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Isolated angiitis of the central nervous system (IAC) is an idiopatic, recurrent vasculitis confined to the CNS involving small blood vessels. We describe the clinical, angiographic, and neuropathological data in two patients with IAC and delineate the main clinical and neuropathological features in both cases as well as the importance of a complete autopsy for discovering subclinical vasculitic lesions outside the CNS. Patient 1 concerned a 40 year-old-man that evolved for the last three years, initially with focal seizures, headache, and neurological focal deficits, later on the left sided hemihyposthesia and preferentially left parieto-occipital dysfunctions. He presented an oligoclonal band in CSF with slight hyperproteinorraquia and 25 lymphocytes. A cerebral angiography was compatible with angiitis and a leptomeningeal/cerebral biopsy showed lymphocytic vasculitis in the leptomeningeal and intraparenchymatous cerebral small vessels. These results lead to start a treatment with Cyclophosphamide associated to high dose of steroids. The patient clearly improved and now is almost asymptomatic. Patient 2 concerned a 67 year-old-man that evolved for 4 years with encephalic ischemic lesions distributed and confined throughout the brain stem and cerebellum, temporary remissions occurred and the patient required high-dose steroids and Cyclophosphamide to improve. Conventional and MRI angiographies only suggested the diagnosis that was confirmed at autopsy. The patient died after a massive pulmonary thromboembolism and a complete necropsic study showed abundant lymphocytic infiltrates, without granulomatous lesions, in the intraparenchymatous and leptomeningeal cerebral small vessels specially at the brain stem and cerebellar level where many demyelinated greyish areas and few infarctions were to be seen. The inflammatory cells were, in both cases, predominantly CD4+ T lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A case of multiple sclerosis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis confirmed by cytology is reported. The association of multiple sclerosis with other autoimmune diseases is infrequent but supports the immune hypothesis of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The authors suggest the inclusion of immunological tests in the screening of all patients diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis.

Three cases of anterior choroid artery are reported, representing 0.80% of all strokes admitted to our Service in the last 3 years. Their clinical features were manifold and only motor involvement was common to the 3 patients, although with varying intensity and topography. In one case there was pure motor hemiparesis. Only one patient had sensory impairment, whereas none had defects in the fields of vision. In the 3 patients, CT showed the characteristic hypodense image limited to the posterior limb of the internal capsule, whereas EEG was normal in the 3 patients. The clinical outcome was very satisfactory in one patient and fair in the other two, with persisting sequelae which did not prevent an autonomous lifestyle.

A 55-year-old man with a subacute onset of slurred speech, ataxia, nystagmus, extrapyramidal rigidity, decreased tendon reflexes, vomiting, bilateral optic atrophy, and clonic jerks died of bronchopneumonia and respiratory failure. Neuropathological examination showed lesions characteristic of subacute necrotizing encephalopathy. Clinicopathological observations of reported cases of Leigh's syndrome in the adult are reviewed.