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Background: The antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two concentrations (100 and 200 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of leaf, bark, flower and fruit pulp of C. fistula were determined in male wistar albino rats. Methods: Antipyretic activity was assessed by E. coli endotoxin induced pyrexia. Analgesic activity was assessed by hot plate, tail immersion and acetic acid induced writhing test. Anti-inf lammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced rat paw edema assay. Result: Significant (p<0.05) antipyretic activity was exhibited from 2 h onwards by bark extract @ 200 mg/kg and from 3h onwards by bark extract @100 mg/kg and leaves extract @ 200 mg/kg as compared to control group. Significant (p<0.05) analgesic activity was shown by extract of bark @ 200 mg/kg as it is evident by increase in reflex time in hot plate (90,120,180 min), tail immersion test (120,180 min) and inhibition of writhing (32.12%). Significant (p<0.05) anti-inf lammatory activity was exhibited from 3 h post administration by bark @ 200 and leaves @ 100 and 200 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the potential of different leaf extracts of Bitter Apple (Citrullus colocynthis) as an analgesic agent and In-vitro cytoprotective ameliorative effects of the various extracts in thiomethoxam-induced toxicity in MDBK cell lines. Different leaf extracts of Citrullus colocyn this i.e. alcoholic, acetone and chloroform were investigated for analgesic activity at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg in Wistar rats. For the assessment of analgesic activity, tail flick method was used. In-vitro cytoprotective activity of various leaf extracts (at concentrations of 5% and 10%) was evaluated in ATCC acquired MDBK cell lines and for this study, cytotoxicity was induced by thiomethoxam. For cytoprotective study, oxidative stress parameters-catalase, LPO, SOD and GPx were determined. Study on analgesic activity revealed the presence of dose dependent effect in all extracts with highest effect in alcoholic extract of Bitter Apple. It is believe that triterpene alkaloids and steroidal principles present in the plant products might be responsible for the analgesic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacokinetics of cefpirome after a single intravenous injection of 10 mg.kg-1 was studied in febrile cross-bred calves. E. coli endotoxin was administered intravenously to induce fever in calves. Blood samples were collected at different time intervals and cefpirome levels were estimated by using microbiological assay technique. Based on the plasma drug levels, the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Maximum concentration of cefpirome was attained at 1 min and the drug was detected above MIC in plasma up to 12 h after its administration. The values of t1/2a, Vdarea and AUC were 0.06 ± 0.003 h, 0.75 ± 0.02 L.kg-1 and 36.6 ± 0.82 µg.ml-1.h. The high values of t1/2ß (1.90 ± 0.03 h) and ClB (0.27 ± 0.006 L.kg-1.h-1) reflected rapid elimination and body clearance of the drug in febrile calves. The study suggested that cefpirome was rapidly distributed and rapidly eliminated in febrile crossbred calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease conditions are known to alter the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in bovines. Ceftriaxone is effective for the treatment of bacterial endometritis particularly caused by Gram-negative pathogens. In this regard, the plasma pharmacokinetics and milk levels of ceftriaxone were studied in healthy and endometritic cows following single intramuscular administration. Peak plasma drug levels of 11.2 ± 0.329 and 4.68 ± 0.261 μg.ml-1 attained at 30 minutes were found in healthy and endometritic cows, respectively. The drug was detected above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) after up to 6 h of dosing and the disposition followed a one-compartment open model. The values of Vdarea (apparent volume of distribution), AUC (area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve), t1/2β (elimination half life) and P/C ratio (ratio of drug present in peripheral versus central compartment) were 0.67 ± 0.13 L.kg-1, 21.3 ± 0.86 μg.ml-1.h, 1.42 ± 0.13 h and 1.07 ± 0.25, respectively, in healthy cows and 1.35 ± 0.19 L.kg-1, 12.4 ± 0.56 μg.ml-1.h, 1.69 ± 0.47 h and 0.92 ± 0.39, respectively, in endometritic cows. The use of antibacterial drugs that could penetrate into the udder parenchyma in therapeutic levels is of considerable importance in severe infectious conditions of the udder. Ceftriaxone was secreted into milk up to 36 h of administration. An appropriate intramuscular dosage for ceftriaxone, would be 13 mg.kg-1 repeated at 6 h intervals for the treatment of endometritis in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research to determine the pharmacokinetics and appropriate dosage regimen of ceftizoxime with the administration of paracetamol on cross-bred calves. It provides background information on ceftizoxime, a third generation of the group of antibacterial celphalosporins and the rationale for the study. A list of materials is presented, including the methodology, specific procedures and discussion points.

The single dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of marbofloxacin was compared with repeated intravenous (IV) administrations in six healthy goats at the dose rate of 2 mg/kg body weight at 24 h interval for 5 days. Blood samples were collected at times: 5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h post drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and concentration-time data were subjected to non-compartment analysis. The MIC and MBC of marbofloxacin against Escherichia (E.) coli and Pasteurella (P.) multocida in Mueller Hinton Broth were determined by broth microdilution method. The t 1/2elm  = 4.37 ± 0.18 h and Cl B  = 0.29 ± 0.01 following single administration were not significantly different from t 1/2elm  = 5.11 ± 0.22 h and Cl B  = 0.26 ± 0.01 mL/kg/h after repeated administrations of marbofloxacin. Accumulation index (AI = 1.1) indicated no accumulation of marbofloxacin following repeated IV administrations up to 5 days. The respective MICs of marbofloxacin against E. coli and P. multocida were 0.03 μg/mL and 0.4 μg/mL. The AUC 0-24h /MIC ratios were 226.64 ± 7.21 h for E. coli and 16.99 ± 0.541 h for P. multocida. PK/PD integration indicated that marbofloxacin daily dose of 2 mg/kg is appropriate for treating E. coli (MIC ≤ 0.03 μg/mL) infections. However, a higher dose of 6 mg/kg/day is suggested to obtain clinical cure against diseases caused by P. multocida having MIC 90  = 0.12 μg/mL in goat species., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Resistance status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus against synthetic pyrethroids was assessed by larval packet test which revealed level I and II resistance against cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Adult immersion test was employed to study the acaricidal activity of leaf extracts of Dalbergia sissoo (sheesham) against these ticks. Mortality and fecundity of ticks exposed to sheesham leaf aqueous (SLA) and ethanolic (SLE) extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% and controls (distilled water and 10% ethanol). Higher acaricidal activity was recorded in SLA with a lower LC50 (95% CL) value of 1.58% (0.92-2.71%) than SLE [5.25% (4.91-5.63%)]. A significant decrease in egg mass weight and reproductive index was recorded in treated ticks along with an increase in percent inhibition of oviposition. A complete inhibition of hatching was recorded in eggs laid by ticks treated with higher concentrations of SLA, whereas, SLE exhibited no effect on hatching percentage., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We examined the orientational fluctuations of a small number of myosin molecules (approximately three) in working skeletal muscle myofibrils. Myosin light chain 1 (LC1) was labeled with a fluorescent dye and exchanged with the native LC1 of skeletal muscle myofibrils cross-linked with 1-ethyl-3-[3(dimethylamino) propyl] carbodiimide to prevent shortening. We observed a small volume within the A-band (∼10(-15) L) by confocal microscopy, and measured cyclic fluctuations in the orientation of the myosin neck (containing LC1) by recording the parallel and perpendicular components of fluorescent light emitted by the fluorescently labeled myosin LC1. Histograms of orientational fluctuations from fluorescent molecules in rigor were represented by a single Gaussian distribution. In contrast, histograms from contracting muscles were best fit by at least two Gaussians. These results provide direct evidence that cross-bridges in working skeletal muscle assume two distinct conformations, presumably corresponding to the pre- and post-power-stroke states., (Copyright © 2011 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The blood levels, toxicokinetics and urinary excretion of selenium were investigated in healthy male buffalo calves after single oral and intravenous administration of selenourea at the dose rate of 0.75mg/kg (providing 0.48mg/kg selenium). The concentration of selenium in blood and urine was estimated spectrophotometrically. Following administration of the drug, the blood selenium disposition patterns exhibited two distinct peaks. The toxicokinetic parameters of selenium were determined by employing non-compartmental analysis. The values of AUC, t(1/2elm), Cl(B) and Vd(SS) were 18.46μgml(-1)h, 10.33h, 20.04mlkg(-1)h(-1)and 0.3lkg(-1), respectively, after oral administration and 23.97μgml(-1)h, 7.12h, 20.53mlkg(-1)h(-1) and 0.2lkg(-1), respectively, following intravenous injection of selenourea. The value of MRT was higher after oral dosing. The bioavailability of selenium, following oral administration of selenourea was 77%. Approximately, 22% of the total intravenous dose and 5.9% of total oral dose of selenium was excreted in urine within 24h of administration of selenourea. The data on blood Se levels may be of help in diagnosing the impeding selenium toxicosis and thus preventing mortality due to selenium toxicity., (Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Possible central modulation of acute peripheral inflammation by putative amino acid neurotransmitters was investigated in rats by adopting formalin induced pedal inflammation as an experimental model. Out of five amino acids (GABA, glycine, DL-alanine, L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid) tested, intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of GABA and L-aspartic acid produced significant alteration in acute inflammation. GABA showed a significant attenuation of paw oedema and nociception whereas, L-aspartic acid produced significant increase in oedema volume along with marked hyperalgesia. In conclusion, the study confirms that CNS is capable of modulating peripheral inflammation.

The possibility of central noradrenergic and dopaminergic modulation of Brewer's yeast-induced peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats. Centrally administered noradrenaline (NA), amphetamine, which liberates NA and dopamine in the central nervous system and L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine significantly suppressed paw oedema. Conversely, the beta-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol, catecholaminergic neuron degenerator, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol and dopamine synthesis inhibitor, alpha-methyl para tyrosine (AMPT) augmented paw oedema. In addition, 6-OHDA and haloperidol produced significant reduction in pain threshold. The results of this study indicate that central NA and dopamine exert inhibitory effects on Brewer's yeast-induced peripheral inflammation.

Possible central serotonergic and histaminergic modulation of acute peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats, adopting the formaldehyde-induced acute pedal inflammation as an experimental model. Intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of central inhibitory neurotransmitter, serotonin and its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) attenuated the oedema volume and exudate protein content alongwith augmentation in pain threshold. On the contrary, cyproheptadine, a 5-HT-receptor antagonist and selective serotonin synthesis inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) produced oedema augmenting and pro-nociceptive effects besides elevating the protein content of the exudate. Centrally administered histamine attenuated pedal oedema, nociception as well as protein concentration in oedema fluid. Cimetidine, an H2 histaminergic receptor blocker did not produce any significant effect on inflammation.

Possible central noradrenergic and cholinergic modulation of acute peripheral inflammation was investigated in rats, adopting the formaldehyde-induced pedal inflammation as the experimental model. Intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered noradrenaline (NA), alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, L-phenylephrine, alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine and non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol, suppressed formaldehyde-induced inflammation producing a decrease in oedema volume and increase in pain threshold. Conversely, both noradrenergic neuron degenerator, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and non-selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine produced an increase in paw oedema along with an augmentation of pain. Significant oedema augmenting effects were also produced by central excitatory neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh) on icv administration. ACh also produced pro-nociceptive action. An ACh antagonist, scopolamine and ACh synthesis inhibitor, hemicholinium-3 (HC) reduced pedal oedema and produced analgesia. The results of this study indicate that central NA exerts an inhibitory effect on peripheral oedema and pain whereas, ACh has an augmenting effect on formaldehyde-induced peripheral inflammation.