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Many natural and managed organisms will require substantial functional genetic variation to respond to selection in the face of rapid environmental change. Pacific salmon have experienced strong fluctuations in critical fitness traits over the past five decades. We examined genetic and phenotypic variability over three generations in a pedigreed hatchery population of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by monitoring seven fitness-related traits. Three-year-old adult return numbers varied more than fivefold, and jack (2-year-old males) numbers varied 13-fold. Body sizes of Inch Creek coho salmon decreased consistently such that fish were only 40.7% as heavy in 2015 as in 2006, and female reproductive traits also decreased. During the study period, the majority of families produced returning adult progeny, and effective population size was relatively constant. Heritability estimates for phenotypic traits were significantly greater than zero except for condition factor, and the estimated heritability for jacking was 0.42. The Inch Creek coho salmon population harbours substantial heritability for fitness and reproductive traits and thus likely retains substantial capacity for adaptation despite many years of hatchery propagation. De nombreux organismes naturels et faisant l'objet d'une gestion necessiteront une variation genetique fonctionnelle considerable pour reagir a la selection decoulant de changements environnementaux rapides. Les saumons du Pacifique ont presente de fortes fluctuations de caracteres cles associes a l'aptitude au cours des cinq dernieres decennies. Nous examinons la variabilite genetique et phenotypique sur trois generations dans une population d'ecloserie de saumons cohos (Oncorhynchus kisutch) de genealogie connue, en examinant sept caracteres relies a l'aptitude. Le nombre de retours d'adultes de 3 ans varie par un facteur de plus de cinq et le nombre de males furtifs (de 2 ans) varie par un facteur de treize. La taille du corps des saumons cohos d'Inch Creek a diminue de maniere soutenue, de sorte que, en 2015, la masse des poissons n'etait que de 40,7 % de celle de 2006, et des caracteres associes a la reproduction des femelles ont egalement diminue. Durant la periode d'etude, la majorite des familles ont produit une progeniture comptant des adultes de retour, et la taille effective de la population etait relativement constante. Des estimations de l'heritabilite pour des caracteres phenotypiques sont significativement superieures a zero, sauf pour le facteur d'embonpoint, et l'heritabilite estimee de la maturation sexuelle des males est de 0,42. La population de saumons cohos d'Inch Creek presente une heritabilite considerable en ce qui concerne des caracteres associes a l'aptitude et a la reproduction et conserve donc probablement une capacite significative d'adaptation, malgre des annees de propagation en ecloserie. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Many organisms are facing rapid environmental changes that may require adjustments of basic life history phenotypes to maintain high levels of fitness (Crozier et al. 2008). Before extreme conditions [...]

Michigan State University's Adolescent Project (MSUAP) was founded in the mid-1970s to create university-community collaboration through which innovative educational experiences would be offered, best practice intervention practices employed, and sound scientific methodology used to address the pressing social issue of juvenile delinquency. The project sought to create a more effective alternative to the juvenile justice system through the use of highly trained and supervised mentors (MSU undergraduate students); to scientifically examine the efficacy of this mentoring program, the relative efficacy of multiple intervention models, and the impact of the project on students, the university, and the local community; and, contingent upon success, to create a long-term collaboration between MSU and the local community. Through a series of longitudinal field experiments the project has demonstrated that youth who participated engaged in repeat offenses at significantly lower rates than those youth randomly assigned to a control group. (Contains 4 tables.)

Latinas are more likely to exhibit late stage breast cancers at the time of diagnosis and have lower survival rates compared to white women. A contributing factor may be that Latinas have lower rates of mammography screening. This study was guided by the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use to examine factors associated with mammography screening utilization among middle-aged Latinas. An academic-community health center partnership collected data from community-based sample of 208 Latinas 40 years and older in the San Diego County who completed measures assessing psychosocial factors, health care access, and recent mammography screening. Results showed that 84.6 % had ever had a mammogram and 76.2 % of women had received a mammogram in the past 2 years. Characteristics associated with mammography screening adherence included a lower acculturation (OR 3.663) a recent physician visit in the past year (OR 6.304), and a greater confidence in filling out medical forms (OR 1.743), adjusting for covariates. Results demonstrate that an annual physical examination was the strongest predictor of recent breast cancer screening. Findings suggest that in this community, improving access to care among English-speaking Latinas and addressing health literacy issues are essential for promoting breast cancer screening utilization.

Prisoner reentry programs continue to be developed and implemented to ease the process of transition into the community and to curtail fiscal pressures. This study describes and provides relapse and recidivism outcome findings related to a randomized trial evaluating a multimodal, community-based reentry program that prioritized substance abuse treatment. Results from analyses suggest negligible effects for participants of the program across multiple outcome indicators. Avenues for further exploration are provided, with a cautionary emphasis on the continued expansion of multimodal community-based reentry programs. (Contains 4 tables, 2 figures and 4 footnotes.)

Examined level of faculty support and professional development reported by African-American students (n=182). Mentoring was found to be a significant predictor of student development. One-third of the sample reported receiving no help from faculty and staff at the university or from professionals in the community. (Author/NB)

Intimate partner violence (IPV) increases risk for depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Most studies use a dose-response approach to examine the impact of IPV on mental health, but they often fail to explain mental health outcome specificity as well as to assess the impact of women's subjective appraisals. The present research examined women's IPV stressfulness appraisals and their psychological functioning (depressive and PTSD symptoms). Results indicate that IPV stressfulness appraisals are associated with depressive symptoms over and above frequency and severity of IPV. PTSD symptoms were associated with frequent and stressful IPV. Women who experienced highly frequent and highly stressful IPV were most likely to display comorbid depressive and PTSD symptoms. Results underscore the importance of women's subjective experiences and the heterogeneity of women's responses to IPV. Keywords: domestic violence; intimate partner violence; stressfulness appraisals; mental health; PTSD; depression DOI: 10.1891/0886-6708.24.6.707

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.09.002 Byline: G. Anne Bogat, Erika DeJonghe, Alytia A. Levendosky, William S. Davidson, Alexander von Eye Keywords: Trauma; Intimate partner violence; Domestic violence; Infants; Person orientation Abstract: To determine whether infants have a traumatic response to intimate partner violence (male violence toward their female partner; IPV) experienced by their mothers, two questions were explored: (1) Is the number of infant trauma symptoms related to the infant's temperament and the mother's mental health? (2) Does severity of violence moderate those relationships? Author Affiliation: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, 107E Psychology Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1116, USA Article History: Received 3 October 2003; Revised 25 July 2005; Accepted 30 September 2005 Article Note: (footnote) [star] This study was supported, in part, by grants from the National Institute of Justice (#8-7958-MI-IJ) and Centers for Disease Control (R49/CCR518519-03-1). Portions of this paper were presented at the Society for Research in Child Development conference in Tampa, FL, April 2003.

The relationships among women's experiences of domestic violence, community violence, and their mental health functioning were explored (N = 94). Social contagion theory was used to argue for the link between community violence and family violence. Results revealed that women's experiences of domestic violence were not related to community violence. Furthermore, women's mental health functioning was solely associated with their experiences of domestic violence, not with community violence. Results are discussed in terms of an ecological model of domestic violence and future directions for exploring linkages between neighborhood characteristics and individual experiences. KEY WORDS: domestic violence; community violence; social contagion theory; women's mental health.

This study investigated the relationship between family support and mental health in a community sample of pregnant women experiencing interpersonal partner violence (IPV). This study also examined how family support may differentially affect mental health in Black and White women experiencing IPV. A total of 110 participants (32 Black and 78 White) were obtained from the first time period of a longitudinal study examining the effects of domestic violence on women. The model was supported ([chi square] = 142.55; df = 72, p > .001, RMSEA = .07). Black women had better mental health than White women. However, ethnicity was not a significant predictor of family support. Implications from this study highlight the need for further research on the role of family support in the lives of physically abused women as well as the need to incorporate cross cultural perspectives when examining this issue. KEY WORDS: pregnancy; IPV; family support; ethnicity; African American.

The Subtle and Overt Scale of Psychological Abuse (Marshall, 1999a) is a measure designed to examine previously unevaluated forms of psychological abuse. The scale was originally divided into seven subscales (overt: dominance, indifference, monitoring and discrediting; subtle: undermining, discounting, isolating). A sample of 172 women was used to evaluate the construct validity of this measure. In other words, the internal structure of the measure, its relation to other measures of physical and psychological abuse, and its relationship to other psychological outcomes. Empirical and theoretical approaches were used to replicate and examine the dimensions of this scale. Results revealed that this scale represents a unidimensional construct that is highly correlated to other measures of psychological abuse. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Keywords: psychological abuse; construct validity; discriminant validity

Using an empowerment evaluation approach, the Sexual Assault and Rape Prevention (SARP) Evaluation Project brought together university researchers, public health evaluators, state funders, and program staff to provide evaluation training and consultation to all state-funded rape prevention and victim services programs in Michigan. In this paper, the specific activities of the SARP project are described, and process and outcome data are presented that address the effectiveness of this empowerment evaluation approach. Based on subjective reports from program staff and objective data obtained from state funders, results suggest that this evaluation model was successful in helping 90% of the prevention programs and 75% of the victim services programs successfully develop and launch program evaluations. One-year follow-up data indicate that 90% of the programs had sustained their evaluation efforts after the formal work of the SARP project had ended. KEY WORDS: SARP; empowerment evaluation; participatory evaluation; collaboration; program evaluation; rape; sexual assault.

The current article is an analysis of the research represented in American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP) from 1993 to 1998, including a comparison to two previously published analytic reviews by Lounsbury et al. (J. W. Lounsbury, D. S. Leader, E. P. Meares, & M. P. Cook, 1980) and Speer et al. (P. Speer, A. Dey, P. Griggs, C. Gibson, B. Lubin, & J. Hughey, 1992), respectively. Observed trends are examined with references to major epistemological frameworks and methods used to define community psychology. Four guiding principles were examined to determine the representation of the epistemological frameworks of the articles published in the journal. The frameworks include social action, human diversity and cultural relativity, person-environmental fit, and methodological procedures. The results document the transition of community psychology from its early beginnings to an independent field conducting research consistent with the values articulated at the Swampscott Conference. This paper also comments on how well, after three decades of publication, the journal has served as a vehicle for improving community life. KEY WORDS: analytic review; community psychology; epistemology; methods.

The research literature has demonstrated that battered women living in shelters experience impaired social support. This study examines this phenomenon among battered women living in the community. This study compared a group of pregnant battered women (n = 145) and a group of pregnant nonbattered women (n = 58) in terms of their structural [e.g., total number of supporters, network members in violent relationships with their partners (an index of homophily or nonhomophily) and functional (e.g., emotional)] social support. Four reasons for impaired support in battered women were proposed and examined, including social isolation, failure to disclose abuse, homophily, and low SES. Only homophily was related to impaired support among battered women. In addition, the relationship between structural and functional support and mental health outcomes (e.g., depression, self-esteem) was examined. Criticism, practical support, homophily, and disclosure were all significant predictors of mental health for battered women. Implications for community-based interventions are discussed in the context of current intervention strategies with battered women. KEY WORDS: social support; battered women; emotional support; social networks; negative support.

Women's (N = 205) IPV experiences were assessed during their pregnancies, in the year before their pregnancies, and with their previous partners. The study explored whether psychosocial indicators and severity of violence could be predicted from a woman's continuity and history of IPV. Two 4-group classifications--partner (IPV experiences across partners) and time (history of IPV experiences)--and one 2-group classification (IPV or no IPV in the past 6 months) were compared. Both four-group classifications accounted for more variance than did the two-group. Within the four-group classifications, most of the significant differences on psychosocial outcomes and severity of IPV were between the no IPV and chronic IPV groups (IPV experiences with two partners and across three different time periods). However, the groups that also fared poorly were those who experienced recent IPV and continuity of IPV across time with their current partners. Keywords: domestic violence; partner violence; history of violence; chronic violence

The aim of this research is to examine the effects of an intervention, focusing on the development of political empowerment, with university students. Undergraduates were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (intervention/control) and were surveyed at two time points: before implementation of the intervention and upon completion of the intervention (or the equivalent two semester period). ANCOVA analyses reveal that individuals who participated in the empowering intervention had increased feelings of political commitment and a decreased sense of political efficacy compared to individuals who were randomly assigned to a waiting list/control group. Finally, limitations of this study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented. KEY WORDS: empowerment; political empowerment; efficacy; activism.

In recent years, new programs have emerged in hospital emergency departments to care for sexual assault victims. These programs, collectively known as Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) programs, improve the treatment of sexual assault victims through explicit attention to the medical, emotional, and legal needs of sexual assault survivors. Although SANE programs have proliferated over the past several years and now number nearly 100 nationwide, details about how these alternative services were developed have been missing in the literature. In this article, two recently established SANE programs are studied in depth to reveal how rape crisis centers indifferent communities created these services. Factors associated with the successful implementation of these SANE programs included (a) strong organizational history, (b) use of sexual assault councils and task forces, (c) affiliation with larger organizations, (d) positive relationships with hospitals, (e) engaging in training and collaboration with community systems, and (f) strategies for resolving differences. Implications for the health care of sexual assault victims are discussed.

Background The Salmoniformes contains a single family, Salmonidae, which comprises 11 genera with approximately 70 species that include salmon, trout, charr, freshwater whitefishes, ciscos, and grayling (Nelson 2006). Nearly all [...]

One of the most daunting obstacles in conducting longitudinal research in the community is retaining participants over extended periods of time. The current study examines this issue and presents a comprehensive protocol designed to maximize retention rates. The techniques developed were highly successful in locating low-income, abused women (97% retention rate at the 24-month follow-up). The authors' experiences indicate not only that it is important to make multiple contacts with participants by phone and in person but that identifying and gaining access to participants' social and community networks is crucial to attaining high retention rates. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

The relative importance of gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection in driving genetic divergence of local populations, as well as the factors that disrupt gene flow in natural populations, are uncertain. Comparative analyses enable us to test explicit hypotheses regarding the roles of these factors. Gannets (Morus spp.) include three morphologically and ecologically similar seabird species: the Cape Gannet M. capensis, which breeds in southern Africa; the Australasian Gannet M. serrator, which breeds in southeastern Australia and New Zealand; and the Northern Gannet M. bassanus, which breeds in the North Atlantic. We assessed the extent of differentiation in mitochondrial control region sequences and morphometrics among colonies of each species to test mechanisms of divergence. No evidence was found for introgression of mitochondrial DNA between Cape and Australasian gannets, despite the existence of mixed-species pairs, consistent with their taxonomic status as biological species. Significant population differentiation, both in control region sequences and in morphology, was found within both Australasian and Northern gannets. Analyses based on coalescent theory indicated that little to no female-mediated gene flow occurs either between Australasian Gannets in Australia versus New Zealand, or between Northern Gannets in Canada versus Europe. Divergence of these regional populations, as well as Cape versus Australasian gannets, appears to pre-date the Pleistocene glaciations and corresponds to differences in non-breeding distributions. Northern and Australasian gannets may each represent at least two management units for conservation, but additional data are needed on nuclear DNA variation in individuals sampled from more colonies to confirm this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the levels of depression reported by women who had used a domestic violence shelter. Depressive symptoms were assessed three times: immediately after shelter exit, 10 weeks thereafter, and 6 months later. Whereas 83% of the women reported at least mild depression on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale upon shelter exit, only 58% were depressed 10 weeks later. This did not change at the 6-month follow-up. An ecological, longitudinal model was evaluated to predict battered women's depression 8 1/2 months postshelter exit. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggested that, after controlling for previous levels of depression, the women's feelings of powerlessness, experience of abuse, and decreased social support contributed to their depression symptoms. The women's scores on these three variables (feelings of powerlessness, abuse, and social support) at 10 weeks postshelter exit and at 6-month follow-up predicted depression at 6 months. Thus, there were both predictive and concurrent effects for these constructs. Implications for clinical and community interventions are discussed.

Presented the 6-month follow-up findings of an experimental intervention designed to provide postshelter advocacy services to women with abusive partners. The intervention involved randomly assigning half the research participants to receive the free services of an advocate, 4 to 6 hours per week for the first 10 weeks postshelter. One hundred forty-one battered women were interviewed about their experiences immediately upon their exit from a domestic violence shelter: 95% of the sample were interviewed 10 weeks thereafter (postintervention), and 93% were successfully tracked and interviewed 6 months later. At the 6-month follow-up, participants in both groups reported increased social support, increased quality of life, less depression, less emotional attachment to their assailants, and an increased sense of personal power. Although women in both groups reported some decrease in physical abuse over time, there were no statistically significant differences between those with and those without advocates, and abuse continued to be a problem for many women. Those who were still involved with their assailants continued to experience higher levels of abuse and had been more economically dependent upon the men prior to entering the shelter. Women who had worked with advocates continued to report being more satisfied with their overall quality of life than did the women in the control group.