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Abstract In-office bleaching, using hydrogen peroxide, is effective to remove dental enamel stains. However, bleaching agents can deteriorate surface properties of CAD-CAM materials. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of in-office bleaching agents on Vickers hardness and surface topography of polished and unpolished dental CAD-CAM composite materials (Grandio blocs, Lava Ultimate, BRILLIANT Crios, Cerasmart), and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network block (Vita Enamic). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups: unpolished or polished. The micro-hardness and surface topography of each group were measured before bleaching, after a 60 min bleaching period, and 24-h and one-month post-bleaching. In-office bleaching significantly influenced the Vickers hardness of both the polished and unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks, with Vita Enamic exhibiting the least hardness stability among all groups. Furthermore, in-office bleaching significantly influenced the surface roughness of unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks. There was a significant difference in hardness reduction between the polished and unpolished specimens for most of the investigated materials at different time points. The bleaching did not influence the surface roughness of the investigated polished group, except for Vita Enamic and Lava Ultimate. However, it did influence the surface roughness of the investigated materials in the unpolished group.

Abstract Background Mechanical surface treatments can deteriorate the mechanical properties of zirconia. This study evaluated and compared the biaxial flexural strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance of high translucency (HT) to low translucency (LT) zirconia after various mechanical surface treatments. Methods Four hundred eighty zirconia discs were prepared by milling and sintering two HT (Katana and BruxZir) and LT (Cercon and Lava) zirconia blocks at targeted dimensions of 12 mm diameter × 1.2 mm thickness. Sintered zirconia discs received one of the following surface treatments: low-pressure airborne particle abrasion (APA) using 50 µm alumina particles, grinding using 400 grit silicon carbide paper, while as-sintered specimens served as control. Internal structure and surface roughness were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a non-contact laser profilometer, respectively. Half of the discs were tested for initial biaxial flexural strength, while the rest was subjected to 106 cyclic fatigue loadings, followed by measuring the residual biaxial flexural strength. Fractured surfaces were examined for critical size defects (c) using SEM to calculate the fracture toughness (KIC). The effect of surface treatments, zirconia type, and cyclic fatigue on the biaxial flexural strength was statistically analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Weibull analysis was done to evaluate the reliability of the flexural strength for different materials. Results The initial biaxial flexural strength of LT zirconia was significantly higher (p

Purpose: This study investigated and compared the bond strengths, microleakage, microgaps, and marginal adaptation of self-adhesive resin composites (SAC) to dentin with or without universal adhesives. Materials and Methods: Dentin surfaces of 75 molars were prepared for shear and microtensile bond strength testing (SBS and μTBS). Silicon molds were used to build up direct restorations using the following materials to form 5 groups: 1. Surefil One; 2. Prime&Bond active Universal Adhesive + Surefil One; 3. Vertise Flow; 4. OptiBond Universal + Vertise Flow; 5. Scotchbond Universal + Filtek Z500 (control group). Bonded specimens were thermocycled 10,000x before being tested either for SBS or μTBS using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. Direct mesial and distal class-II cavities were created on 100 sound premolars, with the gingival margin of distal cavities placed below CEJ and restored according to the five groups. After thermocycling, microleakage scores were assessed following immersion of restored premolars in 2% methylene blue dye for 24h, while marginal gaps and adaptation percentages were investigated on epoxy resin replicas under SEM at magnifications of 2000X and 200X, respectively. Results were statistically analyzed with parametric and non-parametric tests as applicable, with a level of significance set at a = 0.05. Results: Bond strengths, microleakage scores, microgaps, and percent marginal adaptation of Surefil One and Vertise Flow were significantly (p<0.001) inferior to the control group. Dentin preconditioning with universal adhesives significantly increased the study parameter outcomes of Surefil One and Vertise Flow, yet they were still significantly below the performance of the control group. Conclusion: Conventional resin composite outperformed the SAC whether applied solely or in conjunction with their corresponding universal adhesives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zinc (Zn) salts have been tried for the prevention and treatment of neonatal jaundice as they are presumed to reduce serum bilirubin through the inhibition of enterohepatic circulation with controversial results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn sulfate on both bilirubin levels and the duration of phototherapy during the management of neonatal jaundice.Methods: A double-blinded prospective study was conducted on 60 healthy neonates, ≥36 weeks gestation, with unconjugated non-hemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy within the first week of life. They were divided into three groups of: A (n=20) receiving placebo, B (n=20) receiving low-dose oral Zn sulfate (10mg/day), and C (n=20) receiving high-dose oral Zn sulfate (20 mg/day), in combination with phototherapy for seven days. Serum bilirubin levels were measured on day 1 before starting the treatment and were reevaluated on days 3 and 7.Results: Day 3 bilirubin was significantly lower in group C, compared to groups A and B (12.36±2.50 vs. 13.99±1.59 and 13.65±1.67 mg%; P

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the home bleaching method on the surface microhardness and surface roughness of both polished and unpolished CAD-CAM resin composite materials. A polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) block, Enamic (VE), along with four resin composite blocks (RCB) (Grandio [GN], Lava™ Ultimate [LV], BRILLIANT Crios [B], and Cerasmart [CS]), were prepared to dimensions of 14 mm × 12 mm × 2 mm and were categorized into unpolished and polished groups (n = 4). Microhardness measurements were conducted using a Vickers microhardness tester (300 gf load for 20 s) at various time points: before home bleaching, after home bleaching with 15% Opalescence for 8 h and for 56 h, 24 h after bleaching, and one month after bleaching. Surface topography was examined using a stylus contact profilometer (n = 4) and a scanning electron microscope (n = 3) at ×40 k magnification. Control specimens from each group were also measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, two-way ANOVA and an independent t-test. The polished samples demonstrated a decrease in hardness after 8 h of bleaching, with the most significant reduction observed in VE, followed by GN, LV, CS, and BR. Significant differences were noted between all materials except for CS and LV. After 56 h, VE exhibited the greatest decrease in hardness, followed by GN, LV, BR, and CS, with significant differences between all materials except BR and CS. In the unpolished group, VE showed the highest reduction in hardness after 8 h of bleaching, followed by LV, GN, BR, and CS. After 56 h, the order was VE, LV, GN, CS, and BR, with significant differences observed between all materials except BR and CS. Similar trends in hardness reduction were observed at 24 h and 1 month post-bleaching. Additionally, hardness was significantly reduced after polishing for all materials. Overall, the reduction in hardness was significantly influenced by the type of material, the time, and the interaction between these factors (p < 0.05). Home bleaching using 15% carbamide peroxide significantly decreased microhardness. This effect was more pronounced in unpolished groups and with prolonged exposure. Further studies are recommended to determine the suitable concentration and duration of 15% carbamide peroxide application to ensure its use is safe for CAD-CAM materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Erosive acids might create surface flaws and deteriorate the mechanical properties of CAD-CAM materials. This invitro study aimed to investigate the effect of simulated gastric HCl and extrinsic erosive acids on surface microhardness and fracture toughness of CAD-CAM materials. Methods 400 bar-shaped specimens (17×4×2 mm3) were prepared from 4 different CAD-CAM dental materials (n = 100/group); monolithic zirconia (Ceramill Zolid HT+, Amanngirbach, Austria), lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), nanohybrid resin composite (Grandio Blocs, VOCO) and polymer-infiltrated glass network (Vita Enamic, VITA Zahnfabrik). Specimens from each material type were further subdivided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the erosive media applied (simulated gastric HCl, white wine, Coca-Cola®, orange juice, and artificial saliva that served as a control). Specimens were immersed for 24 h in an incubator at 37 ℃, then ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water and air-dried. Half of the specimens were tested for Vickers microhardness (VHN) at parameters of 500 gf for 10 s, while the rest of the specimens underwent 3-point flexure till fracture. Fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for fracture toughness (KIC) calculation using the quantitative fractographic analysis method. Data collected were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05) after verification of data normality and homogeneity of variances. Results Erosive media created surface flaws that lowered the surface microhardness of the material and initiated the fracture pattern under different loads according to material type. The material type was a more predominant factor than erosive media that affected either the microhardness or the fracture toughness of CAD-CAM dental materials. The highest VHN and KIC values were found among Ceramill Zolid HT+ groups followed by IPS e.max CAD and Grandio Blocs regardless of the erosive media employed. Erosive media significantly reduced the VHN and KIC in Vita Enamic specimens compared to the rest of the material types. Conclusion All CAD-CAM materials used, except Vita Enamic, showed high resistance against the erosive acids indicating higher longevity of the material in patients frequently exposed to either extrinsic or intrinsic acid.

In-office bleaching, using hydrogen peroxide, is effective to remove dental enamel stains. However, bleaching agents can deteriorate surface properties of CAD-CAM materials. This in vitro study aimed to investigate the effect of in-office bleaching agents on Vickers hardness and surface topography of polished and unpolished dental CAD-CAM composite materials (Grandio blocs, Lava Ultimate, BRILLIANT Crios, Cerasmart), and a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network block (Vita Enamic). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups: unpolished or polished. The micro-hardness and surface topography of each group were measured before bleaching, after a 60 min bleaching period, and 24-h and one-month post-bleaching. In-office bleaching significantly influenced the Vickers hardness of both the polished and unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks, with Vita Enamic exhibiting the least hardness stability among all groups. Furthermore, in-office bleaching significantly influenced the surface roughness of unpolished CAD/CAM composite blocks. There was a significant difference in hardness reduction between the polished and unpolished specimens for most of the investigated materials at different time points. The bleaching did not influence the surface roughness of the investigated polished group, except for Vita Enamic and Lava Ultimate. However, it did influence the surface roughness of the investigated materials in the unpolished group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the stability of anterior open bite (AOB) cases in adults treated with upper and lower extrusion arches, finding that after 1 year post-treatment, 85 percent of patients maintained positive overbite, supporting the stability of the treatment. Topics include the etiology of AOB, nonsurgical treatment approaches like extrusion arches, and the evaluation of stability using cephalometric measurements and the Photographic Openbite Severity Index.

Background: Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a serious complication of prematurity. While early diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management, determining high-risk neonates might prompt extra preventive measures. Low levels of Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) may predict the development of IVH in preterms. Aim of the study: to evaluate the association between CCL18 level in cord and peripheral blood and the incidence of IVH in preterm neonates. Patients and methods: This prospective cohort study included, 51 preterm neonates aged (29-32 weeks). Neonates with perinatal hypoxia, brain malformations, or major congenital malformations were excluded. CCL18 was analyzed in cord blood at birth and in the peripheral blood on day 2 of life. Cranial ultrasound scans were done on day 3 and day 7. Results: Out of the studied neonates, only 44 were enrolled, 18 males (40.9%) and 26 females (59.1%). The incidence of IVH was 52.3% (23/44). No statistical differences were observed in gestational age (p=0.59), weight (p=0.192), gender (p=0.139), maternal illness (p=0.355), and Apgar score (p=0.961) in both groups. Cord and blood CCL18 were comparable in patients with and without IVH (p=0.518 & p=0.70 respectively). Impaired neurological examination and low platelet count were significantly associated with IVH (p<0.05). Conclusion: The current work suggests that the CCL18 level in the cord or peripheral blood can't indicate preterm neonates at a higher risk of developing IVH. Through neurological examination, sequential cranial ultrasounds and platelet counts might be a more convenient tool for early detection of IVH in preterm babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ischemia modified albumin (IMA) rises promptly after an ischemic event and stays elevated for several hours. However, a knowledge gap still exists in terms of the association between intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and IMA levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to ascertain any potential relationships between cord blood IMA levels and IUGR in preterm newborns with or without complex gestations, Methods: A prospective case-control study included 80 mothers of preterm neonates (<37 gestational weeks). Based on antenatal ultrasound findings, eligible women were divided into two groups: case group including the women diagnosed antenatally with IUGR, and control group including women with normal fetal development. The analysis and quantification of the IMA levels was done using a double-antibody sandwich ELISA kit Results: The albumin level was significantly lower in the case group compared to the control group (3.18 ± 0.28 versus 3.88 ± 0.49; p <0.001), while the IMA level was significantly higher in the case group compared to the other group (145 (97.5 - 210) versus 40 (25-90); p <0.001). At a cut-off point of ≤ 3.4, the albumin had an AUC of 0.993, a sensitivity of 95%, and a specificity of 87.5% for differentiating IUGR. While the cut-off point of IMA of >50 had an AUC of 0.850, a sensitivity of 92.5%, and a specificity of 67.5% for prediction of IUGR. Conclusion: The levels of IMA and albumin in the cord blood have a strong correlation with the IUGR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanical surface treatments can deteriorate the mechanical properties of zirconia. This study evaluated and compared the biaxial flexural strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue resistance of high translucency (HT) to low translucency (LT) zirconia after various mechanical surface treatments. Methods: Four hundred eighty zirconia discs were prepared by milling and sintering two HT (Katana and BruxZir) and LT (Cercon and Lava) zirconia blocks at targeted dimensions of 12 mm diameter × 1.2 mm thickness. Sintered zirconia discs received one of the following surface treatments: low-pressure airborne particle abrasion (APA) using 50 µm alumina particles, grinding using 400 grit silicon carbide paper, while as-sintered specimens served as control. Internal structure and surface roughness were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a non-contact laser profilometer, respectively. Half of the discs were tested for initial biaxial flexural strength, while the rest was subjected to 106 cyclic fatigue loadings, followed by measuring the residual biaxial flexural strength. Fractured surfaces were examined for critical size defects (c) using SEM to calculate the fracture toughness (KIC). The effect of surface treatments, zirconia type, and cyclic fatigue on the biaxial flexural strength was statistically analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Weibull analysis was done to evaluate the reliability of the flexural strength for different materials. Results: The initial biaxial flexural strength of LT zirconia was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of HT zirconia in all groups. While low APA significantly increased the biaxial flexural strength of LT zirconia, no significant change was observed for HT zirconia except for Katana. Surface grinding and cyclic fatigue significantly reduced the flexural strength of all groups. High translucency zirconia reported higher fracture toughness, yet with lower Weibull moduli, compared to LT zirconia. Conclusion: LT zirconia has higher biaxial flexural strength, yet with lower fracture toughness and fatigue resistance, compared to HT zirconia. Low-pressure APA has significantly increased the biaxial flexural strength in all zirconia groups except BruxZir. Grinding was deteriorating to biaxial flexural strength and fracture toughness in all zirconia types. Cyclic fatigue has significantly decreased the biaxial flexural strength and reliability of HT and LT zirconia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Zinc (Zn) salts have been tried for the prevention and treatment of neonatal jaundice as they are presumed to reduce serum bilirubin through the inhibition of enterohepatic circulation with controversial results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Zn sulfate on both bilirubin levels and the duration of phototherapy during the management of neonatal jaundice. Methods: A double-blinded prospective study was conducted on 60 healthy neonates, ≥36 weeks gestation, with unconjugated non-hemolytic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy within the first week of life. They were divided into three groups of: A (n=20) receiving placebo, B (n=20) receiving low-dose oral Zn sulfate (10mg/day), and C (n=20) receiving high-dose oral Zn sulfate (20 mg/day), in combination with phototherapy for seven days. Serum bilirubin levels were measured on day 1 before starting the treatment and were reevaluated on days 3 and 7. Results: Day 3 bilirubin was significantly lower in group C, compared to groups A and B (12.36±2.50 vs. 13.99±1.59 and 13.65±1.67 mg%; P<0.011 and P<0.043, respectively). Moreover, day-7 bilirubin demonstrated a significant decrease in group C than in group A (8.03±1.75 vs. 10.47±2.24 mg%, P<0.001). Total phototherapy duration was significantly shorter in group C, compared to groups A and B (26.05±11.42 vs. 37.70±18.27 and 36.90±12.47 h; P<0.032 and P<0.028, respectively). Conclusion: The administration of oral Zn sulfate in a dose of 20 mg/day in combination with phototherapy could be helpful and safe in reducing both bilirubin level and phototherapy duration in jaundiced neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Erosive acids might create surface flaws and deteriorate the mechanical properties of CAD-CAM materials. This invitro study aimed to investigate the effect of simulated gastric HCl and extrinsic erosive acids on surface microhardness and fracture toughness of CAD-CAM materials. Methods: 400 bar-shaped specimens (17×4×2 mm3) were prepared from 4 different CAD-CAM dental materials (n = 100/group); monolithic zirconia (Ceramill Zolid HT+, Amanngirbach, Austria), lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein), nanohybrid resin composite (Grandio Blocs, VOCO) and polymer-infiltrated glass network (Vita Enamic, VITA Zahnfabrik). Specimens from each material type were further subdivided into 5 groups (n = 20) according to the erosive media applied (simulated gastric HCl, white wine, Coca-Cola®, orange juice, and artificial saliva that served as a control). Specimens were immersed for 24 h in an incubator at 37 ℃, then ultrasonically cleaned in distilled water and air-dried. Half of the specimens were tested for Vickers microhardness (VHN) at parameters of 500 gf for 10 s, while the rest of the specimens underwent 3-point flexure till fracture. Fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) for fracture toughness (KIC) calculation using the quantitative fractographic analysis method. Data collected were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05) after verification of data normality and homogeneity of variances. Results: Erosive media created surface flaws that lowered the surface microhardness of the material and initiated the fracture pattern under different loads according to material type. The material type was a more predominant factor than erosive media that affected either the microhardness or the fracture toughness of CAD-CAM dental materials. The highest VHN and KIC values were found among Ceramill Zolid HT+ groups followed by IPS e.max CAD and Grandio Blocs regardless of the erosive media employed. Erosive media significantly reduced the VHN and KIC in Vita Enamic specimens compared to the rest of the material types. Conclusion: All CAD-CAM materials used, except Vita Enamic, showed high resistance against the erosive acids indicating higher longevity of the material in patients frequently exposed to either extrinsic or intrinsic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the colour stability of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, E-glass fibres, and TiO2 nanoparticles at various concentrations over 180-day storage in Steradent™ (STD) denture cleaner or coffee (CF). A total of 130 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated at various filler concentrations and divided into four main groups to measure the colour changes. Groups Z, T, and E consisted of PMMA reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, or E-glass fibre, respectively, while Group C consisted of PMMA specimens without filler served as the control group (n = 10). The three reinforced groups were further subdivided according to the filler content (n = 10) added to the PMMA (1.5%, 3.0%, 5.0%, and 7.0% wt.%). Half of the specimens were stored in STD, while the other half was stored in CF for 180 days. A Minolta Chroma Meter was used to measure the colour changes (ΔE) at 7, 30, 90 and then 180 days. The results were assessed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) along with Bonferroni post hoc tests at a p ≤ 0.05 significance level. Significant different colour changes (ΔΕ) were observed between all tested groups and across different time points. TiO2-reinforced PMMA in STD/CF showed the lowest colour stability, while the E-glass fibre-reinforced PMMA in STD/CF showed the highest colour stability. Furthermore, coffee appeared to have the greatest impact on the colour change in comparison to the SteradentTM. The results indicated that the filler type and concentration, type of solution, and length of storage all affected the colour stability of the tested specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconia repair could be a feasible alternative option to total replacement in fractured zirconia-based restorations. Maximising the bond strength by enriching zirconia with fluorapatite glass-ceramics (FGC) powder has been addressed and compared to other surface treatments. Besides resin composite, other repair materials have been proposed and compared. Zirconia blocks received different surface treatments (A—sandblasting with tribochemical silica-coated alumina (CoJet). B—sandblasting with FGC powder (FGC), C—fluorapatite glass-ceramic coat+ neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation (FGC + Nd: YAG), and D—no surface treatment). The surface roughness, topography, and crystallinity were investigated by a profilometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, respectively. For each surface treatment, three repair materials (feldspathic porcelain, lithium disilicate, and resin composite) were bonded to zirconia with 10, Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)–Monobond Plus/ Multilink Automix. Bonded specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles and tested for shear bond strength (SBS) at a speed of 1 mm/min, followed by the analysis of the mode of failure. FGC + Nd: YAG laser group reported the highest surface roughness and monoclinic content compared to CoJet, FGC, and control groups. The highest mean SBS was found in FGC-blasted zirconia, followed by FGC + Nd: YAG laser and CoJet treated groups. However, the lowest SBS was found in control groups regardless of the repair material. Sandblasting zirconia with FGC powder increased SBS of resin to zirconia with lower monoclinic phase transformation compared to FGC + Nd: YAG or CoJet groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed at comparing femto-LASIK with small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) as regards the safety, efficacy, accuracy and post-operative complications with special emphasis on the post-operative dry eye, corneal sensation and corneal biomechanics in cases of myopia and myopic astigmatism. Patients and Methods: The study was a prospective comparative study that was conducted in a private eye hospital on 60 eyes of 30 patients with myopia or myopic astimgatism. Each patient was fully assessed preoperatively including visual acuity, refraction, tear breakup time, Schirmer test, corneal sensation & Ocular Response Analyzer®. Femto-LASIK was done to 15 patients and SMILE was done to 15 patients. Postoperative visual acuity, refraction, tear breakup time, Schirmer test, corneal sensation at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months and Ocular Response Analyzer® at 6 months were done and data was retrieved and analyzed. Results: Cylindrical error was higher in SMILE group at all postoperative points. Tear breakup time was better in SMILE group in 1st month, but no significant difference in later follow ups. Corneal sensation was better in SMILE group in 1 month and 3 months, but this difference disappeared at 6 months. Corneal hysteresis & corneal resistance factor were significantly better in SMILE group. Conclusion: Both techniques are safe and efficient. Femto- LASIK is more efficient in correcting cylindrical error. SMILE is better in early postoperative dry eye, corneal sensation and in corneal biomechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of sandblasting with fluorapatite glass-ceramic (FGC) powder on zirconia surface roughness, crystallinity, and shear bond strength (SBS) of indirect repairing composite to zirconia using different primers/adhesives., Methods: Zirconia blocks were treated as follows: no treatment (control group), blasting with 30-μm silica-coated alumina (CoJet group), and blasting with FGC powder (FGC group). The surface topography, silica content, roughness, and crystallinity of treated zirconia surfaces were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), an optical profilometer, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Four primers/adhesives (Monobond Plus, Calibra Silane, Futurabond M+, and Scotchbond Universal) were compared to bond precured resin composite to zirconia groups using Multilink Automix resin cement. Bonded specimens were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles and tested in SBS and the modes of failure were recorded. The effect of different surface treatments and primers/adhesives on SBS results were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests (α=0.05)., Results: Both CoJet and FGC groups showed rough surfaces with a higher content of silica in FGC, but less monoclinic crystals, compared to the CoJet group. The highest mean SBS was found in the FGC group treated with Monobond Plus compared to CoJet and Control groups. Adhesive failure was predominant in control groups, while combined failure was found in the CoJet and FGC groups regardless of the primers/adhesives employed., Conclusion: Sandblasting zirconia with FGC powder increased SBS of resin composite to zirconia with lower monoclinic phase transformation compared to CoJet sand. Monobond Plus reported the highest means of SBS values compared to other primers/adhesives., (©Operative Dentistry, 2022.)