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The purpose of this article is an interpretation of 145 names of chosen valleys and couloirs of the Polish part of the Western Tatra Mountains. There are solely oronyms, which consist of two main components - valley or couloir and other lexemes that show various characteristics of their designations. The study has shown that the information on the topographic nature of an object that recorded in its name is sometimes not compatible with the given geographic term that assigned to the object. This problem can be shown on the example of names excerpted from the publication Rzeźba Tatr Polskich (1988) by Klimaszewski. These oronyms were compared with names excerpted from the monograph Polskie Tatry Zachodnie (1996) by Kunicki and Szczerba. The objective has been achieved using the classification of toponyms by Kornaszewski (1986) that shows how to discern the motivational meaning of toponyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Detailed geomorphological analysis of the karst depressions in Yucatán has received little attention because the measurement of morphometric parameters taken in the field involves a lot of work, time and costs. A pioneering exercise is presented that arose with two questions. What would be the characteristics of the relief that can be observed and / or measured in a cenote through images acquired with a drone? Would they be features similar to those seen with Google Earth images? Objective: To identify the units of the relief and morphometry of a cenote using images from two different platforms. Methodology: An open cenote located in the municipality of Chapab, Yucatán, was studied. A flight was carried out with a drone obtaining 259 images in 14 minutes, with which an orthomosaic, a digital elevation model and a point cloud were generated. We proceeded to the analysis of the data of the visible range (RGB), work with filters in ArcMap; the same spatial analysis procedure was performed with an image from Google Earth. Results: Nine units of the relief were identified in detail (permanent lake, intermittent lake, an area subject to flooding, beach, mouth, flooded slope, upper slope, scarp and lake coast); the differences between inputs are mainly in the morphometric parameters and in the values of the elevations. Implications: Drones facilitate imaging that allows detailed characterization of karst depressions to represent attributes that cannot be expressed on small scales. Conclusion: The anatomy of the Polol cenote technically corresponds to a sinkhole that houses a karst lake; nine relief units were identified that reveal limnological processes generating a karst-lacustrine environment that leads to the geomorphological enrichment of this region.

Usytuowanie opactwa w dolinie rzeki, z dość bogatym systemem dopływów uznaje się za zasadę lokacji cysterskich: Bernardus valles, colles Benedictus amabat, Franciscus vicos, magnas Dominicus urbes („Bernard kochał doliny, Benedykt zaś wzgórza, Franciszek miasteczka, Dominik wielkie miasta miłował”). Dolina dawała podstawę rozwoju przestrzennego i prowadzenia gospodarki rolnej w oparciu o żyzne tereny, a w tym specjalizowali się cystersi. W staraniach o podniesienie efektywności produkcji docenili znaczenie wody, nie tylko intensyfikując gospodarkę stawową, ale także czyniąc z wody główną siłę napędową dla urządzeń mechanicznych: młynów, foluszy itp., a więc praktycznie stworzyli nowoczesny wiejski „przemysł” spożywczy, z gorzelnictwem, browarnictwem i solowarstwem włącznie. Współcześnie w krajobrazie pocysterskim, pomimo wielowiekowego, gospodarczego wykorzystywania walorów środowiskowych wciąż jeszcze możemy odnajdywać właściwie funkcjonujące systemy przyrodnicze oraz ślady kompleksowo zagospodarowanych układów wodnych. Zakon poprzez rozwiązania stosowane w swoich dobrach na terenie całej Europy, nie tylko na poziomie gospodarczym i społecznym, ale także ekologicznym, w bardzo charakterystyczny i istotny sposób dokonał przebudowy krajobrazu, znacznie go wzbogacając.

The Late Bronze Age settlement in Dolina at the location of Babine Grede stands on two elevated ridges lying along the course of the River Sava in the direction of west – east. The settlement is known on the basis of previously collected surface finds of potsherds and was confirmed by a geomagnetic survey conducted in 2014. Trench 1, located in the eastern part of the western ridge, was excavated in 2015 and 2016. The archaeological excavations of the location of Babine Grede – Tukovi in 2018 determined that the settlement on the east ridge was partly contemporary in Ha A2, i.e. in the first half of the 11th cent. BC. Trench 2 included younger horizons than those recorded in Trench 1. The excavations conducted in the spring of 2019 opened Trench 3, which is a smaller trench on the western part of the eastern ridge. Trench 3 is located south of the settlement on the western ridge. This trench was excavated with the aim of locating a flat cemetery, but it located a peripheral part of the settlement with a large buried structure. The new excavation results have supplemented the findings about the borders of the settlement and the directions of its expansion, as well as the assumptions about the position of the flat cemetery. According to the published findings, the Bronze Age settlement of Donja Dolina on the other side of the river was at least partly contemporary with the settlement at Babine Grede, and this fact raises a number of new questions about the specific use of landscape along the River Sava in the Late Bronze Age, especially during the younger phase of the Urnfield culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le site acheuléen de plein-air de Revelles a été découvert en contexte de doline à l'occasion des travaux en 2002 de l'A29 à l'Ouest d'Amiens (Somme). Une unique occupation, dépourvue de faune, mais constituée de plus de 5000 artefacts, est attribuée au SIM 8. Cette occupation, très originale, nous permet de décrypter des caractéristiques typologiques et technologiques différentes des faciès connus en contexte de terrasse alluviale et quelque peu différent des autres contextes de plateaux et de dolines déjà étudiés comme ceux de Gentelles ou de la Ferme de l'Epinette. Trois chaînes opératoires majeures sont identifiées, l'une autour du façonnage de bifaces, l'une autour du façonnage de trifaces et une dernière autour de la production d'éclats bruts et d'éclats retouchés. La série de bifaces est constituée de formes lancéolées, de bifaces à dos, de pics-bifaces, de bifaces peu ébauchés à base corticale. Les formes ovalaires, amygdaloïdes et limandes sont déficientes. À Revelles, la fracturation des bifaces est notable et parmi les chutes de taille des bifaces et de leurs apex, il est souvent possible de faire la part entre la fracture due à la matière première parfois de mauvaise qualité, de celles, volontaires, qualifiées de ravivage. Entre les deux, les fracturations par flexion, obtenues en cours d'utilisation intensive de l'outil, nous laissent davantage dubitatifs. Le débitage est soigné avec une excellente productivité des surfaces de débitage produisant un grand nombre de couteaux à dos naturel. Le débitage Levallois n'est attesté que par quelques rares nucléus préférentiels ainsi que quelques produits de débitage. The open-air site and Acheulean site of Revelles has been discovered in a dolina context when the A29 motorway was built in 2002 west to Amiens (Somme). One single occupation, without faunal discoveries, has delivered more than 5000 artefact and has been correlated to SIM 8. This new occupation permits us to work out on typology and technology of a facies different from the traditional acheulian from the alluvial terrace like Cagny-l'Epinette or Cagny-la-Garenne and of a facies also different from the other plateaus or dolinas like Ferme de l'Epinette and Gentelles. Three main operating chains are identified, one around the production of handaxes, another around triface and the last one deals with the productions of flakes and tool-flakes. Among the handaxes typology, we encounter lanceolates, back-handaxes, picks-handaxes and many handaxes with a cortex basis. Traditional morphologies like ovalar, amygdaloid and limandes are away. In that site, broken handaxes are numerous and broken marks allow us to see the difference between the one depending of bad raw materials from those of a volunteer resharping. Between these two extremes some are the results of the flexion or diverse functions. The debitage is carefully done with a great productivity of each main core surface and a great proportion of long back-knives. The Levallois method is rarely present, only by few preferential cores and rare flakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Bronze Age settlement on the site of Babine Grede in Dolina stands on two greda (elevated positions) stretching along the River Sava in the east-west direction. The settlement is known from before on the basis of numerous collected surface finds of pottery fragments, and it was confirmed by a geomagnetic survey in 2014. Trench 1, in the eastern part of the western elevation, was excavated in 2015 and 2016. Archaeological research undertaken on the site of Babine Grede - Tukovi in 2018 was intended to determine the exact dating of the settlement standing on the eastern elevation. The discovered bronze and ceramic objects show that the settlement on the position of the eastern elevation was partly contemporaneous with the part of the settlement included in the excavations of trench 1 in the western part of the elevation, during Ha A2, that is, in the first half of the 11th century BC. Trench 2 contained even younger settlement horizons than the ones identified in trench 1. The results of the research from 2018 have changed the assumptions about the horizontal settlement stratigraphy in Dolina, that is, about how the Late Bronze Age settlement spread from east to west, where the settlement is the closest to the cemetery under the tumuli at the position of Glavičice. The research has proven that the settlement spread towards the east, too, on the higher places which were not directly exposed to sudden changes in the water level of the Sava. In future years, research will focus on locating the flat cemetery and considering the horizontal stratigraphy of the Late Bronze Age settlement on the site of Babine Grede. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the archaeological excavations carried out in 2017 tumulus 10 was excavated at the site Glavičice in Dolina. The upper grave in Tumulus 10 was plundered in the past (Fig. 3). The results of the research confirmed the assumption that the structure of each tumulus flowed independently and only in adjacent tumuli, according to the present knowledge, traces of collective memory and established tradition can be expected. Since only a small part of the community living in a settlement situated at the site Babine Grede were buried under the tumuli, it is not excluded that tumuli were constructed for a longer period. The recognizable chronological difference, proved by type-chronological analysis, indicates a range of 80-100 years in burials under the tumuli. In addition to the chronological difference, one may also have to account for a different position of the deceased who were buried under the tumuli, that is, it could be related to family or other social affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé Le gisement paléolithique de Gentelles (Somme) se situe sur un plateau calcaire contrairement à la plupart des gisements du Paléolithique inférieur et moyen du bassin de la Somme dont le contexte environnemental est fluviatile (dépôts alluviaux et de versant). Le matériel archéologique provient du remplissage d’une doline. Il a été mis au jour lors d’une fouille s’étendant sur plusieurs milliers de m 2 . L’attribution de la séquence archéologique au Pléistocène moyen récent et au Pléistocène supérieur (MIS 10 à 5) est confortée par des datations par ESR/U-Th sur dent et un âge IRSL sur sédiment. Toutes les séries lithiques comprennent une production bifaciale et une production d’éclats obtenue à partir de nucléus présentant une ou plusieurs surfaces de débitage. Il n’y a pas d’évidence de la présence de débitage Levallois, méthode de débitage pourtant fréquente dans beaucoup d’industries lithiques du Paléolithique moyen de la France septentrionale. Les premières phases des chaînes opératoires ne sont pas présentes dans la plupart des séries lithiques. Quelques restes osseux ont été découverts dans les dépôts lœssiques. Dans la plupart des cas, la fonction du site correspond à des occupations de courte durée par des groupes de chasseurs se déplaçant sur le plateau. Par contre, la série CLG (MIS 8) qui présente des pièces caractéristiques de beaucoup de phases de la chaîne opératoire témoigne d’occupations de plus longue durée. The palaeolithic site of Gentelles (Somme, France) is situated on a chalky plateau unlike most Lower and Middle Palaeolithic sites of the Somme basin, which are related to fluvial environments (alluvial and slope deposits). The archaeological material of the site excavated at Gentelles on several thousand square meters is recovered from the infilling of a dolina. The archaeological sequence is attributed to Late Middle and Upper Pleistocene (MIS 10 to MIS 5). The assignment of the loess infilling the dolina to MIS 6 is supported by ESR/U-Th dates obtained on teeth and the IRSL age of the sediment. All lithic assemblages include bifacial production and debitage with cores showing one or several surfaces of debitage. There is no evidence of Levallois flaking methods, which are very common in many Middle Palaeolithic industries of Northern France. The first steps of the reducing sequences are not present in most lithic assemblages. Some faunal remains (equids, bovids) have been discovered in the loess deposits. In most cases, the function of the site corresponds to short occupations of hunters moving on the plateau. In contrast, the CLG assemblage (MIS 8) which shows many phases of the reducing sequence suggests longer occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a particular form of soil instability, which is rarely observed in Slovenia. This is a lateral spread of the soil, which appeared some years ago in the central part of Dolina area in the municipality of Puconci. The area is mainly build up from clay and sandy sediments of the Pannonian Sea, predominantly Pliocene age. A significant damage of building has begun several years ago. According to data from research carried out, we suggest that the flat area is disintegrated into individual blocks, moving in different directions. These led to such extensive damage to buildings. Possible cause could be erosion of Dolinski stream at the eastern edge of the area or seismic survey (blasting, vibrations), which were carried out here about 20 years ago. Determination the exact cause of the formation of the soil lateral spread, its extent and dynamics, remain a challenge for the future.

The finalisation of the construction of the Malczyce barrage is planned for 2015. Damming of the river will cause a change in the water and ground conditions in the adjoining areas. The paper analyses the influence of the water level in the Oder River dammed by the barrage on groundwater table level in the left bank valley.

In the autumn of 2016 continued archaeological research of trench 1 on multilayer Late Bronze Age settlement Babine Grede in Dolina. Three horizons of the settlement were discovered in excavation 2015, while in the research undertaken in 2016 nine horizons of settlement was recognized. Archaeological excavations documented the collapse over the house, complete floor plan of a house destroyed by fire, numerous burials for posts, fireplaces and pits and semiundergrounded pit. Archaeological finds have been found in greater quantities - pottery, house daub of the house construction, then stone objects, animal bones and a few bronze items. According to the collected findings, explored part of settlement can be dated to the 11th century BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Valley of the Hinnom in the Old Testament always referred to a place south of the city walls. After the sacrifices of children made to Molech, this area was cursed. The people began to throw garbage and dispose of the bodies of convicts there while unfading fire burnt them. Unpleasant and acrid smoke constantly hovered over this area. The teaching of Jesus of Nazareth changed the meaning of the term Gehenna. Jesus used it to bring people to the reality of damnation. He pointed to the need for one’s radical turning away from evil and sin in order to avoid this punishment. The valley of disgrace has become thus the image of eternal hell in Jesus’ preaching.

U jesen 2015. godine započela su istraživanja kasnobrončanodobnoga naselja na položaju Babine grede u Dolini. U sondi 1 dokumentirana su tri horizonta naseljavanja s ostacima podnica kuća uz čije se rubove nalaze ukopi rupa za stupove. Između podnica kuća pronađene su jame, dok su posebno brojna ognjišta koja često imaju supstrukciju od keramičkih ulomaka. U istraživanjima je otkrivena brojna pokretna građa, pri čemu su najbrojniji ulomci keramičkih posuda i kućnoga lijepa, zatim slijede nalazi kostiju, žrvnjeva, kamenih alata, brončanih predmeta (dlijeto, igla) te ostaci brončane zgure. Prema preliminarnim rezultatima i pokretnoj građi, naselje se datira u Ha A2 i Ha B1 stupanj, odnosno u 11. i 10. st. pr. Kr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research in 2014 looked into the remains of tumuli 12 and 13, which included geophysical survey of the position of the settlements and the tumulus cemetery. Research of tumuli 12 and 13 confirmed the northwestern border of the tumulus cemetery. Geophysical survey provided further insight into the relation between the settlement and the cemetery and the infrastructure of the settlement itself. Remarkable insight and finds gathered during the investigation of Glavičica in Dolina allow a more comprehensive view of funeral rituals during the end of the Late Bronze and beginning of Early Iron Age in Posavina (Sava valley), which also extends to the spatial relations between the settlement and the cemetery. The results of magnetic prospecting have broadened the scope provided by classical archaeological methods and will certainly steer future research of the site in several directions: inspecting the eastern edge of the flat cemetery, verifying the position of probable tumuli not visible at present and researching the settlement at Babine Grede. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a particular form of soil instability, which is rarely observed in Slovenia. This is a lateral spread of the soil, which appeared some years ago in the central part of Dolina area in the municipality of Puconci. The area is mainly build up from clay and sandy sediments of the Pannonian Sea, predominantly Pliocene age. A significant damage of building has begun several years ago. According to data from research carried out, we suggest that the flat area is disintegrated into individual blocks, moving in different directions. These led to such extensive damage to buildings. Possible cause could be erosion of Dolinski stream at the eastern edge of the area or seismic survey (blasting, vibrations), which were carried out here about 20 years ago. Determination the exact cause of the formation of the soil lateral spread, its extent and dynamics, remain a challenge for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2013 we carried out the investigation of tumuli 9 and 5 at the position of Glavičice in Dolina. Tumulus 9 yielded grave 1 with cremated bones mixed with the remains of the pyre, potsherds and a bronze button, dating the grave to Ha B3 phase. A bronze bulb-headed pin was discovered in the fill of the tumulus. Tumulus 5, with 20 m in diameter, belongs to a group of tumuli lying closest to the northern edge of the settlement. Grave 1 was discovered immediately beneath the ploughing layer. It consisted of a rectangular timber structure with posts. The grave was filled with the remains from the pyre, on which was placed the urn with a bowl serving as the lid. On the northern side of the urn was placed a bronze bell helmet (Glockenhelm), dated to Ha B3 phase. The burial rite with grave goods in the form of a bronze defensive weapon - helmet, differs from the usual burials of the younger phase of the Urnfield culture in southern Pannonia. The fill of grave 1 yielded also abundant remains of burned bronze. Grave 2, lying beneath grave 1, yielded the remains of a pyre with cremated bones, next to which was placed a ceramic set of four vessels. The exceptional finds and results of the investigations in Dolina supplement our picture of the burial rites, with the finds from tumulus 5 significantly changing our knowledge of the relative-chronological relationships at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age in central Posavina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the excavations carried out at the position of Glavičica in Dolina in 2012, tumulus 11 was investigated. The excavations of that tumulus, which had been considerably lowered by ploughing, led to the discovery of grave 1 below two earthen mounds. The grave consisted of a rectangular charred area measuring 3.00 x 1.70 m, with burnt bones, charcoal, potsherds and fragments of burnt bronze objects. Taking into consideration the finds and the shape of the charred area, a possible conclusion would be that these were the remains of a pyre. However, considering that there were no traces of burnt soil below or around the charred area, a more likely explanation is that this marks the place of deposition of the remains of the pyre with the bones of the deceased and the goods, over which an earthen mound was built. The investigation of tumulus 11 showed that our knowledge about funerary rituals of the communities from the beginning of the Early Iron Age is, at best, lacking. The finds from tumulus 11 date it to the 8th cent. BC, close in time to the finds from graves 1 and 2 in tumulus 6. The burial method, shape of the grave and presence of two evenly arranged earthen mounds distinguish tumulus 11 from the other excavated tumuli, which contained readily identifiable graves with goods and cremated remains of the deceased persons in urns or in organic containers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A folha de Irecê, na escala 1:100.000 limitada pelas latitutes 11o 00’ a 11o 30’ S e 41o 30’ a 42o 00’ W é coberta predominantemente com rochas carbonatadas da Formação Salitre, com feições cársticas desenvolvidas, que juntamente com zonas de fraturamento, constituem os reservatórios de maior expressividade do ponto de vista de recepção e armazenamento de águas subterrâneas, formando um sistema misto. As fendas, dutos e fraturas controlam as propriedades de permeabilidade e a mobilidade no reservatório, mas volumetricamente as feições de dissolução nos carbonatos adquirem maior importância. Diferentemente dos reservatórios constituídos predominantemente de clásticos, com propriedades de permo-porosidade relativamente isotrópicas ao longo de grandes extensões, os reservatórios em relevos cársticos são caracterizados pela anisotropia da permo-porosidade, com grande variação em escala de apenas dezenas a centenas de metros e em diferentes direções. Do mapeamento de feições cársticas, por interpretação de aerofotografias, esse material foi utilizado diretamente para cálculos de áreas dessas feições de dissolução, computando-se valores muito próximos aos reais nessa área. Da interpretação da distribuição das regiões de maior dissolução e sua associação com as maiores feições estruturais da área, pode-se também atribuir a causa dessas feições aos modelos clássicos há muito propostos.

The present work introduces experiences in the application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technologies in a risk minimization of a sinkhole project in the Republic of South Africa, where the GIS tools facilitates the handling of water and sanitation networks and the management of the incidence reports. The specific characteristics of the project are considered, the phases of the work for developing GIS databases, the preliminary results and the perspectives of development. In the same way some experiences acquired by the work under the South African conditions are presented which might be of interest to Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the second year, archaeological trial excavations of the Glavičice prehistoric cemetery in Dolina were conducted. The southernmost Tumulus 6 was excavated, under which there were two incineration graves in a vertical stratigraphic relationship. The grave goods suggest that the deceased were buried at the beginning of the Iron Age (Ha C1a), thus connecting the tradition of cremation burials of the Urnfield culture with the Hallstatt fashion of marking graves by erecting tumuli. Under a mound of grey mixed earth in the south-western quarter of the tumulus, incineration remains of a rectangular shape with a large amount of soot were identified as Grave 1. It was constructed with four wooden pillars in the corners, along which planks were probably laid. In the grave, thus prepared, a pot was laid - an urn with the incinerated bones of the deceased, among which an iron wire double-looped fibula was unearthed with a triangular foot and a round bow cross-section. The fibula is relatively small. In the urn-pot, an iron bead was found, along with small bronze rivets of 0.5 cm in diameter. The urn was covered with the remains of a funeral pyre with soot, among which incinerated bones, pottery shards, a large amount of small bronze rivets, fragments of a burned iron artefact, two bone pendants, one of which was decorated with concentric circles, and a stone pendant which had deliberately been broken in three parts, were found. Grave 1 was sunk in the mound of Grave 2. Finds in Grave 1, Tumulus 6 suggest a burial of a prominent person from the beginning of the Early Iron Age. The incineration burial partly in the urn and partly in the rest of the grave testifies to the traditions of the Urnfield culture. In the grave, a whetstone was unearthed, frequently encountered in graves at Dalj and Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002: T. 6: 26 passim). The find from Grave 1 of Tumulus 6 might be the currently westernmost known find of this type of whetstone, associated with eastern, so-called Thraco-Cimmerian, influences. Another extraordinary find is that of a double-looped iron fibula with a triangular foot and a bow with a round cross-section of the type 2a based on Gabrovec, for which there are close analogies in Grave 250 in Ljubljana (Gabrovec 1970: 24, Map V, T. 8: 8). The densest distribution of this type of fibulae has been documented in Slovenia (Lower Carniola, Ljubljana, Inner Carniola). However, isolated finds are also known from Glasinci and Vukovar (Gabrovec 1970: map V) and the find from Dolina fits well into this picture. Particularly interesting is the find of approximately one hundred small bronze rivets of 0.5 cm in diameter, which formed a constituent part of the attire or equipment of the deceased, and were cremated along with them. They can be interpreted in two ways: a part of their attire (belt, mantle or waistcoat) decorated with rivets, or a bowl-shaped helmet of the Libna group (Škoberne 1999: 88, Fig. 59-60). The iron fibula and the presumed bowl-shaped helmet from Grave 1 testify to western influences, while the ceramic vessels, whetstone and bone pendants suggest eastern connections, which is not surprising considering the geographical position of Dolina in the Sava valley, a transversal between the south-eastern Alps and Danube region. The Grave 2 mound was made of brown sandy earth, and is situated in the central part of the grave, in its south-eastern and south-western quarters. Grave 2 was placed in the southern part of the tumulus. Incinerated bones mixed with pottery shards and an amount of soot were laid in some sort of organic material. North of the incinerated bones, a set consisting of three pots, a cup and a bowl was laid. Grave 2 was covered with brown sandy earth and marked from the outside, as Grave 1 lay above it and north of it. Grave 2 lay on a layer of sterile soil consisting of light yellow sand. In Grave 2, Tumulus 8, a pottery set was unearthed. The shapes of the vessels belong to types of the late Urnfield culture in Posavina, while two pots are extraordinarily biconical, which, along with an incised decoration filled by an incrustation, has analogies in the central Bosnian group (Čović 1987: Fig. 27). The shapes and incised decoration might equally have been inspired by the East, where biconical pots with incised decorations appear in the further eastern Vis-Pivnica group (Čović 1988: 102, Fig. 28), while the incised geometrical decorations and wavy lines were a fashionable pottery decoration style in the wider area between the Lower Danube region from Banija and Kordun in the west, along the River Sava to Slovenian Podravje and Pomurje along the River Drava in the period between the 11th and 8th centuries BC (Hänsel 1976; Teržan 1995). At a later stage, similar ornamentation was inherited from the Basarabi style, also present on sites in northern Bosnia (Gavranović 2007) and in the west up to White Carniola in Slovenia (Dular 1979). The idea of the pottery set and tumuli, documented in Grave 2, Tumulus 6 testifies to the presence of Hallstatt ideas on the periphery of the eastern Hallstatt circle. Both excavated tumuli (T 6 and T 8) in Dolina testify to a community that communicated with its contemporaries in the neighbourhood but also from a wider area. Besides parts of attire suggesting wider connections and the local expressions in pottery, there are other elements suggesting that the members of the community living in Dolina at the beginning of the Iron Age were open to innovations (e.g. the idea of tumuli), which they applied in their everyday life (burial with two incineration graves with separate mounds in a single tumulus). This is a hypothesis that needs to be confirmed in excavations of a larger surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim of defi ning protohistoric cultural phenomena in Posavina, in 2009 trial excavations began at the site in Dolina (Vrbje Municipality, County of Slavonski Brod and Posavina) in order to find out more about a series of processes that were occurring at the mentioned territory in the course of the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, as intensive exchange of goods, people and ideas took place between the south-eastern Alpine region and the Danube region on the one hand, and between west Balkan and southern Pannonia on the other hand. In the course of the excavations it is expected to collect moveable finds, as well as facts on the location of the graves and their relationship towards the corresponding settlement, as well as their chronological position within the existing periodization of the cultural group Donja Dolina-Sanski Most (Marik 1964; &#010C;ovik 1987), to which the sites around Dolina belong. The excavations were conducted in co-operation between the Nova Gradiška Town Museum and the Institute of Archaeology. Financing was provided by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports within the Scientific Project The Development and Mobility of Protohistoric Communities Settled on the Territory of Continental Croatia: 197-1970685-0711. On the basis of the past field surveys and individual finds, at the site Babine Grede, on a slightly elevated and prolonged traverse - almost 1 km long - a settlement is situated, surrounded by often flooded lowlands. Northwest of the settlement, at the site called Glavičice, up to the present day 13 tumuli have been documented, although this number is significantly high in view of the fact that they are situated on a once intensively cultivated land. Next to the tumuli the existence of flat graves is assumed. In the course of the trial excavations of 2009, a total of 8 tumuli were explored at the Glavičice site, while the Draganje site, approximately a hundred metres west of the tumuli where on the basis of surface finds the discovery of flat graves was expected, was trial-trenched (Map 1). Glavičice - Tumulus 8 Tumulus 8 has a diameter of 16-17 m and it belongs to a group of tumuli of smaller dimensions (Fig. 1). Under the upper layer of the tumulus, almost in its centre, grave T 8/1 was found with incinerated remains of a deceased woman. The remains were piled up together with fragments of bronze artefacts which were incinerated along with the woman as part of her costume. However, fragments of a needle and probably parts of bronze armlets/anklets as well as of a small rivet with a hemispheric head can be recognized. In the centre there is a jug with a grip and with a vertically cannelured belly (Fig. 2). Under the bottom layer of the tumulus, also almost in its central part, grave T 8/2 with incinerated remains of a deceased person was found. The pile of incinerated remains of the deceased is rather compact, which suggests that it must have been laid in a textile or leather cloth (Fig. 3). South of the bones, a larger bronze pin was found with diagonally ornamented neck and smaller profilations at the top. The pin might have closed the organic material in which the bones were kept. Along with incinerated bones, fragments of a reddish vessel were found, which was decorated with zigzag and vertical curved lines filled with white incrustation. In the north-eastern quadrant, a bit further from the incinerated remains of the deceased, a bowl with a round body and an indented edge, and a smaller pot with a round body with a grip on the neck were found. At the level of grave 2, in the north-eastern quadrant, an oval surface of burned earth stands out that might suggest the spot where incinerations used to take place. Draganje About a hundred meters west of the tumuli group, at the site of Draganje, trench 1 was explored which partly encompassed a smaller elevation on which fragments of pottery and incinerated bones were collected that suggest the existence of flat burials. In the northern part of the trench, grave 1 was found with incinerated remains of a deceased, laid in a rectangular pit with rounded corners (Fig. 4). Only the bottom of the grave was preserved with fragments of ceramic vessels - a pot with a round body and a horizontally faceted edge, and a bowl with a rounded body and an indented and horizontally faceted edge. The finds suggest that the grave is from the early stage of the Late Bronze Age. Trial excavations at the sites of Glavičice and Draganje in Dolina contribute to a better understanding of the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age in Posavina, a region which, according to the existing sporadic individual finds, belonged to Donja Dolina-Sanski Most cultural group. The significance of the settlement in Dolina is testified by numerous surface finds collected in fields - ceramic vessel fragments that can be dated between 11th and 7th centuries BC, even though finds of earlier pottery forms are probably not excluded either. More reliable stratigraphic indices can only be brought about by trial excavations. The excavation of tumulus 8 at Glavičice with two dikes and two incineration burials represents a significant discovery, not only from the aspect of the study of burial rites in Posavina, but also for a chronological determination of the finds collected within the Donja Dolina-Sanski Most group. In the bottom grave T. 8/2 a bronze pin with an ornamented neck was found, analogies of which are found in the neighbouring settlement in Donja Dolina, where it was dated in stage Ic (Marik 1964: 31, T. V: 7) or stage 1 (&#010C;ovik 1987: 238) which is associated with stage Ha B3. In the grave, fragments of a ceramic vessel were also found with richly curved and white incrusted decoration. Analogies are found within the central Bosnian group and in the east in the Lower Danube region in the so-called Bassarabian style. The younger grave T. 8/1 contained numerous fragments of bronze artefacts which mostly lost their original shape as they were incinerated with the deceased female as part of her costume. Analogies for a jug with a vertically cannelured belly were documented on Dalj group sites. The settlement on Babine Grede as well as the Glavičice cemetery with tumuli and the Draganje flat burials, i.e. several seasons of trial excavations on these sites, may bring about facts that will bring more light into the beginning of a new civilisation era characterized by the appearance of iron artefacts, with which social and economic changes are linked that are partly evident in the beginning of burying prominent individuals in tumuli. Bearing in mind the significance of settlements and cemeteries in the neighbouring Donja Dolina, there must have been a corresponding settlement also on the northern bank of the Sava River, through which intensive trade and exchange of ideas and goods between the east Alpine region and the Danube region, as well as between western Balkans and southern Pannonia took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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