. A principle component analysis (PCA) identified three components of SPPLI. Results: Eleven items were captured from the 18-item PPLI as the SPPLI (Cronbach’s α = 0.90). SPPLI exhibits three components: attitude toward physical activity, physical activity ability, and sociality around physical activity. Significant differences were discovered in physical activity ability by educational attainment (p < 0.05) and in all three components by stage of exercise (maintenance vs. non-maintenance) (p < 0.05). The SPPLI possesses proper reliability and validity to assess physical literacy among older adults. Conclusions: This instrument is suggested for physical literacy assessments in physical activity programs to assess the needs of older adults and/or the effectiveness of an intervention program that aims to improve the attitude, ability, and sociality of physical activity.

Background : Self-rated health (SRH) is consistent with objective health status and can serve as a global measure of health status in the general population. The purpose of this study is to find the connections of dietary habits, leisure-time exercise, exercise attitude, and body mass index (BMI) to SRH among college students. Methods : The "dietary⁻exercise attitude and SRH" questionnaire was developed to investigate college students in Taiwan through the Internet. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the relationship among them. Results : The reliability and validity were confirmed using PLS-SEM. The results found exercise habits, dietary habits, and BMI explained 26.5% of SRH. Poor dietary habits and being overweight led to bad health status (negative path coefficients to SRH). Additionally, the study found that positive exercise attitude had a positive relationship with exercise habits. Conclusions : Based on the results, college students should be well-informed of the potential threat of poor dietary habits and being overweight to health and should improve their attitude with respect to exercise so as to prevent overweight-related diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.