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Once daily milking (ODM) induces a reduction in milk production when compared to twice daily milking (TDM). Unilateral ODM of one udder half and TDM of the other half, enables the study of underlying mechanisms independently of inter-individual variability (same genetic background) and of environmental factors. Our results show that in first-calf heifers three CpG, located 10 kb upstream from the CSN1S1 gene were methylated to 33, 34 and 28%, respectively, after TDM but these levels were higher after ODM, 38, 38 and 33%, respectively. These methylation levels were much lower than those observed in the mammary gland during pregnancy (57, 59 and 50%, respectively) or in the liver (74, 78 and 61%, respectively). The methylation level of a fourth CpG (CpG4), located close by (29% during TDM) was not altered after ODM. CpG4 methylation reached 39.7% and 59.5%, during pregnancy or in the liver, respectively. CpG4 is located within a weak STAT5 binding element, arranged in tandem with a second high affinity STAT5 element. STAT5 binding is only marginally modulated by CpG4 methylation, but it may be altered by the methylation levels of the three other CpG nearby. Our results therefore shed light on mechanisms that help to explain how milk production is almost, but not fully, restored when TDM is resumed (15.1 ± 0.2 kg/day instead of 16.2 ± 0.2 kg/day, p

In eukaryotes, the interphase nucleus is organized in morphologically and/or functionally distinct nuclear "compartments". Numerous studies highlight functional relationships between the spatial organization of the nucleus and gene regulation. This raises the question of whether nuclear organization principles exist and, if so, whether they are identical in the animal and plant kingdoms. We addressed this issue through the investigation of the three-dimensional distribution of the centromeres and chromocenters. We investigated five very diverse populations of interphase nuclei at different differentiation stages in their physiological environment, belonging to rabbit embryos at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages, differentiated rabbit mammary epithelial cells during lactation, and differentiated cells of Arabidopsis thaliana plantlets. We developed new tools based on the processing of confocal images and a new statistical approach based on G- and F- distance functions used in spatial statistics. Our original computational scheme takes into account both size and shape variability by comparing, for each nucleus, the observed distribution against a reference distribution estimated by Monte-Carlo sampling over the same nucleus. This implicit normalization allowed similar data processing and extraction of rules in the five differentiated nuclei populations of the three studied biological systems, despite differences in chromosome number, genome organization and heterochromatin content. We showed that centromeres/chromocenters form significantly more regularly spaced patterns than expected under a completely random situation, suggesting that repulsive constraints or spatial inhomogeneities underlay the spatial organization of heterochromatic compartments. The proposed technique should be useful for identifying further spatial features in a wide range of cell types.

En élevage bovin, une part importante de la variance phénotypique échappe à la sélection génétique, car l’expression des gènes qui contrôlent les caractères d’intérêt est déterminée par des facteurs à la fois génétiques et environnementaux. Une meilleure maîtrise des mécanismes épigénétiques, qui traduisent l’impact environnemental au niveau du génome, permettrait ainsi de mieux contrôler le phénotype des animaux. Dans cette revue, nous décrivons brièvement les processus épigénétiques, puis nous évoquons, à travers plusieurs exemples principalement issus de travaux menés à INRAE, le rôle majeur de l’épigénome dans la construction du phénotype chez le bovin. Nous mentionnons en particulier la façon dont certains facteurs environnementaux modifient les marques épigénétiques, ce qui entraîne des effets variables sur les caractères de fertilité, de développement, de santé et de production laitière. Le potentiel d’utilisation de marqueurs épigénétiques dans le cadre d’un élevage de précision et en complément des analyses d’association entre génotype et phénotype menées en sélection génomique est également discuté.