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The development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) typically follows an iterative process, where physical design precedes controller design. This study seeks to enhance the development process for quadcopters and drones by elucidating the interplay between physical design parameters and control system effectiveness. Notably, this work could gain attention as its focus is on the relationship between a physical design parameter and its impact on control systems, an aspect that has not been addressed in contemporary research. Initially, we assess two established experimental techniques for determining the Center of Mass (CoM) of a quadrotor, a critical indicator of mass distribution in the assembled or manufactured system. Then, we explore how CoM placement influences control processes and introduce a novel computational methodology for managing mass-imbalanced quadcopters, applicable to both traditional and novel control strategies. Performance evaluations in both balanced and unbalanced conditions had been conducted and compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Abstract A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Anabaena blue-green algae (ABGA) meal on the growth performance, digestibility, and physio-metabolic responses of Catla catla fingerlings (initial average weight 9.45 ± 0.15 g). Six iso-nitrogenous (30% crude protein) and iso-caloric (378.09 Kcal. digestible energy/100 g) diets were formulated: a control diet (A0, 0% ABGA) and five experimental diets with varying ABGA inclusion levels (A3: 3%, A6: 6%, A9: 9%, A12: 12%, A15: 15%). The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in percentage weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the experimental groups. Additionally, dietary ABGA did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) body carcass composition among different groups. However, amylase activity significantly decreased (P 0.05) across all groups. Notably, oxidative stress responses (SOD; superoxide dismutase and CAT; catalase), carbohydrate metabolic enzymes (LDH; lactate dehydrogenase and MDH; malate dehydrogenase), and serum glucose levels increased significantly (P 0.05) observed in serum total protein, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities among the experimental groups. Hematological parameters revealed that RBC (red blood cell) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and packed cell volume (PCV) significantly decreased (P

Objective: This study functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a surgical procedure requiring minimal bleeding to optimize the surgical field. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate, lignocaine, and propofol in attenuating hemodynamic response. The primary objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of these agents in reducing hemodynamic response. The secondary objectives included assessing the quality of the surgical field, recovery time, and total neuromuscular dose. Methods: We randomly allocated 105 patients scheduled for FESS into three groups: lignocaine, propofol, and magnesium sulfate. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were recorded every 5 min for the first 30 min, followed by measurements every 10 min at the end of the procedure. Moreover, recovery time, total neuromuscular blocking dose, and surgical field score were noted upon completion of the procedure. Statistical analysis was conducted using the number cruncher statistical systems version 9.0.8 software. Results: All three groups showed comparable hemodynamic response and surgical field scores. The recovery time was notably longer in the magnesium sulfate group [10.94 min (2.45)] than in the lignocaine [4.37 min (1.03)] [95% confidence interval (CI) -7.32, -5.83; P=0.000] and propofol groups [4.60 min (0.60)] (95% CI 5.60, 7.095; P=0.000). Moreover, the total neuromuscular blocking agent used was significantly lower in the magnesium sulfate group [5.89 mg (0.47)] than in the lignocaine [6.26 mg (0.56)] (95% CI 0.66, 0.03; P=0.035). Conclusion: Propofol, magnesium sulfate, and lignocaine exerted equal efficacy in attenuating hemodynamic responses during surgery and ensuring a satisfactory surgical field. However, magnesium sulfate led to significantly longer recovery timescompared withpropofol and lignocaine. In addition, magnesium sulfate required a significantly lower total dose of neuromuscular blocking agentsthan lignocaine.

Background: When a cesarean section is performed, it is crucial to have access to good postoperative analgesia. To achieve this, adjuvants are added along with local anesthetics as it has a synergistic action to improve its duration and quality. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists and opioids such as dexmedetomidine and fentanyl, respectively, are used for their sedative, analgesic, and perioperative sympatholytic and cardiovascular stabilizing effects with reduced anesthetic requirements. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of intrathecal fentanyl versus dexmedetomidine combined with levobupivacaine on postoperative analgesia and hemodynamic changes. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective randomized control trial, among 50 patients undergoing elective cesarean section. Group 1 will receive 0.5% levobupivacaine 2 ml + fentanyl 25 mcg and Group 2 will receive 0.5% levobupivacaine + dexmedetomidine 5 mcg. Duration of analgesia and onset and duration of sensory-motor block, perioperative analgesic requirements, sedation, and hemodynamic stability were compared. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: The baseline characteristics such as age and gender, weight, height, and body mass index were not statistically significant in both the groups. Duration of analgesia was significantly longer in the dexmedetomidine group than the fentanyl group. The mean time of onset of motor block in the group, for which dexmedetomidine was 14.23 ± 1.85 min and it was found to be much earlier than the local anesthetic group. All the patients in the dexmedetomidine group had a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of 0 (no pain) at the end of 4 h. In contrast, only 21 patients in the fentanyl group had a VAS score of 0, and four patients had a VAS score of 2, indicating mild pain requiring no treatment. Conclusion: The study showed that both fentanyl and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine in cesarean section showed a longer duration of analgesia with increased sedation score and lesser pain score. When comparing the both, dexmedetomidine to the levobupivacaine has a more effective effect on postoperative pain management than fentanyl.

Generally, the sol–gel route engages spin-coating or dip-coating for the film deposition on a substrate. This paper first time establishes the synthesis of SnO2 film using an innovative and economical sol-gel assisted screen-printing route. As deposited film was finally sintered at 450 °C for 10 min. The polycrystalline nature and single-phase tetragonal structure of SnO2 was confirmed by XRD result. SEM result exposes the homogeneous pattern of different size particles with porous nature. Diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) analysis shows the band gap of sintered SnO2 film to be 3.65 eV. The Hall measurement test conveys the n-type conductivity for the film having a resistivity of 1.07 x 10-3 Ω cm.

Background and Aims: General anaesthesia (GA) is the preferred modality for breast surgeries; however, neuraxial anaesthesia can be performed in cases where GA poses a significant risk. We hypothesise that neuraxial blockade is a safe and effective alternative to GA in short-duration breast surgeries. Methods: This randomised study included 30 patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II, who were scheduled for elective breast surgeries of a duration of less than 90 min. Group I received thoracic spinal anaesthesia, while in Group II, standardised GA was administered. The primary outcome was the time to the first rescue analgesic, and the secondary outcomes were time to recovery, patient satisfaction and the cost incurred. Results: The demographic characteristics of both groups were comparable (P > 0.05). The time to first rescue analgesic in Group I was more than in Group II (P = 0.001). Patient satisfaction score was superior in Group I compared to Group II (P = 0.002). The average cost was lower in Group I compared to Group II (P = 0.002). Recovery was quicker in Group I than in Group II (P = 0.001). There were no significant haemodynamic disturbances or major complications in either group. Conclusion: Thoracic spinal anaesthesia is an excellent alternative to GA in terms of analgesic efficacy, patient satisfaction, recovery and cost-effectiveness for short-duration breast surgeries.

Abstract Exotic spin-0 states with unusual couplings with the gauge and matter fields of the Standard Model are worth exploring at the CERN LHC. Though our approach is largely model independent, we take inspiration from flavor models based on some discrete symmetries which predict a set of a scalar and a pseudoscalar having purely off-diagonal Yukawa interactions with quarks and leptons. In a previous paper, some of us explored how to decipher such exotic scalar and pseudoscalar states whose off-diagonal Yukawa couplings involve light quarks. In this work we follow a complementary path and focus on the Yukawa couplings that necessarily involve a top quark. If one such spin-0 state is lighter than the top quark, then the rare decay of the latter, on account of the high yield of the $$t\bar{t}$$ t t ¯ events, could provide a potential hunting ground of those exotic states particularly during the high luminosity phase of the LHC run. We carry out an exhaustive collider analysis of some promising signatures of those exotic states using sophisticated Machine Learning techniques and obtain considerable signal significance.

Abstract Cancer is a global issue and hence various efforts are being made. Iron oxide is considered a significant biochemical agent in the biomedical arena for cancer treatment. Marine macroalgae-mediated iron oxides especially, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) are a prospective alternative to diagnose and treat cancer owing to their fluorescent and magnetic properties. We intend to appraise the usability of the aqueous extract of Rosenvingea intricata (R. intricata) in Fe3O4 NPs synthesis and to study their cytotoxic effects against human hepatocarcinoma (Hep3B) and pancreatic (PANC1) cancer cells. In the present study, R. intricata were collected from the coastal region of South Andaman, India. Aqueous extracts of R. intricata were utilized to synthesize Fe3O4 NPs via the co-precipitation method. Phycosynthesized Fe3O4 NPs exhibited wide peak at 400–600 nm from ultraviolet–visible diffused reflectance spectroscopic analysis which validated the formation of NPs. Band edge emission peak at 660 nm in fluorescent spectra confirmed the quantum confinement in Fe3O4 NPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the role of R. intricata as a capping and reducing agent with functional groups such as O–H, C–H, C=O, N=O, C=C, C–O, C–N, and C–S arising from amino acids, polysaccharides, aliphatic hydrocarbons, esters, amides, lignins, alkanes, aliphatic amines, and sulfates. Physicochemical properties such as crystallite size (14.36 nm), hydrodynamic size (84.6 nm), irregular morphology, elemental composition, particle size (125 nm), crystallinity, and saturation magnetization (0.90007 emu/g) were obtained from x-ray diffractometer, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer techniques, respectively. The cell viability showed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects and enhanced the apoptosis against Hep3B and PANC1 cancer cells. R. intricata extract capped Fe3O4 NPs could be the most appropriate and effective nanomaterial for cancer treatment and management.

Abstract The current upper limit on $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ N eff at the time of CMB by Planck 2018 can place stringent constraints in the parameter space of BSM paradigms where their additional interactions may affect neutrino decoupling. Motivated by this fact in this paper we explore the consequences of light gauge boson ( $$Z'$$ Z ′ ) emerging from local $$U(1)_X$$ U ( 1 ) X symmetry in $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ N eff at the time of CMB. First, we analyze the generic $$U(1)_X$$ U ( 1 ) X models with arbitrary charge assignments for the SM fermions and show that, in the context of $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ N eff the generic $$U(1)_X$$ U ( 1 ) X gauged models can be broadly classified into two categories, depending on the charge assignments of first generation leptons. We then perform a detailed analysis with two specific $$U(1)_X$$ U ( 1 ) X models: $$U(1)_{B_3-3L_e}$$ U ( 1 ) B 3 - 3 L e and $$U(1)_{B_3-3L_\mu }$$ U ( 1 ) B 3 - 3 L μ and explore the contribution in $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ N eff due to the presence of $$Z'$$ Z ′ realized in those models. For comparison, we also showcase the constraints from low energy experiments like: Borexino, Xenon 1T, neutrino trident, etc. We show that in a specific parameter space, particularly in the low mass region of $$Z'$$ Z ′ , the bound from $$N_\textrm{eff}$$ N eff (Planck 2018) is more stringent than the experimental constraints. Additionally, a part of the regions of the same parameter space may also relax the $$H_0$$ H 0 tension.

Background: Evaluation analysis the learning capabilities and check the knowledge with skills that students have gained during study period. Good evaluation scheme is a key issue in medical education. Evaluation scheme currently in use are reviewed with attention to their strength and weaknesses. The purpose of the present study was to determine perception of medical students regarding effectiveness of Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS) medical evaluation scheme which may enhance the competency of the medical students as well as quality of medical education. Materials and Methods: This study was cross sectional questionnaire based study which consisted of 250 (165 male and 85 female) medical students who have already appeared in university examination. A Google Form Questionnaire was generated and shared to the student in order to acquire their perception regarding KUSMS medical evaluation scheme. Data was collected and statistical analysis was done. Results: Majority of the participants had shown their strongly agreement that KUSMS medical evaluation scheme is one of the best tool which help them to support in improving their learning skills and in obtaining good mark in their examination. Most of them also agreed that formative assessments give them the best opportunity to improve the weakness in their studies. Similarly, they preferred more integrated pattern of examination (current) rather than discipline based (subject wise) examination. Conclusion: The assessment methods should match the competencies being learnt and the teaching methods being used. Several assessment methods are used longitudinally to assess the student’s learning needs and to identify optimal performance by the faculties.