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Objective: To investigate the protective effect of wolfberry (WB) against acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group: the control group, WB group, colitis group and WB + colitis group. Distal colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic instillation of 4% acetic acid. Wolfberry + colitis group received 100 mg/kg of WB extract dissolved in saline through the intraperitoneal route for 7 days. Acute colitis was created on the 8th day, and the rats were sacrificed 48 hours later. Colonic damage was assessed by macroscopic and histological criteria as well as biochemical markers. Results: Mean total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the colitis group compared with the control and WB groups (p < 0.05). The WB + colitis group had significantly lower TAC, TOS, TNF-a, IL-1ß and IL-6 levels compared with the colitis group (p < 0.05). The analyses of the histopathological findings indicated that the colitis group had a significantly higher histopathological damage score than the control group (3.12 ± 0.45, 0 ± 0.00, respectively; p < 0.05). Histopathological damage score was significantly higher in the WB + colitis group than in the control group and statistically significantly lower than the colitis group (1.62 ± 0.44, 0 ± 0.00, respectively; 3.12 ± 0.45, respectively; p < 0.05 for both comparisons). Conclusion: Wolfberry extract is an agent that is effective for preventing acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ethyl alcohol (EA) is a substance that is used commonly worldwide and known to have toxic effects on the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of montelukast sodium (MK) on acute hepatopathy induced by a single dose of EA in rats. Methods: The study consisted of four groups each containing eight Wistar albino male rats. The groups were classified as follows: the control group received distilled water; the EA group received 6 g/kg EA diluted with distilled water orally by gavage; the MK group received 30 mg/kg MK orally by gavage; the EA + MK group received, 2 hours after the EA administration, ie 30 mg/kg MK orally by gavage. After 24 hours, all the rats were sacrificed, and their blood and liver tissue samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Results: The administration of EA caused a statistically significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared with the control group (220.50 ± 66.90 and 92.38 ± 5.90 versus 84.88 ± 15.66 and 43.75 ± 10.22). The administration of EA + MK caused a statistically significant decrease in the AST and ALT levels compared with the EA alone group. Ethyl alcohol administered to the rats caused lesion in the liver including congestions, hydropic degeneration and irregular shaped area caused coagulation necrosis. The histopathological changes seen in the EA group were not detected in the EA + MK group. Conclusion: Consequently, these data suggested that MK had beneficial effects in alleviating EA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 25 patients without relevant personal/family history reported the following reactions (some patients had > 1 reaction): urticaria ( I n i = 12, 5.4%) (Fig. The patients in this manuscript have given written informed consent to publication of their case details. Allergic and cutaneous reactions following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac®) in healthcare workers. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To explore the effect of admission physical examination findings, anamnesis, and computed tomography on dural penetration and prognosis in patients with cranial gunshot wound (CGW). Methods: In this study, the medical data of 56 subjects who were admitted to the Emergency Department of Dicle University Hospital with CGWs between January 2011 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The effects of type of incident (suicidal vs non-suicidal), pupil diameter and light reflex, hemodynamic status, type (bullet or pellet), velocity, trajectory of foreign material, trauma scores, and imaging findings on dural penetration and mortality were explored. Results: The mean age of the study population was 24.8 ± 13.50 years. Thirty (53.6 %) patients had penetrating injuries and 26 (46.4 %) had non-penetrating injuries; 9 (16.1 %) patients died and 47 (83.9 %) survived. Suicidal injury, pupil diameter and light reflex, bullet as foreign material, and high velocity and lateral trajectory of foreign material significantly affected dural penetration and mortality ( p < 0.05). In addition, dural penetration, bilobar, multilobar, or bihemispheric involvement of brain parenchyma, presence of intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ventricular hemorrhage, fracture, shift, edema, and trauma scores significantly affected mortality ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: In CGWs, dural penetration and prognosis can be predicted by physical examination findings and patient characteristics on initial admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen Planus (LP) is an inflammatory mucocutaneous disease characterized by typically itchy, pink-purple, polygonal, flat, papules and plaques. The genital region, the oral mucosa, and the flexor surfaces of the extremities are the most common locations of lichen planus. LP usually appears as diffuse lesions. In the literature, single liken planus lesion cases were re ported on the lower lip, esophagus, and breast. Localized foot annular lichen planus is a very rare and extraordinary manifestation of LP. Herein, we present two cases of a single plaque LP on the foot that had been diagnosed as tinea pedis and nummular dermatitis in external family medicine clinics. We want to underline the significance of this uncommon entity in the differential diagnosis of plantar dermatoses in primary care.

Copyright of West Indian Medical Journal is the property of West Indian Medical Journal (WIMJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of West Indian Medical Journal is the property of West Indian Medical Journal (WIMJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: There is no marker that can predict whether there is resistance to treatment in patients with psoriasis. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the staining rates of TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-36 markers immunohistochemically from cutaneous biopsy and the treatment success., Methods: The patients who were followed up in the dermatology clinic with the diagnosis of plaque-type psoriasis vulgaris and received biological treatment and previously had cutaneous biopsy were included in the study. The cutaneous biopsies of the cases that met the conditions were re-sectioned and subjected to immunohistochemical examination for TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and IL-36., Results: Comparing the staining scores with psoriasis area severity index (PASI); A statistically significant positive correlation was found between PASI and TNF-α staining score ( p  = 0.034). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between PASI and IL-17 staining score ( p  = 0.004). When the staining scores and PASI response rates of psoriasis treatment were evaluated in terms of correlation; there was a positive correlation between TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 immunohistochemical staining rates and PASI response rates., Conclusions: In line with the data obtained from our study, we think that making immunohistochemical scoring before the biological treatment decision in psoriasis patients will be beneficial in treatment selection. In this respect, our study may open a new era in the selection of biological treatments for psoriasis.

Introduction: This study aims to research the effects of hematological and inflammatory parameters on the prognosis of COVID-19 disease and hospitalization duration., Methodology: One hundred and eighty-six patients with COVID-19 and a control group consisting of 187 healthy individuals were included in the study. Hematological variables and inflammatory parameters of the patients were recorded on the first and the fifth days of hospitalization., Results: White blood cell count, lymphocyte count, and platelet count were statistically lower, and mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels were higher in the patient group compared to the control group. It was observed that the neutrophil count and MPV level were lower, and the platelet count and ferritin level were statistically higher on the fifth day of follow-up compared to the admission day. In contrast, there was a significantly positive correlation between the duration of hospitalization and the fifth day D-dimer (r = 0.546, p &lt; 0.001) and ferritin (r = 0.568, p &lt; 0.001); in addition, there was a negative correlation between the duration of hospitalization and admission day lymphocyte count and the fifth-day lymphocyte count., Conclusions: Increased levels of ferritin and D-dimer, and decreased count of lymphocytes are among the important factors affecting the duration of hospitalization for COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, we think that neutrophil count and MPV levels are low, and platelet count and ferritin levels are high during the disease. Therefore, these parameters can be used as prognostic indicators of the disease., Competing Interests: No Conflict of Interest is declared, (Copyright (c) 2022 Cigdem Mermutluoglu, Recep Dursun, Fesih Aktar, Saim Dayan, Mustafa Kemal Celen, Ali Kemal Kadiroglu, Erdal Inci, Rengin Karagoz, Mahir Kuyumcu, Nida Ozcan, Recep Tekin.)

Background: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a disease that can affect the patient's quality of life (QoL), sexual functions, and mood., Objective: We planned a retrospective study to investigate the effects of omalizumab use in CSU patients on sexual function. We also aimed to evaluate the sexual function, quality of life (QoL), and mood of CSU patients compared to the control group consisting of idiopathic pruritus patients., Methods: A review of patients' records with CSU attending the dermatology outpatient clinic from January 2020 to June 2020 was done. Urticaria activation score (UAS7), Beck depression inventory (BDI), Dermatology life quality index (DLQI), female sexual function index (FSFI) to female participants, and the international index of erectile function (IIEF) to male participants were used to assess the impact of the disease on patients' life. The obtained data were analyzed by using SPSS software., Results: Each one of the mean UAS, BDI, and DLQI score values decreased significantly in weeks in omalizumab group patients. IIEF score in male patients and FSFI score in female patients also increased in weeks in omalizumab group patients., Conclusions: Omalizumab can play an effective role in enhancing the sexual function of CSU patients in addition to improving their DLQI., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Keratosis pilaris rubra (KPR) is a rare group of idiopathic hereditary disorders of keratinization, and it is considered as variants of keratosis pilaris. It is characterized by a well-defined erythema and small, keratotic follicular papules that are seen on the cheeks and preauricular area. Keratosis pilaris rubra is an aesthetically distressed situation, and especially vascular erythema is the most common complaint. In recent years, pro-yellow (577 nm) laser, laser system with yellow light wavelength, has been used as an alternative for seeking more effective treatment especially in vascular lesions. However, in the literature, pro-yellow laser therapy has never been used before in keratosis pilaris rubra. Therefore, we wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of the pro-yellow laser in keratosis pilaris rubra patients., Materials and Methods: In our study, four patients with keratosis pilaris rubra treated with pro-yellow laser in our Cosmetology Unit between December 2017 and March 2019 were evaluated. The first session was started with 20 j/cm 2 and the dose increased 2 j/cm 2 at each session. The dose was increased up to 26 j/cm 2 , a total of four sessions (20-22-24-26 j/cm 2 ) was applied in treatment. All the sessions were used in treatment scanner mode., Results: Objectifying a clearance of erythema >75% was clinically evident in three patients, in the fourth patient, erythema regressed approximately 50%. There has been no recurrence of the lesions after a minimum three months follow-up. There was no permanent side effect in any patient., Conclusion: Pro-yellow laser is a well option for the treatment of keratosis pilaris rubra, and we think that it could be a safety choice therapy. In addition, a well tolerance to treatment and a low incidence of serious side effects make it a very reliable therapy. Further clinical studies are needed to improve our findings., (© 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that has been reported to be associated with many systemic disorders including respiratory diseases., Aims: This study aims to investigate respiratory function in patients with rosacea., Patients/methods: Patients with rosacea and age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were included in this cross-sectional study. Spirometric pulmonary function tests including the percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC%), percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1%), forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of FVC (FEF 25-75%), and FEV 1/FVC ratio was assessed in both patient and controls. The potential relationship between rosacea severity and pulmonary functions was assessed., Results: A total of 120 patients with rosacea and 120 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Compared to the controls, FEV 1%, FEV 1/FVC%, and FEF 25-75% values were significantly lower in patients with rosacea. Lower FEV 1/FVC% values were found to be associated with disease severity. FEV 1%, FEV 1/FVC%, and FEF 25-75% values were found to be more useful in differentiating the patients from healthy subjects., Conclusions: This study showed that patients with rosacea may have abnormal respiratory function compared to healthy subjects. Besides, disease severity was associated with worse respiratory functions. We believe that patients with rosacea, particularly those with additional risk factors, should be screened for respiratory disorders., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Biological agent treatments represent a relatively new field and their effects on routine laboratory parameters are not fully known as there has been little research in the area. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the differences between the two main biological treatment groups and their effects on routine laboratory parameters., Methods: Patients were enrolled when they had received treatment for more than six months with biological treatments between January 2013 and April 2020. The available data on routine laboratory parameters were collected by routine blood tests before the treatment, at three months, and at the final evaluation., Results: When the changes in routine laboratory parameters were evaluated by treatment, it was found that the NLR and CRP values decreased statistically significantly in the anti-TNF group compared to the IL inhibitor group. In addition, strong suppression of these inflammation parameters means strong suppression of the immune system response. In addition, AST, ALT, and creatinine values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the anti-TNF group compared to the IL inhibitor group., Conclusions: In our study, anti-TNF treatments are shown to be more effective in reducing inflammation parameters while IL antagonists are safer in terms of biochemical parameters.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which one experiences abdominal pain, tension, cramping, bloating, and changes in the form and frequency of defecation, without an underlying organic disease. Many skin diseases have been reported to be more common in people with functional bowel disease. To our knowledge, however, no previous study investigated the potential relationship between hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and IBS. In this study, we aimed to examine the potential association between IBS and HS., Methods: Patients with HS and healthy subjects were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants were assessed for the presence of IBS. ROME IV criteria were used to identify IBS cases. Hurley staging, modified Sartorius score, and physician's global assessment score were applied to define clinical severity and staging of HS., Results: According to the Rome IV diagnostic criteria, 54 (67.50%) of 80 HS patients and 23 (28.75%) of 80 control group were diagnosed with IBS. The frequency of IBS was statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (P < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of abnormal stool frequency and family history of IBS (P = 0.28, P = 0.862, respectively). Abnormal stool form, mucus in stool, abdominal distension, feeling of incomplete evacuation were statistically significantly higher in HS patients compared to the controls (P = 0.01, P = 0.02, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively).

Background: The pro-yellow laser is a yellow light wavelength (577-nm) laser system. Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder that occurs with facial flushing, erythema, papules, pustules, and telangiectasia. Demodex parasites (Demodex folliculorum and brevis) also play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea., Aim: The aim of our study is to evaluate the effect of pro-yellow laser on demodex density (Dd) in patients with rosacea., Patients/methods: This retrospective study was planned for the patients with rosacea whose demodex mite densities were examined and treated with pro-yellow laser and were evaluated between 2019 and 2020 in the cosmetology unit. The laser light was applied at a dose of 20 J/cm 2 in the scanner mode (the 80% coverage) in all the patients. The demodex density per cm 2 was routinely evaluated before the treatment, and the demodex density values in the fourth week after the treatment were recorded from the patients' files., Results: There were 27 females (79.4%) and seven males (20.6%) evaluated in the study. While the demodex density was 18.1 ± 10.7 (min: 0-max: 48, Q1:12-Q3:22) per cm 2 before the pro-yellow laser treatment in the cases, the demodex density was 10.2 ± 7.9 (min: 0-max: 30, Q1:4.75-Q3:12) per cm 2 in the fourth week after the treatment. After the pro-yellow laser treatment, the demodex intensity decreased significantly compared to before the laser treatment (p = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the decrease in the density of the demodex mite and the success of the treatment (p = 0.46)., Conclusion: This is the first study in the literature investigating the change in demodex density in rosacea patients treated with pro-yellow laser therapy. In this study, it was shown that pro-yellow laser treatment is effective in reducing the density of demodex., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: The pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had an unprecedented impact on the overall health and the global economy. Vaccination is currently the most dependable strategy to end the pandemic, despite the slower-than-hoped-for rollout, particularly for low-to-middle-income countries, and the uncertain duration of protection afforded by vaccination. The spike protein of the virus (immunodominant antigen of the virus) is the main target of the approved and candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This protein binds to the ACE2 receptor of the host cell, initiating the entry of the virus into the cell and the chain of subsequent events ending to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The safety profile of these vaccines needs is closely assessed., Methods: This comprehensive review includes searching the PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases using the keywords "coronavirus", "COVID-19", "vaccine", "cutaneous reactions", "allergic reactions", and "SARS-CoV-2". Manual searching of reference lists of included articles augmented the research. The research was updated in June 2021., Results: In this narrative review, we tried to investigate and discuss the cutaneous and allergic reactions related to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently available in the literature. As a result, although COVID-19 vaccines can be reported to develop allergic and anaphylactic reactions, especially after m-RNA vaccines, they remain at a low rate, and it is observed that these reactions may develop more frequently, especially in patients with previous allergies and mast cell disorders. Fortunately, these reactions are generally transient, benign, self-limited., Conclusion: Although there is still no definitive evidence, as dermatologists, we must be aware of the possibility of cutaneous reactions, newly diagnosed dermatoses, or exacerbation of existing dermatoses that may develop after the COVID-19 vaccinations., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The relationship between the skin and the brain is based on their origin from the same ectodermal structure, as well as being affected by similar hormones and neurotransmitters. At this point, psychodermatology forms a common field of study based on the relationship and interaction between psychiatry and dermatology. Cosmetology is a special group within dermatology, and the psychosocial needs of this group differ. In this study, it was aimed to examine the moods such as anxiety, fear and depression experienced by the patients during their application to the cosmetology unit during the COVID-19 pandemic process and to compare them with the control group. A total of 162 cases, 80 cases from the cosmetology unit meeting the specified conditions and 82 cases as the control group, were retrospectively evaluated. In all participants, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) scores decreased significantly compared to the beginning of the pandemic (P = .001). In the study, while depression (HAM-D) and general anxiety (HAM-A) were higher in the cosmetology group compared to the control group (P = .049 and P = .001, respectively), there was no difference in coronavirus anxiety scores (CAS) (P = .24). It should be known that patients who underwent cosmetological procedures during the pandemic period may have anxiety and depression. In this patient group, which requires a special psychodermatological approach, pandemic effects should also be considered. In patients who apply to cosmetology units during the pandemic period, attention should be paid to the relationship between surreal cosmetological process requests and their anxiety and depression state., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

COVID-19 is a multisystem disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020 and the outbreak still keeps its impacts worldwide. Behçet disease (BD) is a multi-systemic vasculitis involving the skin, mucosa, eyes, joints, nervous system, cardiovascular system, and gastrointestinal system. The precise etiopathogenesis of the disorder is unknown but autoimmunity is believed to play a key role. A considerable part of patients with BD are susceptible to immunosuppression and are more predisposed to infections than healthy individuals. Hence, the protection and control measures for patients with BD against the COVID-19 are of the utmost significance. Given the requirement to balance proper treatment of BD with the smallest risk of COVID-19 associated mortality and morbidity, we aimed to review the management of BD in the era of the pandemic with a special focus on treatment considerations. According to current expert recommendations, there is no reason to discontinue topical treatments, colchicine, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Systemic steroids can be used at the lowest possible dose if needed. Ongoing treatments can be continued unchanged in patients with no suspected or confirmed COVID-19. In cases with COVID-19 symptoms, immunosuppressive and biological agents can be temporarily stopped but the decision should be made on a case by case basis. Considering their potential beneficial effects on the course of COVID-19, colchicine, pentoxifylline, and dapsone can be considered as safe treatment options in BD., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that negatively affects the quality of life with remissions and relapses. Smoking, which is known to accelerate the development of comorbidities that can accompany psoriasis such as atherosclerotic heart disease, metabolic syndrome, is also an independent risk factor for psoriasis. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking and psoriasis. The study included a total of 476 participants with 276 psoriasis patients and 200 healthy volunteers. One hundred and thirty-nine (69.5%) cases in the psoriasis group and 61 (30.5%) cases in the control group were smoking. Patients with psoriasis had more cigarette smoking than the control group (P < .001). Smoking was present in 100 cases (61%) of 164 cases with nail psoriasis and psoriatic nail was significantly more frequently observed in patients with psoriasis when smoking was present (P < .001). It was observed that systemic treatment requirements were higher in smoking psoriasis patients (P = .04). It is known that cigarette use increases in patients with psoriasis compared to the normal population, and cigarette use also increases the psoriasis area severity index (PASI). In our study, a significant relationship was found between smoking and psoriasis nail involvement first in the literature. Furthermore, the need for systemic treatment was higher in smokers., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

We investigated the effectiveness of fractional carbon dioxide laser (FCO 2 ) vs fractional radiofrequency (FRF) and FCO 2 vs FRF plus FCO 2 combination in the treatment of acne scars. Twenty-seven patients were included. Scar severity was scored with "Echelle d'évaluation clinique des cicatrices d'acné" (ECCA) by a dermatologist blinded to treatment. FCO 2 and FRF were administered to the right and left halves of the patients' faces, respectively, at the first three visits, once a month. At the fourth visit, FCO 2 was administered to both sides. Last evaluation was performed 6 months after the last treatment. Mean ECCA scores for both face halves decreased gradually at each visit compared with Visit-1; however, the effect size of decrease was higher in the right half of the face and in terms of gender differences was higher in women for both sides that the difference was more pronounced for the FRF side. There was no statistically significant change in the mean VAS patient satisfaction scores in the following visits compared with Visit-2 on both halves (P > .05). Side effects were similar; but lasted longer in the FCO 2 side. Both FCO 2 and FRF are effective treatment methods in the treatment of atrophic acne scars. Combining FCO 2 to FRF improves patient satisfaction. FRF may achieve better results in women compared with men. To our knowledge the study is unique prospective, controlled clinical study comparing the efficacy of FCO 2 and FRF plus FCO 2 combination treatments., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The etiopathogenesis of psoriasis is not understood; however, psoriasis is affected by hormones, particularly the sex steroids. The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio, which is an indicator of prenatal sex hormone balance, has been studied in various diseases that are affected by hormones. A total of 369 individuals comprising 172 patients with psoriasis and 197 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Patients with psoriasis were divided into type-1 and type-2, according to age of onset and family history. The 2D:4D ratio of both hands was recorded for all participants. Females in the psoriasis group had a lower 2D:4D ratio in both hands compared with those in the control group, with no significant difference. Males in the psoriasis group had a higher 2D:4D ratio for both hands compared with those in the control group (P = .009 and P < .001 for the right and left hands, respectively). Further, male patients with type-1 psoriasis had a lower 2D:4D ratio compared to those with type-2 psoriasis. Our results suggest that an alteration of the estrogen-testosterone balance due to prenatal testosterone activity is an independent predisposing factor for psoriasis in males., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Behçet's disease is a disease characterized by chronic inflammatory vasculitis. In the clinical symptoms of Behçet's disease, many immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs are used. The suspicion that drugs used in chronic disease treatments such as Behçet's disease during pandemic will increase the risk of transmission of COVID-19 disease, and that the disease may progress more lethally in these patients after the infection caused clinicians to worry. As far as we know, there is no study in the literature about the management of patients with Behçet's disease in the pandemic period. Fifty-four patients with Behçet's disease who were admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic between 11 March and July 14, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. In this pandemic period, 44 of 54 patients were recommended to continue their previous treatment. While the dose of medication used by 7 patients was reduced, it was decided to change the treatment of 3 patients. No life-threatening activation was observed. None of the patients developed COVID-19 disease. This article is important in terms of being the first study in the literature examining the treatment of patients with Behçet's disease during the COVID-19. In this period, we know that the treatment practices in chronic diseases change frequently daily, and in this respect, we hope that our study will provide a perspective to other dermatology clinics in terms of the treatment of Behçet's disease during the pandemic., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Disease-related skin lesions have been reported in 8% to 20% of COVID-19 patients. In the literature, cutaneous symptoms associated with the disease are generally emphasized. However, there are very few studies on the effect of this new SARS-CoV-2 virus entering our lives on dermatological diseases, and none of them have used the dermatological quality of life index (DLQI). In our study, we aimed to evaluate the difficulties faced by the patients who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic during the pandemic period and the course of their diseases with the dermatological quality of life index. The study was carried out prospectively by including dermatology patients who will apply to the outpatient clinic in June-July 2020. 282 patients were evaluated in the study. DLQI was significantly lower in the group using regular emollients (P < .001). When DLQI was compared between disease groups, it was found to be significantly different (P: .017). DLQI was found to worsen significantly compared to prepandemic studies. It was found that using moisturizer in this period helps to maintain the dermatological quality of life., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is triggered by unknown causes. We would like to explore the possible effect of hemogram parameters and several biochemical markers on CSU presence and also the severity of the disease. We also aimed to discuss the relationship between CSU and inflammation associated with these values. The study was planned prospectively. We selected patients already diagnosed with CSU who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic and healthy controls. The patients and the healthy controls were tested for complete blood count, neutrophil/lymphocytes ratio and platelets/lymphocytes ratio, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, serum albumin and total bilirubin and indirect bilirubin levels. Urticaria activity score over 7 days (UAS-7) was calculated for the CSU patients. Forty patients with CSU and 55 healthy subjects were included in the study. Mean white blood cell (WBC) count is 8.37 ± 2.14 in the patients' group and 7.41 ± 2.01 in the healthy subjects group. Mean neutrophil (NEU) count is 4.88 ± 1.65 in the patients' group and 4.19 ± 1.39 in the healthy subjects group. Mean platelets (PLT) count is 308.48 ± 88.32 in the patients' group and 268.65 ± 64.80 in the healthy subjects group. We also detected positive correlations between UAS-7 score-WBC counts and UAS-7 score-NEU counts. Future studies are needed to investigate this possible relationship and confirm these results., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

It has been reported that dermatology practices may be a vector for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and elective cases should be postponed during the pandemic period. In this context, studies on the change of patient profile in Dermatology outpatient clinic have been conducted. However, there was no study in the literature about dermatology consultations during the pandemic period. One hundred and forty-seven dermatology consultation cases in the era of COVID-19 pandemic between March 11, 2020 and May 4, 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Twenty-four patients (16.3%) had suspicion and signs of COVID during consultation (fever, cough, shortness of breath, etc.). Nine (37.5%) of these patients also had accompanying COVID-19 skin lesions (two urticarial lesions, two livedo and necrosis, two maculopapular eruption, two vesicular rashes, one pseudo-chilblain). The number of cases that were suspected to have COVID-19 was statistically significantly higher in consultations requested by the emergency department and intensive care unit, while there were no suspected cases in outpatient clinic consultations (P = .001). Two (1.4%) of these patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 confirmed by PCR within 2 weeks. We acknowledge that daily practice changes frequently during this period, but still our study provides a perspective to other dermatology clinics in terms of the requested dermatology consultations during the pandemic., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

A new type of coronavirus family (SARS-CoV-2), which can be found in humans and animals, with many varieties and clinical symptoms, was first seen in Wuhan, China in late 2019, under the name novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the literature, cutaneous symptoms related to the disease are generally emphasized. However, it is not yet known whether this new SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has entered our lives, plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of dermatological diseases. The patients who were admitted to the dermatology outpatient clinic between 1 April and 15 May 2019, and on 1 April and 15 May 2020 were retrospectively analyzed by searching the hospital automation system and patient files. The reason for the same months to be included in the study was to exclude seasonal effects on the diseases. After pandemic, the number of patients with Pityriasis rosea and Kawasaki disease increased significantly in patients who applied to the dermatology outpatient clinic. Our study is the first study showing Pityriasis rosea increase during the pandemic period. We think that this increase is related to HHV-6 reactivation. Herein, we wanted to draw attention to two diseases in which Human Herpes 6 (HHV-6) was accused in etiopathogenesis: Kawasaki disease and Pityriasis rosea., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic inflammatory erythematous skin disease that can be triggered by several factors. Rosacea is another skin disease that causes facial redness and tenderness. Demodex mites have been reported in rosacea and DLE patients commonly in the literature. These two diseases can be seen concomitant, mimic each other clinically and share common possible etiologic factors. To assess demodex mite infestation in both clinical and histopathological findings in DLE patients. We retrospectively evaluated the files of 42 patients with DLE who had been diagnosed DLE based on clinical and histopathological findings between August 2018 and August 2019. Demodex positivity was detected 50% of patients (n = 21). Neutrophile percentages in the dermal and perivascular area were higher in the demodex positive patients (4.43%) than in the Demodex negative patients (2.19%). The intensity of demodex mites correlated positively with dermal neutrophile percentages. ANA was negative in 29 patients (69%) and positive in 13 patients (31%). Anti-dsDNA was negative in serology and follicular plugging was positive in histopathology in all 42 patients (100%). This was a retrospective study. DLE and rosacea share common features in etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation. Inflammation and exacerbations caused by the demodex mites may increase the clinical severity of DLE. Although the position of demodex mites in DLE etiopathogenesis is not known exactly, the presence of high demodex in DLE patients has been determined. Standard skin surface biopsy can be a routine procedure for the evaluation of DLE patients in daily clinical practice., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease can be triggered by many factors such as inflammatory process. To assess accompanying gallstone in CSU patients and to evaluate laboratory test results. We retrospectivelyscanned the files of the 108 patients with CSU who had been diagnosed CSU in September 2017-September 2019. Accompanied gallstone cases by detecting transabdominal ultrasound (TUS) or were 11 patients. Nine patients had also had cholecystectomy history. We seperated these 20 patients as Group A than the rest. WBC count is 9.38 ± 2.37 in Group A and 8.03 ± 2.04 in Group B. Platelet count was also differ between two groups significantly (Group A = 328.70 ± 85.62 × 10 3 /mm 3 vs. Group B = 287.12 ± 72.77 × 10 3 /mm 3 ). Neutrophil count was more in Group A (5.87 ± 1.65) than Group B (4.76 ± 1.75). Gallstone history of family was significantly higher in Group A (n = 12 positive/8 negative) than Group B. These findings were significant statistically p < .05. CSU can be associated with inflammation and gallstones. It is needed to perform further investigations to detect these relations and pathways., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Acne and rosacea are two well-known chronic skin diseases in dermatology. There are many known therapeutic options of both diseases, but new treatment agents and therapeutic advances come to the agenda day by day. We would like to summarize new treatment advances for acne and rosacea diseases., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Pseudolymphoma, also known as Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltration, is a benign but usually chronic, T-cell infiltrating disease with erythematous papules and plaques usually seen on the skin of the face, neck, and back. The use of leech therapy also known as hirudotherapy has increased in recent years. Here, we report a 52-year-old male patient who had undergone hirudotherapy in his neck and developed infiltrating plaques after four months. A skin biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltration. In parallel with the increasing use of hirudotherapy in recent years, the side-effect reports will likely to increase. Indications and contraindications of hirudotherapy, which is being used officially in hospitals, should be taken into consideration.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and autoimmune skin disease. Factors that play a role in etiopathogenesis of psoriasis include internal factors such as genetic susceptibility and immunological factors and external factors such as stress, infection, trauma, drug, and environmental compounds. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a xenobiotic enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of drugs, environmental toxins, and carcinogens. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate whether the variations in the NAT2 gene lead to a predisposition to psoriasis by affecting the enzyme's ability to metabolize drugs and environmental components or not. Three polymorphisms ( rs1799929, rs1799930 , and rs1799931 ) in NAT2 gene were genotyped and compared by real-time PCR method in 260 psoriasis vulgaris patients and 200 healthy controls. There was no difference in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of polymorphisms between psoriasis vulgaris patients and controls. When the effects of polymorphisms on the clinical features of the disease, such as onset age and severity, are assessed, it has been found that rs1799930 and rs1799929 are, respectively, associated with early onset age and severity of the disease. In conclusion, rs1799929, rs1799930 , and rs1799931 polymorphisms of the NAT-2 gene do not appear to be a risk factor for the development of psoriasis. Conversely, they may have an effect on either more severe or early onset cases of the disease.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and autoimmune skin disease in which dysregulation of immune cells, particularly T cells, is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) expressed only on activated T cells is an immunoregulatory molecule and plays a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. We aimed to determine whether CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms are associated with development and/or clinical features of psoriasis vulgaris (Pv). Genotyping of SNPs (-318C>T, +49A>G, and CT60A>G) in CTLA-4 gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 103 Pv patients and 102 controls. No statistically significant associations were detected in any of the investigated genetic models for the -318C>T polymorphism. The genotype distributions of +49A>G and CT60A>G were associated with Pv development. In haplotype analysis, while frequency of CAA haplotype was significantly higher in the control group, frequencies of CGG and CAG haplotype were significantly higher among the patients. However, all of CTLA-4 polymorphisms and haplotypes do not have an effect on severity and onset age of Pv. In conclusion, the +49A>G and CT60A>G polymorphisms may be risk factors for Pv development. Furthermore, CGG and CAG haplotypes may contribute to Pv development, while CAA haplotype may be protective against Pv.

Pemphigus is a group of rare and life-threatening autoimmune blistering diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. Although they occur worldwide, their incidence shows wide geographical variation, and prospective data on the epidemiology of pemphigus are very limited. Objective of this work is to evaluate the incidence and epidemiological and clinical features of patients with pemphigus in Turkey. All patients newly diagnosed with pemphigus between June 2013 and June 2014 were prospectively enrolled in 33 dermatology departments in 20 different provinces from all seven regions of Turkey. Disease parameters including demography and clinical findings were recorded. A total of 220 patients were diagnosed with pemphigus during the 1-year period, with an annual incidence of 4.7 per million people in Turkey. Patients were predominantly women, with a male to female ratio of 1:1.41. The mean age at onset was 48.9 years. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) was the commonest clinical subtype (n=192; 87.3%), followed by pemphigus foliaceus (n=21; 9.6%). The most common clinical subtype of PV was the mucocutaneous type (n=83; 43.2%). The mean Pemphigus Disease Area Index was 28.14±22.21 (mean ± Standard Deviation). The incidence rate of pemphigus in Turkey is similar to the countries of South-East Europe, higher than those reported for the Central and Northern European countries and lower than the countries around the Mediterranean Sea and Iran. Pemphigus is more frequent in middle-aged people and is more common in women. The most frequent subtype was PV, with a 9-fold higher incidence than pemphigus foliaceus.

Background: As in the rest of the world, the prevalence of obesity in Turkey has been increasing in recent years and has become a major public health issue. Although many trials have been conducted to study the effects of obesity on internal diseases, there are few studies investigating the effects of obesity on prognosis of trauma patients. The present study analyzed the effects of body mass index (BMI) on trauma severity and prognosis in trauma patients., Methods: This study was prospectively conducted with trauma patients older than 15 years of age who presented at the Dicle University Faculty of Medicine emergency medicine department trauma unit between June 1, 2013 and May 31, 2014. Patients were grouped into high-energy trauma and low-energy trauma groups based on trauma severity. In addition, 4 groups were made according to BMI value (kg/m2). Group I was defined as BMI <25 (normal weight). Group II patients had BMI of 25-29.9 (overweight). Group III had BMI of 30-34.9 (obese), and Group IV was made up of patients with BMI ≥35 (morbidly obese)., Results: Comparison of whole patient population for inter-group differences showed significant differences between rate of head injury, thoracic injury, extremity injury, multitrauma, clinic admission rate, and mortality rate (p<0.001). No significant difference was observed between groups in abdominal injury rate (p=0.347)., Conclusion: Clinic admission rate, length of intensive care unit stay, mortality rate, multitrauma rate, and injury severity score increased in proportion to greater BMI.

Objectives: Spontaneous pneumothorax refers to the leakage of air into the space between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pleura. It occurs with or without a known lung disease. We aimed to investigate the effects of atmospheric pressure, humidity, and temperature changes on the incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax (SP)., Material and Methods: This study included 551 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax retrospectively screened between January 2009 and December 2013. The medical data of the patients were accessed via their medical records on the hospital automation system. The atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity rate, amount of precipitation, and wind velocity on the day of spontaneous pneumothorax were obtained from the data provided by the general directorate of meteorology. The three consecutive days on which at least 2 cases of SP presented were collectively considered as a cluster. The study data were analyzed with the SPSS version 15 software package, using the Chi-square and the Student's t tests. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant., Results: Of the 552 patients included in the study, 89.3% had primary spontaneous pneumothorax and 10.7% had secondary spontaneous pneumothorax. Ninety-two percent of the patients were male and 8% were female. The mean age was 24 years. Clustering was observed in 71.7% of the study population. No significant differences were observed between yearly and monthly SP incidences. There were, however, differences between the days with SP and the days without SP with respect to atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature, wind velocity, and humidity rate. The differences between the atmospheric pressures were not statistically significant, although the differences between the ambient temperature and the humidity rate were statistically significant (p≤ 0.05)., Conclusion: We determined that the changes in the ambient temperature and the humidity rate affected the rate of spontaneous pneumothorax by altering the meteorological conditions., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

Purpose: To investigate the tear meniscus using Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) in patients with acne rosacea and to determine the relationship between tear film break-up tests (TBUT), Schirmer test and FD-OCT values and to compare them with that of healthy controls., Methods: One hundred and four patients with acne rosacea and 104 body mass index age-sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in this prospective case-control study. Tear meniscus height (TMH), tear meniscus depth (TMD), and tear meniscus cross-sectional area (TMA) were measured using FD-OCT (RTVue-100); TBUT, Schirmer test and dry eye questionnaire (OSDI) were evaluated. Correlation was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient., Results: Mean TMH, TMD, TMA, TBUT, and Schirmer test values of acne rosacea patients were significantly lower than and OSDI score significantly higher than those of controls. Tear mensicus values were significantly correlated with OSDI scores, TBUT, and Schirmer test results. The intraobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for tear parameters ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 and interobserver ICC ranged from 0.92 to 0.94, which revealed high reproducibility for all measurements parameters both acne rosacea and control subjects. Accuracy of dry eye diagnosis by FD-OCT was 60.4% for TMH, 58.7% for TMD, and 64.8% for TMA., Conclusion: Tear meniscus measurement with FD-OCT could provide acceptable specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis of dry eye in acne rosacea patients.