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The article focuses on evaluating the high frequency of stromal myofibroblasts in odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) associated with an impacted tooth compared to other odontogenic cysts and pericoronal follicles (PFs). It highlights that OKCs associated with impacted teeth (OKC-a) exhibit a significantly higher number of α-SMA positive cells than those not associated with impacted teeth (OKC-na) and dentigerous cysts (DCs).

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol derived from Green Tea, is one of the sources of natural bioactive compounds which are currently being developed as medicinal ingredients. Besides other biological activities, this natural compound exhibits anti-cariogenic effects. However, EGCG has low physical-chemical stability and poor bioavailability. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop and characterize lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle with EGCG and to evaluate its in vitro activity against cariogenic planktonic microorganisms. Lipid-chitosan hybrid nanoparticle (LCHNP-EGCG) were prepared by emulsion and sonication method in one step and characterized according to diameter, polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), encapsulation efficiency (EE), mucoadhesion capacity and morphology. Strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei were treated with LCHNP-EGCG, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. LCHNP-EGCG exhibited a size of 217.3 ± 5.1 nm with a low polydispersity index (0.17) and positive zeta potential indicating the presence of chitosan on the lipid nanoparticle surface (+33.7 mV). The LCHNP-EGCG showed a spherical morphology, high stability and a mucoadhesive property due to the presence of chitosan coating. In addition, the EGCG encapsulation efficiency was 96%. A reduction of almost 15-fold in the MIC and MBC against the strains was observed when EGCG was encapsulated in LCHNP, indicating the potential of EGCG encapsulation in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Taking the results together, the LCHNP-EGCG could be an interesting system to use in dental care due to their nanometric size, mucoadhesive properties high antibacterial activity against relevant planktonic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial impacts among Brazilian pediatric dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study with primary data collection was carried out using an online structured questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis by using absolute and relative frequencies. A chi-square test was used for association analysis and log-linear regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio (5%). The population comprised mostly women and knowledge regarding COVID-19 was satisfactory (above 80% in most items). N95 masks and faceshields were used, albeit 64.22% reported difficulty in providing dental care to children due to the need for extra Personal Protective Equipment. Thirty eight percent provided urgency/emergency dental care, 59.78% performed invasive procedures, 59.56% used high speed handpieces, 8.44% started using cariostatics, and 6.22% introduced the use of chemomechanical caries removal agents. Fear for the future (PR = 1.21) and use of medications (for anxiety, depression, or insomnia) increased (PR = 1.16) among the ones who had wage losses. Brazilian pediatric dentists have knowledge about COVID-19, and attitudes in their clinical routines changed due the pandemic. Financial life was harmed and a negative impact of the pandemic in psychosocial aspects of workers was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the accuracy of periapical radiography (PR) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the detection of external apical root resorption (EARR) due to root canal contamination. Material and Methods: Dog’s teeth with experimentally induced root resorption due to root canal contamination underwent or not root canal treatment (n=62). True positives (TP), false positives (FP), true negatives (TN), and false negatives (FN) in PR and CBCT diagnoses were determined using histopathologic findings as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy (TP + TN) in the diagnosis of EARR were calculated. Data were compared using chi-squared test (α=0.05). Results: EARR was detected in 35% of roots by PR, in 47% by CBCT, and in 50% of the roots by microscopy (p=0.03 PR versus microscopy; p=0.67 CBCT versus microscopy). Overall, CBCT produced more accurate diagnoses than PR (p=0.008). PR and CBCT allowed the identification of large resorption in 100% of the cases and showed the same accuracy. However, for small resorptions, PR showed an accuracy of 0.83, whereas CBCT showed an accuracy of 0.96 (p=0.003). Conclusion: Cone-beam computed tomography showed higher accuracy in detecting external apical root resorption of endodontic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Dental Science / Arquivos em Odontologia is the property of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To verify the association between 25(OH)D level and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) with the disturbance in the dental development and eruption. A total of 183 children from two datasets were evaluated. The first dataset was a case–control (15:15) designed to assess if persistent primary tooth (PPT) is associate with serum 25(OH)D level and with genetic polymorphisms in VDR. The second dataset of genomic DNA samples from 54 children with delayed tooth eruption (DTE) and 99 controls were analysed to verify if genetic polymorphisms in VDR (rs2228570 and rs739837) are associated with DTE. The 25(OH)D and the genotyping/allele distribution were analysed using the T-test and chi-square test, respectively. The level of 25(OH)D in the PPT group (24.9 ± 6.4 mg/mL) was significantly lower than the control (30.0 ± 7.0 mg/mL) (p=.047). Our data show that children with 25(OH)D deficiency are more likely to present PPT (OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.51, 3.70). The rs739837 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were not associated with DTE (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 0.87, 2.39 and OR = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.45, 1.44, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for PPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tooth eruption is a process that is not fully understood. Aim: To evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms for RANK/RANKL/OPG are associated with delayed tooth emergence. To evaluate whether the relative expression of this genes is associated with persistent primary teeth. Design: To evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms for RANK/RANKL/OPG could be involved in delayed tooth emergence, saliva samples from 160 children, aged 6‐13 years old, were analysed. To test if there is correlation between gene expression of RANK/RANKL/OPG in children with delayed tooth emergence and persistent primary teeth, periapical tissue from 15 children with persistent primary teeth and from 15 control subjects were collected for qPCR analysis. Results: Fifty‐six children with delayed tooth emergence (35%) had at least one permanent tooth with delayed emergence. The T allele in RANKL (rs9594738) increased the risk of delayed tooth emergence (P = 0.02; OR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.09‐2.75). The relative gene expression for RANKL and the ratio RANKL/OPG in children with delayed tooth emergence and persistent primary teeth were lower compared to controls (P = 0.02 and P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Data suggest that the polymorphism rs9594738 in RANKL is associated with delayed permanent tooth emergence. Moreover, reduced relative gene expression of RANKL in periapical tissue is associated with persistent primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universitas Odontológica is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between latex and nonlatex orthodontic elastics with respect to tissue compatibility and surface structure. Materials and Methods: Latex and nonlatex elastics were implanted in the subcutaneous connective tissue of 45 Wistar rats. In the control groups, no material was implanted (sham). After 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, the animals were euthanized; tissue samples were processed and analyzed by descriptive and semi-quantitative microscopic analysis and quantification of plasma extravasation. The surface structure of elastics was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level. Results: Peri-implant plasma extravasation was significantly higher (P < .05) in the animals that received latex elastics compared with those with nonlatex elastics and those that were control animals. The microscopic analysis revealed a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the initial periods without statistically significant difference (P > .05) between the experimental and control groups. The SEM analysis revealed that the latex elastics presented microspheres and porosities, while the nonlatex elastics exhibited crystals on their surface and absence of porosities. Conclusion: The null hypothesis was rejected since the latex elastics were more irritating to the connective tissue than the nonlatex elastics in the initial periods and presented a more porous surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This case report describes the changes in caries risk and activity and dental treatment of a 9-year-old patient who presented with signs and symptoms of Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC). Treatment. The preventive dental treatment included instructions to caregivers for oral hygiene and diet. A calcium hydroxide pulpotomy and restorative dental treatments were performed in a dental office with desensitization techniques and behavioral management. The patient was attended every 3 months for the control of dental plaque biofilm, for topical fluoride application, and for observing the pulpotomized tooth. Results. The bacterial plaque biofilm was being adequately controlled by the caregiver. After 2 years, the clinical and radiographic examination of the pulpotomized tooth showed the absence of internal root resorption and bone rarefaction, and clinical examination showed tooth sensitivity, dental pain, and gingival swelling. Conclusion. The pulpotomy prevented clinical and radiographic success. Dentists must be aware of and be able to identify systemic and local aspects associated with caries risk of children with NPC disease. Furthermore, dentists must employ stringent preventive measures and provide instructions to caregivers to reduce caries risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RGO: Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia is the property of RGO: Revista Gaucha de Odontologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present investigation, a scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of the topical application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) gel associated with Cetavlon (EDTAC) in removing the smear layer and exposing collagen fibers following root surface instrumentation. Twenty-eight teeth from adult humans, single rooted and scheduled for extraction due to periodontal reasons, were selected. Each tooth was submitted to manual (scaling and root planing) instrumentation alone or combined with ultrasonic instruments, with or without etching using a 24% EDTAC gel. Following extraction, specimens were processed and examined under a scanning electron microscope. A comparative morphological semi-quantitative analysis was performed; the intensity of the smear layer and the decalcification of cementum and dentinal surfaces were graded in 12 sets using an arbitrary scale ranging from 1 (area covered by a smear layer) to 4 (no smear layer). Root debridement with hand instruments alone or combined with ultrasonic instruments resulted in a similar smear layer covering the root surfaces. The smear layer was successfully removed from the surfaces treated with EDTAC, which exhibited numerous exposed dentinal tubules and collagen fibers. This study supports the hypothesis that manual instrumentation alone or instrumentation combined with ultrasonic instrumentation is unable to remove the smear layer, whereas the subsequent topical application of EDTAC gel effectively removes the smear layer, uncovers dentinal openings and exposes collagen fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: A reabsorção fisiológica dos dentes decíduos constituium fenômeno fisiológico complexo não completamente conhecido; assunto de grande interesse clínico. Os mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos no fenômeno de reabsorção radicular fisiológica parecem ser similares aos mecanismos envolvidos na reabsorção óssea, mediada por osteoclastos. As principais células responsáveis pela reabsorção ativa dos tecidos dentais são os odontoclastos, também denominados de clastos ou osteoclastos; células gigantes multinucleadas originadas de precursores hematopoiéticos de monócitos ou macrófagos. Avanços recentes na literatura específica têm mostrado que a diferenciação e atividade dos osteoclastos, fenômeno também conhecido como osteoclastogênese, são iniciadas e reguladas por diferentes estímulos e sinalizadores moleculares como as citocinas, quimiocinas, produtos de degradação liberados pela superfície radicular afetada, moléculas de adesão, metaloproteinases e pelo sistema RANK/ RANKL/OPG. Ainda, o contato físico entre os precursores de osteoclastos e osteoblastos ou células estromais também parece ser necessário para a ativação da osteoclastogênese. Entretanto, o papel específico dos fatores envolvidos no início e modulação da reabsorção radicular dos dentes decíduos permanece desconhecido. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre os mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos no processo de reabsorção fisiológica dos dentes decíduos, enfati zando suas implicações clínicas. Conclusão: Uma complexa interação entre osteclastos, osteoblastos, macrófagos, citocinas, quimiocinas, metaloproteinases, moléculas de adesão eo sistema RANK/ RANKL/OPG parecem contribuir para a reabsorção dentária fi siológica. O conhecimento dos mecanismos celulares e moleculares envolvidos no processo de reabsorção fi siológica dos dentes decíduos pode contribuir para o estudo da imunopatogenia das reabsorções dentárias e futuramente resultar na aplicação clínica de mediadores moleculares para atrasar ou mesmo inibir esse processo. Introduction: The physiological resorption of primary teeth is a complex physiological phenomenon that is not completely known and is a subject of great interest. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the phenomenon of physiological root resorption seem to be similar to those involved in bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts. The main cells responsible for the active resorption of the dental tissues are the odontoclasts, which are also known as clasts or osteoclasts; multinucleated giant cells originated from hematopoietic precursors of monocytes or macrophages. Recent advances published in the literature have shown that the differenti ation and activity of osteoclasts, a phenomenon that is also known as osteoclastgenesis, are initiated and regulated by different stimuli and molecular signalizing agents such as cytokines, chemokines, products of degradation released by the aff ected root surface, adhesion molecules, metalloproteinases, and the RANK/RANKL/OPG system. Moreover, the physical contact between the osteoclasts and osteoblast precursors or stromal cells also seems to be necessary for the activation of osteoclastgenesis. However, the specific role of the factors involved in the initiation and modulation of root resorption of the primary teeth remains unknown. Objective: To perform a review of the literature about the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of physiological resorption of the primary teeth, emphasizing their clinical implications. Conclusion: A complex integration among osteoclasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases, adhesion molecules and the RANK/RANKL/ OPG system seems to contribute to the physiological resorption of teeth. Knowing the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of physiological root resorption of primary teeth may contribute to the investigation of the immunepathogenesis of dental resorptions, and allow for the clinical application of molecular mediators to delay or even inhibit this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is rare and affected individuals may carry a potentially serious condition known as SMMCI syndrome. However, many of these cases do not receive proper attention because they are misdiagnosed as agenesis of the maxillary central incisor. The purpose of this manuscript is to report two cases of children with only one maxillary central incisor and draw diagnostic differences between the entities. A correct diagnosis is very important because if an SMMCI is confirmed, the patient should be referred for genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The recovery of mutans streptococci in saliva and dental biofilm samples depends, in part, on the culture medium used. In this study, we compared (i) the culture media Sucrose-Bacitracin agar (SB-20), Modified SB-20 (SB-20M) and Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar (MSB) in the count of colony forming units (cfu) of mutans streptococci and (ii) in the morphological and biochemical differentiation between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Design: Samples of non-stimulated saliva from 20 children were plated on SB-20, SB-20M and MSB, and incubated in microaerophilia at 37°C for 72h. Identification of microorganisms was based on analysis of colony morphology under stereomicroscopy. The biochemical identification of colonies was done by biochemical tests using sugar fermentation, resistance to bacitracin and hydrogen peroxide production. Results: There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the number of cfu of mutans streptococci recovered on SB-20 and SB-20M agar. Comparing the media, SB-20 and SB-20M yielded a larger number of mutans streptococci colonies (p <0.05) and were more effective than MSB in the identification of S. sobrinus (p <0.05), but not of S. mutans (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between SB-20 and SB-20M culture media in the count of mutans streptococci, demonstrating that the replacement of sucrose by coarse granular cane sugar did not alter the efficacy of the medium. Compared with MSB, SB-20 and SB-20M allowed counting a larger number of mutans streptococci colonies and a more effective morphological identification of S. sobrinus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a reactive local benign vascular lesion, where connective tissue fibrovascular proliferation occurs. The most common etiology of PG is chronic, low-level irritation. PG affects females mainly. The purpose of this paper is to report a giant pyogenic granuloma caused by an acute trauma in the upper lip of an 11-year-old boy. The initial clinical diagnosis suggested PG, which was confirmed after an excisional biopsy and a microscopic exam. Oral lesions of large proportions in children can cause functional, esthetic, and behavioral issues, and should be promptly investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Dental caries is still one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide. • The effect of green tea and its extract, EGCG, as mouthwashes in children at high caries risk and prevalence was studied. • Rinsing with EGCG solution effectively reduces the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the oral cavity of children. • Both EGCG and green tea could be used as alternatives to chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes. • The reduction of mutans streptococci was higher than lactobacilli. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of green tea and its extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a mouthwash in children. The study group included 47 children aged 5-12 years at high caries risk and prevalence. Children selected were asked to rinse with one of the substances (EGCG, green tea, chlorhexidine and distilled water) for one min. A non-stimulated salivary sample (2 mL) was collected at baseline and after rinsing. The concentration of cariogenic microorganisms (mutans streptococci and lactobacilli) was determined before and after rinsing based on the count of colony-forming units (CFU). CFU were counted with the aid of a stereomicroscope through the perfunctory identification of the morphological characteristics of CFU. The microbial reduction percentage was then calculated. The analysis of the effectiveness of the treatments showed that there was a significant reduction in relation to the values obtained before and after the mouthwash, both for mutans streptococci (pCHX = 0.001; pEGCG = 0.001; pGreen Tea = 0.005; pDistilled Water = 0.018) and lactobacilli (pCHX = 0.001; pEGCG = 0.002; pGreen Tea = 0.008; pDistilled Water = 0.033). The percentage of microbial reduction of both cariogenic microorganisms caused by the EGCG solution was higher than green tea and distilled water, but less than CHX. The percentage of microbial reduction by the EGCG solution for mutans streptococci was 79.9%, green tea 68.3%, distilled water 50.6% and CHX 95.5%. For lactobacilli, the percentage reduction of all solutions was relatively lower when compared to mutans streptococci. For the EGCG solution it was 72.09%, followed by green tea 59.17% and distilled water 41.96%, but less than CHX 86.02%. Rinsing with EGCG solution reduced the levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in the oral cavity of children. Although EGCG had better antimicrobial activity than green tea, this study supports the effectiveness of both as an antibacterial mouthwash option. Both EGCG and green tea could be used as alternatives to chlorhexidine-based mouthwashes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) can be a tool in the diagnosis and acquisition of knowledge, particularly in dentistry, sparking debates on its application in clinical decision-making., Objective: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of the responses generated by Chatbot Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) 3.5 in dentistry using expert-formulated questions., Materials and Methods: Experts were invited to create three questions, answers, and respective references according to specialized fields of activity. The Likert scale was used to evaluate agreement levels between experts and ChatGPT responses. Statistical analysis compared descriptive and binary question groups in terms of accuracy and completeness. Questions with low accuracy underwent re-evaluation, and subsequent responses were compared for improvement. The Wilcoxon test was utilized (α = 0.05)., Results: Ten experts across six dental specialties generated 30 binary and descriptive dental questions and references. The accuracy score had a median of 5.50 and a mean of 4.17. For completeness, the median was 2.00 and the mean was 2.07. No difference was observed between descriptive and binary responses for accuracy and completeness. However, re-evaluated responses showed a significant improvement with a significant difference in accuracy (median 5.50 vs. 6.00; mean 4.17 vs. 4.80; p=0.042) and completeness (median 2.0 vs. 2.0; mean 2.07 vs. 2.30; p=0.011). References were more incorrect than correct, with no differences between descriptive and binary questions., Conclusions: ChatGPT initially demonstrated good accuracy and completeness, which was further improved with machine learning (ML) over time. However, some inaccurate answers and references persisted. Human critical discernment continues to be essential to facing complex clinical cases and advancing theoretical knowledge and evidence-based practice., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Research Ethics Committee issued approval 69712923.6.0000.5419. "The research project was approved". Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Molena et al.)

A solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is rare and affected individuals may carry a potentially serious condition known as SMMCI syndrome. However, many of these cases do not receive proper attention because they are misdiagnosed as agenesis of the maxillary central incisor. The purpose of this manuscript is to report two cases of children with only one maxillary central incisor and draw diagnostic differences between the entities. A correct diagnosis is very important because if an SMMCI is confirmed, the patient should be referred for genetic counseling.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a reactive local benign vascular lesion, where connective tissue fibrovascular proliferation occurs. The most common etiology of PG is chronic, low-level irritation. PG affects females mainly. The purpose of this paper is to report a giant pyogenic granuloma caused by an acute trauma in the upper lip of an 11-year-old boy. The initial clinical diagnosis suggested PG, which was confirmed after an excisional biopsy and a microscopic exam. Oral lesions of large proportions in children can cause functional, esthetic, and behavioral issues, and should be promptly investigated.

Background: Toothbrushes harbor a high number of cariogenic microorganisms., Aim: To investigate the viability of mutans streptococci (MS) on toothbrushes bristles and the production of extracellular polysaccharide (ECP) related to drying time., Design: Twenty children were submitted to brushing without dentifrice. Toothbrushes were kept at room temperature from 0 to 48 h and then submitted to microbiological processing. The number of MS colonies/biofilms was expressed according to scores: 0=no colonies were detected; 1=1 to 50; 2=51 to 100; 3=over 100. The amount of ECP was evaluated according to scores: 0=absence; 1=ECP recovering until 50% of the surface; 2=ECP recovering more than 50% of the surface. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon test (α=5%)., Results: At the periods of 0 to 16 h, the toothbrushes had intense bacterial contamination (score 3). From the 18-h, there was a statistically significant decrease in the MS viability (P=0.0078), with predominance of score 1 on periods of 20 to 44 h. The most detected ECP amount was at 0- and 12-h period (P<0.05) with reduction until 32-h period., Conclusions: Mutans streptococci remained viable on toothbrushes bristles, in vivo, for 44 h.

The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of toothpastes containing natural extracts, chlorhexidine or triclosan. The effectiveness of toothpastes containing natural extracts (Parodontax®), 0.12% chlorhexidine (Cariax®), 0.3% triclosan (Sanogil®) or fluoride (Sorriso®, control) was evaluated against yeasts, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the disk diffusion method. Water was used as a control. Disks impregnated with the toothpastes were placed in Petri dishes containing culture media inoculated with 23 indicative microorganisms by the pour plate method. After incubation, the inhibition growth halos were measured and statistical analyses (α=0.05) were performed. The results indicated that all formulations, except for conventional toothpaste (Sorriso®), showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. The toothpaste containing natural extracts (Parodontax®) was the only product able to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The toothpastes containing chlorhexidine, triclosan or natural extracts presented antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts.

Eruption sequestrum is an uncommon disturbance in eruption and consists of small fragments of calcified tissue overlying the crowns of erupting permanent molar teeth, especially at the time of eruption of the mandibular first molars. This paper reports a case of unilateral eruption sequestrum in a 7-year-old Brazilian boy and describes its histopathological findings. A white small fragment, 0.5 cm in diameter, with hard consistency, irregular shape and located on the occlusal surface of the erupting mandibular left first molar was excised. Microscopic examination revealed large trabeculae with empty lacunae and a minimal amount of existing spongy bone consisting of acute inflammatory cells (neutrophils). Signs of necrosis were found on the periphery. The histological analysis was consistent with non-vital bone and the diagnosis of eruption sequestrum was established. Clinical and radiographic follow-up visits scheduled at short intervals and then every 6 months revealed normal postoperative conditions.

This paper describes the case of a 12-year-old male patient who presented a severe lateral luxation of the maxillary central incisors due to a bicycle fall. Treatment involved suture of the soft tissues lacerations, and repositioning and splinting of the injured teeth, followed by endodontic treatment and periodontal surgery. After a 2-year follow-up, clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed that the incisors presented satisfactory esthetic and functional demands.