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B Introduction: b Anti-BCMA chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy showed excellent efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (R/R MM). We report outcomes of phase 1b/2 single-center clinical trial of autologous POC anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy in patients (pts) with R/R MM treated with >=3 prior therapies (NCT05243212). POINT-OF-CARE ANTI-BCMA CAR T-CELL THERAPY INDUCES ENCOURAGING RESPONSE RATES IN HIGH-RISK RELAPSED/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA. [Extracted from the article]

The activity of anti-CD19 chimerci antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with Richter's transformation (RT) to aggressive large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) is largely unknown. In a multicenter retrospective study, we report the safety and efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with RT (N=30) compared to patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma (N=283) and patients with transformed indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL) (N=141) between April 2016 and January 2023. Two-thirds of patients received prior therapy for CLL before RT and 89% of them received B-cell receptor and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors. Toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy in RT were similar to other lymphomas, with no fatalities related to cytokine release syndrome or immune effector-cell associated neurotoxicity synderome. The 100-day overall response rate and complete response rates in patients with RT were 57% and 47%, respectively. With a median follow-up of 19 months, the median overall survival (OS) was 9.9 months in patients with RT compared to 18 months in de novo LBCL and not reached in patients with transformed iNHL. The OS at 12 months was 45% in patients with RT compared with 62% and 75% in patients with de novo LBCL and transformed iNHL, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, worse OS was associated with RT histology, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and more prior lines of therapy. CAR T-cell therapy can salvage a proportion of patients with CLL and RT exposed to prior targeted agents; however, efficacy in RT is inferior compared to de novo LBCL and transformed iNHL.

Relapsed/refractory (r/r) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor prognosis. CD19 is a B-cell marker, is aberrantly expressed in AML, mostly with t(8; 21)(q22; q22.1). Here we report the results of a phase 2 study giving point of care produced CD19 CAR T- cells for r/r AML with aberrant expression of CD19 (NCT04257175). Lymphodepletion included fludarabine and cyclophosphamide The response was evaluated by bone marrow (BM) aspiration on day 28. Six patients (5 adults and 1 child) were included. Median number of previous chemotherapy lines was 4 (range, 3-8) and four patients received CAR T-cells 8-18 months post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) of any grade occurred in all patients, and 1 patient had grade 3 CRS. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) occurred in 2 patients at low grades. Tocilizumab was administered to 2 patients and corticosteroids to 3 patients. Four patients achieved a complete remission (CR), while 2/6 progressed (PD). Three patients (2 with CR and 1 with PD) underwent allo-HSCT (it was the second transplant in 2) 2-5 months post CAR T-cells infusion. The median duration of response in patients achieving CR was 8.5 (range; 3-14) months. However, all patients eventually died within 5 (1-18) months. In conclusion, CD19 CAR T- cell treatment for AML is feasible and safe. However, the response is short and should be followed by allo-HSCT. Hopefully, future long term results will be improved by combining the CAR T- cell therapy with the emerging novel effective anti-leukemic compounds., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no relevant conflict of interest and no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Sinusoidal Obstructive Syndrome (SOS) is a life-threatening complication after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), characterized by post-sinusoidal portal hypertension. FibroScan is used to assess portal hypertension non-invasively. We assessed transient elastography (TE) applicability in diagnosing SOS. The study included 27 adult patients, 11 underwent TE for high SOS risk pre-HSCT, 17 underwent TE post-HSCT due to bilirubin ≥2 mg/dl with no definite diagnosis of SOS. The first group had median Liver Stiffness Measurement (LSM) of 7.4 kPa (range, 3.3-22.5). Based on LSM results, conditioning regimen was modified for six patients and two of them developed SOS. Only one patient who did not have protocol adjustment experienced SOS. No patient with LSM < 7 kPa developed SOS. The second group had median LSM of 7.7 kPa (4.4-31.5). Median LSM after HSCT was significantly higher in patients who subsequently developed established SOS (n = 10) compared to patients who did not (n = 8), with values of 10.7 kPa (5.6-31.5) and 5.9 kPa (4.4-13.8), respectively (p = 0.02). An LSM cut-off of 7.5 kPa had a sensitivity and specificity of 75 and 80% for diagnosing SOS. In conclusion, pre-HSCT LSM can help adjustment of conditioning regimen in patients with high-risk for SOS. Post-HSCT LSM can help in early diagnosis of SOS., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation with limited treatment options. The gut microbiome plays a critical role in aGvHD pathogenesis. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to restore gut microbial diversity. In this prospective pilot study, 21 patients with steroid-resistant or steroid-dependent lower gastrointestinal aGvHD received FMT in capsule form. At 28 days after the first FMT, the overall response rate was 52.4%, with 23.8% complete and 28.6% partial responses. However, sustained responses were infrequent, with only one patient remaining aGvHD-free long-term. FMT was generally well-tolerated. Microbiome analysis revealed dysbiosis in pre-FMT patient stool samples, with distinct microbial characteristics compared to donors. Following FMT, there was an increase in beneficial Clostridiales and a decrease in pathogenic Enterobacteriales. These findings highlight the potential of FMT as a treatment option for steroid-resistant aGvHD. Trial registration number NCT #03214289., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma (R/R-FL) often require multiple treatment lines. We performed a phase 1b/2 single-center clinical trial of autologous point-of-care anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells in R/R-FL patients treated patients with ≥ 2 treatment lines. All 26 patients enrolled received CAR T-cell infusion at a median of 11 days after leukapheresis. Seventy-seven percent of patients had POD24. At enrollment, disease stage was III-IV in 85% of the patients, 77% had high-risk FLIPI score, and 77% had progressive disease. Grade III-IV cytokine release and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndromes occurred in 12% and 16% of the patients, respectively. Overall response rate at 1-month was 88%. The median follow-up was 15.4 months. One-year overall and progression-free survival were 100% and 63%, respectively. In conclusion, point-of-care CAR T-cell, manufactured within 11 days, induced a high response rate with an acceptable safety profile in patients with high-risk R/R-FL.

Second allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT2) is a therapeutic option for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) relapsing after a first transplant (HSCT1). However, patients allocated to HSCT2 may be a selected group with better prognosis and the added efficacy of HSCT2 is not well established. We retrospectively analyzed 407 consecutive patients with relapsed AML/MDS after HSCT1. Sixty-two patients had HSCT2 (15%) and 345 did not. The 2-year cumulative incidence rates of non-relapse mortality and relapse after HSCT2 were 26% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 17-39%) and 50% (95% CI: 39-65%), respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates were 25% (95% CI: 14-36%) and 7% (95% CI: 4-10%) in the HSCT2 and no-HSCT2 groups, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified female gender (hazard ratio [HR]=0.31, P=0.001), short remission duration after HSCT1 (HR=2.31, P=0.05), acute graft-versus-host disease after HSCT1 (HR=2.27, P=0.035), HSCT2 from a haplo-identical donor (HR=13.4, P=0.001) or matched unrelated donor (HR=4.53, P=0.007) and relapse after HSCT1 in earlier years (HR=2.46, P=0.02) as factors predicting overall survival after HSCT2. Multivariate analysis of all patients including HSCT2 as a timedependent variable identified relapse within 6 months after HSCT1 (HR=2.32, P<0.001), acute graft-versus-host disease before relapse (HR=1.47, P=0.005), myeloablative conditioning in HSCT1 (HR=0.67, P=0.011), female gender (HR=0.71, P=0.007), relapse in earlier years (HR=1.33, P=0.031) and not having HSCT2 (HR=1.66, P=0.010) as predictive of overall survival after relapse. In conclusion, HSCT2 is associated with longer survival compared to non-transplant treatments and may be the preferred approach in a subset of patients with relapsed AML/MDS after HSCT1.

Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has transformed the care of patients with relapsed/refractory large B cell lymphoma (LBCL). However, approximately 60% of CAR-T recipients ultimately will experience disease recurrence or progression. Salvage therapies after CAR-T treatment failures are of limited efficacy and have a short duration of response. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) after CAR-T therapy in LBCL patients. This was a multicenter observational study reporting the outcome of 39 adult LBCL patients who underwent allo-HCT following anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy. The median patient age was 47 years (range, 20 to 68 years). HLA-matched sibling, HLA-matched unrelated, and alternative donors were used in 36%, 36%, and 28% of transplantations, respectively. Conditioning regimens were primarily of low or intermediate intensity. Disease status at allo-HCT was complete response in 41%, partial response in 38%, and progressive disease in 21%. Allo-HCT was performed at a median of 127 days (range, 82 to 206 days) after CAR-T therapy. A high incidence of hepatic toxicity (28%), including sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (15.4%; 95% confidence interval; [CI], 6.2% to 28.5%), was observed. The 1-year cumulative incidence of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 38.5% (95% CI, 23.2% to 53.6%) and 15.4% (95% CI, 6.1% to 28.5%), respectively. The 2-year cumulative incidence of moderate-severe chronic GVHD was 11.1% (95% CI, 3.3% to 24.3%). Overall, 2-year nonrelapse mortality and relapse/progression incidence were 26% (95% CI, 13% to 41%) and 43% (95% CI, 27% to 59%), respectively. With a median follow-up of 32 months, the 2-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 45% (95% CI, 31% to 66%) and 31% (95% CI, 19% to 50%), respectively. In multivariable analyses, pre-HCT elevated lactate dehydrogenase level and transformed lymphoma were predictive of OS and PFS, respectively. Our data suggest that allo-HCT after anti-CD19 CAR-T treatment failure is feasible with a relatively promising efficacy but possibly high toxicity rate., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest R.S. has served as a consultant for Medexus and MyBiotics. M.A.P. has received honoraria from AbbVie, Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Equilium, Incyte, Karyopharm, Kite/Gilead, Merck, Miltenyi Biotec, MorphoSys, Novartis, Nektar Therapeutics, Omeros, Takeda, VectivBio AG, and Vor Biopharma; has served on data safety and monitoring boards for Cidara Therapeutics, Medigene, Sellas Life Sciences, and Servier and the scientific advisory board of NexImmune; has ownership interests in NexImmune and Omeros; has received research support for clinical trials from Incyte, Kite/Gilead, Miltenyi Biotec, and Novartis; and serves in a volunteer capacity as a member of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy and Be the Match (National Marrow Donor Program), as well as on the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research's Cellular Immunotherapy Data Resource executive committee. A.S. has served on scientific advisory boards for Jazz Pharmaceutical, Gilead, Novartis, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Medac. A.A. reports honoraria from Gilead, Novartis, Takeda, Roche, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Sanofi. C.S.S. has served as a paid consultant on advisory boards for Juno Therapeutics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Genmab, Precision Biosciences, Kite/Gilead, Celgene/BMS, Gamida Cell, Karyopharm, Ono Pharmaceuticals, and GSK and has received research funds for clinical trials from Juno Therapeutics, Celgene/BMS, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Precision Biosciences, Actinium Pharmaceuticals, and Sanofi-Genzyme. G.L.S. has received research funding from Janssen, Amgen, and Beyond Spring., (Copyright © 2022 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Persistence or recurrence of large B-cell lymphoma after CD19-CAR-T is common, yet data guiding management are limited. We describe outcomes and features following CAR-T treatment failure. Of 305 adults who received CD19-CAR-T, 182 experienced disease recurrence or progression (1-year cumulative incidence 63% [95%CI: 57-69]). Of 52 post-CAR-T biopsies evaluated by flow cytometry, 49 (94%) expressed CD19. Subsequent anti-cancer treatment was administered in 135/182 (74%) patients with CAR-T treatment failure. Median OS from the first post-CAR-T treatment was 8 months (95%CI 5.6-11.0). Polatuzumab-, standard chemotherapy-, and lenalidomide-based treatments were the most common approaches after CAR-T. No complete responses (CRs) were observed with conventional chemotherapy, while CR rates exceeding 30% were seen following polatuzumab- or lenalidomide-based therapies. Factors associated with poor OS among patients treated post-CAR-T were pre-CAR-T bulky disease (HR 2.27 [1.10-4.72]), lack of response to CAR-T (2.33 [1.02-5.29]), age >65 years (HR 2.65 [1.49-4.73]) and elevated LDH at post-CAR-T treatment (HR 2.95 [1.61-5.38]). The presence of ≥2 of these factors was associated with inferior OS compared to ≤1 (56% vs. 19%). In this largest analysis to date of patients who progressed or relapsed after CD19-CAR-T, survival is poor, though novel agents such as polatuzumab and lenalidomide may have hold promise., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel) is an anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy approved for patients with relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma. Outcomes of patients with out-of-commercial specification (OOS) CAR T products are not well characterized. We therefore assessed 37 adult patients who underwent leukapheresis for tisa-cel therapy in a single center. In nine (24%) patients, manufactured tisa-cel was considered OOS. Three of them (33%) received tisa-cel after institutional review board approval; 2/9 (22%) did not receive tisa-cel due to disease progression; and 4/9 (44%) received academic point-of-care (POC) CAR T-cell as salvage therapy, at a median of 35 days following OOS notification. Three of those four patients achieved a complete response. In univariate analysis, risk factors for OOS were ≥ 4 prior therapies or previous bendamustine exposure. In conclusion, we report high OOS incidence of 24% in real-life setting. Forty-four percent of those patients received POC CAR T-cell as salvage therapy.

Non-T-cell depleted haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (Haplo-HCT) is a unique transplantation setting in which several donors are available. We assessed the impact of donor kinship on outcome of Haplo-HCT with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide in a cohort of 717 acute leukemia patients. We compared sibling with parent donors in patients ≤45 years, and child with sibling donors in patients >45 years. Donor kinship was not associated with worse outcomes in multivariate analysis. For patients ≤45 years, the hazard ratio (HR) for leukemia-free survival (LFS), overall survival (OS), relapse incidence (RI), and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) was 0.87 (p = 0.75), 1.19 (p = 0.7), 0.52 (p = 0.19), and 0.99 (p = 0.97) for parents versus siblings, respectively, and for patients >45 years the HR was 0.93 (p = 0.8), 0.98 (p = 0.94), 1.3 (p = 0.53), and 0.98 (p = 0.95) for children versus siblings, respectively. Univariate incidence of acute GVHD grade II-IV was significantly higher in patients transplanted from siblings versus children (p = 0.002). Factors associated with inferior outcome were advanced disease and earlier transplant. In patients ≤45 years, acute lymphocytic leukemia and peripheral blood stem cell graft were additional prognostic factors for OS. We did not find a significant impact of donor kinship on transplantation outcome when analyzing by age group (≤45 and >45 years)., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

The immunogenicity and safety of Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients are unknown. We prospectively followed 152 HSCT recipients who were at least six months following transplantation and with no active acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Blood samples were taken 2-4 weeks after the second vaccination and analyzed for receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NA). 272 immunocompetent healthcare workers served as controls. At a median of 28 days after the second vaccination, 118 patients (77·6%) developed RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 2·61 [95% CI (confidence interval), 2·16-3·16]. In the control group 269/272 (98·9%) developed RBD IgG, with a GMT of 5·98 (95% CI 5·70-6·28), P < 0·0001. The GMT of NA in HSCT recipients and controls was 116·0 (95% CI 76·5-175·9), and 427·9 (95% CI 354·3-516·7) respectively (P < 0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that HSCT recipients with no chronic GVHD and no immunosuppressive therapy at the time of vaccination had significantly higher levels of NA following the second vaccination. Adverse events were minimal and were less common than in healthy controls. In conclusion; the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination is safe and effective in HSCT recipients, especially those who are immunosuppression-free. A significant fraction developed protecting NA., (© 2021 British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

We observed high rates of bloodstream infections (BSIs) following fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for graft-versus-host-disease (33 events in 22 patients). To trace the BSIs' origin, we applied a metagenomic bioinformatic pipeline screening donor and recipient stool samples for bacteremia-causing strains in 13 cases. Offending strains were not detected in FMT donations. Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii could be detected in stool samples before emerging in the blood. In this largest report of BSIs post-FMT, we present an approach that may be applicable for evaluating BSI origin following microbiota-based interventions. Our findings support FMT safety in immunocompromised patients but do not rule out FMT as an inducer of bacterial translocation., (© 2022 by The American Society of Hematology. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), permitting only noncommercial, nonderivative use with attribution. All other rights reserved.)

Risk stratification is important for balancing potential risks and benefits of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematological malignancies. We retrospectively studied 1119 patients undergoing allogenic-HSCT in a single center for five hematological indications assessing the prognostic role of LDH at admission for survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), relapse incidence (RI), and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). In non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), higher than median LDH had an adverse effect on survival. The prognostic significance was strongest in AML, with higher LDH levels having lower 1-and 3-year survival 69.2% vs. 50.8%, P < 0.001 and 51.9% vs. 39.2%, P < 0.001, respectively, reduced 1-and 3-year PFS 62.4% vs. 42.1%, P < 0.001 48% vs. 35.2%, P < 0.001, respectively, higher cumulative incidence of 1-and 3-year NRM 11% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.01 and 15.7% vs. 19.6%, P = 0.04, and higher 1-and 3-year relapse incidence (RI) 26.7% vs. 40.7%, p < .0001 36.2% vs. 40.7%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis LDH maintained significant prognostic capacity in OS, PFS and RI. These findings in AML, validated in an independent cohort, suggest that LDH is a readily available tool that could be integrated into transplant risk assessments to aid decision-making and identify high-risk patients who may benefit from post-transplant pharmacological or cellular strategies., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is a standard of care in newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Several studies before the introduction of novel therapies in MM, demonstrated a pegylated G-CSF to be successful in mobilizing peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs). Lipegfilgrastim is a novel long-acting G-CSF that is produced by the conjugation of a single 20-kDa polyethelene glycol to the natural O-glycosylation site of G-CSF. Twenty-four MM patients were included for PBSCs mobilization with a single SC injection of 6 mg lipegfilgrastim. PBSC collection was started when the CD34 + count was > 10 × 10 6 cells/L. The target progenitor cells were 6 × 10 6 cells/kg. The median day of apheresis was + 3 (range 2-5) following lipegfilgrastim. Median peripheral blood CD34 + count pre-mobilization was of 22.65 (range 3.36-105) × 10 6 cells/L. The median number of leukaphaeresis procedures was 2 (range 1-4). The median mobilized CD34 +  cells/kg were 8.26 (range 0.77-12.42). One patient failed to mobilize and two patients mobilized < 6 × 10 6 cells/kg. Toxicity was mild and transient. Twenty-three patients underwent ASCT following high dose melphalan. All patients engrafted. As lipegfilgrastim is administered only once, it is conceivable that it improves both compliance and quality-of-life (NCT02488382)., (© 2021. Japanese Society of Hematology.)

We present three patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma (NHL) who received anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cells therapy after failure of several lines of chemotherapy that developed pseudo-progression. One-week clinical and radiological findings were consistent with tumor progression. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) at 1 month post CAR T cells administration was consistent with treatment response. The rapid tumor growth and subsequent resolution are suggestive of tumor pseudo-progression mediated secondary to infiltration and immune activation of CAR T cells. Overall, 56 adult patients with NHL were enrolled in a phase 1b/2 in house clinical study with CD19 CAR T cells. Out of them 22/56 patients progressed as per PET-CT the 1 month post CAR T cells. In 14 patients, signs of progression started 7-10 days after CAR T cells infusion. In 11/14 patients, it was true progression, while in 3 it was pseudo-progression. Additional studies are warranted to describe the extent of this phenomenon and evaluate correlation with the CAR T activity and long-term disease control.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is the major treatment-related complication after stem-cell transplantation (SCT) from unrelated donors. The proteasome-inhibitor bortezomib was added to GVHD prevention regimens with initial promise. However, two randomized studies failed to show efficacy. We explored the addition of carfilzomib, s second-generation proteasome inhibitor (20 mg/m 2 , intravenously on days +1 and +2) to cyclosporine/methotrexate backbone in 26 patients after SCT from unrelated donors. We compared outcomes to historical group of 100 patients given cyclosporine/methotrexate alone. Median follow-up was 34 months. There was no difference between the groups in engraftment or toxicities. The cumulative incidence of aGVHD grade II-IV, 6 months post transplant was 11% (95% CI, 4-32) and 39% (95% CI, 30-50), respectively (P = 0.01). The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD, 2 years post transplant, was 49% (95% CI, 32-75) and 41% (95% CI, 33-52), respectively (P = 0.98). Three-year non-relapse mortality was 11% (95% CI, 4-33) and 18% (95% CI, 12-27, P = 0.45) while 3-year relapse rates were 8% (95% CI, 2-29) and 26% (95% CI, 18-36), respectively (P = 0.06). Three-year survival was 81% (95%CI, 66-96) and 56% (95% CI, 46-66), respectively (P = 0.05). In conclusion, carfilzomib with cyclosporine/methotrexate is safe, may reduce aGVHD, and possibly improve survival after unrelated donor SCT. These initial observations merit further study in larger comparative studies. ClinicalTrial.gov NCT01991301.

Objectives: To determine the current role of bisantrene, an anthracene with anthracycline-like activity which was shown in earlier studies to be effective therapy in relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia with no discernible cardiotoxicity, in the treatment of patients with R/R AML., Methods: This phase 2, single-center study (NCT03820908) enrolled adult R/R AML to receive bisantrene (250 mg/m 2 daily for 7 days) which was administered via an intravenous infusion over 2 hours on days 1-7. Disease assessment included routine blood work and bone marrow studies., Results: In all, 10 patients were enrolled with a median of 3 lines of prior therapy including seven patients who had relapsed following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The most frequently reported grade ≥3 treatment-attributed hematologic AE was thrombocytopenia, whereas the most frequently reported grade ≥3 treatment-attributed non-hematologic AE was mucositis. Of the 10 patients, one (10%) achieved a complete remission and three patients achieved a partial remission resulting in an overall response rate of 40%. Next-generation sequencing of patient samples identified a wide array of mutations associated with activated signaling, splicing, and epigenetic modification., Conclusions: In view of the observed low toxicity, a follow-up study combining bisantrene with complementary anti-leukemic therapy is planned., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: Achievement of an initial complete remission (CR) following induction chemotherapy is tightly correlated with survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, yet patients in CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) still experience improved outcomes compared with nonresponding patients. Whether CRi predicts prognosis in patients referred to an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) is incompletely defined. In this analysis, we evaluated whether clinical outcomes of transplanted AML patients in CR and CRi were significantly different., Methods: A retrospective single-center analysis of all de novo AML patients who underwent an allo-SCT between 2001 and 2015. The cohort included all adult patients with AML who underwent a first allo-SCT either in first or second CR or CRi at the time of transplantation., Results: The study cohort included 186 CR patients and 44 CRi patients. In univariate analysis, CRi was associated with inferior 3-year survival and 3-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM) compared to CR (41 vs. 62%; p = 0.022 and 27 vs. 10%; p = 0.006, respectively). In multivariate analysis, CRi was associated with decreased rates of survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.01; 95% CI, 1.24-3.25; p = 0.005) and NRM (HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.6-7.8; p = 0.002)., Conclusion: CRi in transplanted AML patients is potentially a potent predictor of increased NRM and survival., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) may offer a cure for selected patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Effective prognostic markers to guide patient selection are warranted. We retrospectively studied a cohort of 100 relapsed refractory MM patients who underwent allo-SCT. With a median follow-up of 12.2 years, median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (LFS) were 9.2 months and 5.6 months, respectively. 5-years OS and PFS were was 18.0% and 16.8%. The cumulative incidence of 5-years relapse was 45.9% and non-relapse mortality (NRM) 36.0%. In a multivariable Cox model, decreasing albumin, increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), advanced disease, and mismatched donors were predictive of both reduced OS and PFS. The probability of 5-years OS was higher in patients with LDH below vs. the upper limit of normal (22% vs. 5%, p = 0.004). In the multivariable analysis, the hazard of NRM was increased with low albumin, mismatched donor type, and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Patients with a low eGFR had a 5-year NRM incidence of 31% vs. 56% in patients with higher levels (p = 0.02). Graft-versus-host disease was not associated with improved outcomes. In conclusion, LDH, renal function, and albumin are highly informative of outcomes in MM patients treated with allo-SCT.

Data from 11 Israeli centers, where venetoclax was used for relapsed/refractory AML after intensive chemotherapy, were retrospectively collected. During 2016-2019, forty patients were identified. Median age was 67 years (21-82), 60% males, median of 2(1-4) prior lines of treatment and 42% relapsed after allogeneic transplant. 62.5% of the patients received the venetoclax with hypomethylating agents and 22.5% with low dose cytarabine. Median follow-up was 5.5 months. Of the 29 patients who survived for more than two cycles of therapy, 22 (76%) achieved neutrophil recovery and 59% ( n  = 17) recovered also their platelet count. In 15 (52% of those who survived > 2 months), CR/CRi was confirmed by bone marrow examination. The median OS from venetoclax initiation of all the patients and of those who survived more than 2 months was 5.5 and 6.5 months, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that venetoclax is safe and active also in AML patients with advanced disease.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common debilitating dose-limiting toxicity of cancer treatment, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We hypothesized that the oral microbiome is disturbed during allogeneic HSCT, partially accounting for the variability in OM severity. Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis, metabolomic profiling, and computational methods, we characterized the behavior of the salivary microbiome and metabolome of 184 patients pre- and post-HSCT. Transplantation was associated with a decrease in oral α diversity in all patients. In contrast to the gut microbiome, an association with overall survival was not detected. Among 135 patients given methotrexate for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis pre-HSCT, Kingella and Atopobium abundance correlated with future development of severe OM. Posttransplant, Methylobacterium species were significantly enriched in patients with severe OM. Moreover, the oral microbiome and metabolome of severe OM patients underwent distinct changes post-HSCT, compared with patients with no or mild OM. Changes in specific metabolites were well explained by microbial composition, and the common metabolic pathway was the polyamines pathway, which is essential for epithelial homeostasis. Together, our findings suggest that salivary microbial composition and metabolites are associated with the development of OM, offering new insights on pathophysiology and potential avenues of intervention., (© 2020 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Purpose of the Study: The prognosis of patients with relapsed/refractory precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is dismal. Antibody-based therapies, such as blinatumomab or inotuzumab ozogamycin (IO) have led to improved outcomes. The impact of prior immunotherapy on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-Cell therapeutic efficacy and toxicity is unknown., Methods: We describe a case series of ALL patients with prior exposure to blinatumomab or IO, who were treated with anti-CD19 CAR T cells with CD28 co-stimulatory domain (NCT02772198). We then review the literature on CAR-T post antibody-based therapy with either antibodies., Results: Five adult patients with B-ALL were included. Three had active disease, and two were in morphological complete remission (CR) with minimal residual disease (MRD+). Therapy before CAR-T included blinatumomab (3/5 [60 %]) and IO (3/5 [60 %]), with one patient receiving both. One patient experienced severe cytokine release syndrome and central nervous system toxicity and subsequently died. At 28 days following treatment, two patients achieved CR with MRD negativity, and two had an MRD + CR. Two patients received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. At a median of 10 months (range, 5-26, three out of the four patients are still in CR, and one relapsed. The literature review identified a deficiency on data on the influence of blinatumumab and IO on outcomes post CAR-T therapy., Conclusions: CD19 CAR T-cell therapy after treatment with blinatumomab and/or IO in patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL is feasible and results in promising response rates in this case series. Future trails should specifically address outcomes in this population., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a curative therapy for myelofibrosis. The optimal conditioning regimen has not been well defined. We retrospectively compared transplantation outcomes in patients with myelofibrosis (n = 67) conditioned with myeloablative (MAC, 36%) and reduced-intensity (RIC, 46%) regimens, and more recently with the combination of thiotepa, busulfan, and fludarabine (TBF, 18%). Patients were transplanted from HLA-matched sibling (n = 26) or unrelated donors (n = 41) between the years 2003 and 2018. The median follow-up was 2.9 years for all patients but shorter in the TBF group (1.1 years). The probability of 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 43%. At 1 year, the rate of PFS was 80%, 54%, and 45% with TBF, MAC, and RIC, respectively (p = 0.031). In a multivariable model, there was a greater risk for death with MAC (hazard ratio [HR] 12.26, p = 0.026) and lower PFS with both MAC (hazard ratio [HR] 7.78, p = 0.017) and RIC (HR 5.43, p = 0.027) compared with TBF. Relapse was higher with RIC (HR 8.20, p = 0.043) while nonrelapse mortality was increased with MAC (HR 9.63 p = 0.049). Our results indicate that TBF is a promising preparative regimen in myelofibrosis patients transplanted from matched sibling or unrelated donors, and should be further explored.

Rationale: Treosulfan is a substance that is being studied as part of the conditioning regimen given prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with hematological malignancies. It is known to decompose into 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB) under physiologic conditions. In this study, we investigate whether N-terminal valine adducts can be utilized to monitor differences in DEB formation of patients receiving treosulfan as part of the conditioning regimen for transplantation., Methods: Blood samples were collected from a group of 14 transplant recipients and analyzed for N,N-(2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butadiyl)valine (pyr-Val) and 2,3,4-trihydroxybutylvaline (THB-Val) adducts as biomarkers for drug uptake and metabolism before treosulfan treatment and 6 days after treatment., Results: A new direct injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated prior to clinical analysis. The assay precision was determined by 3 replicate analyses on 3 individual days using control globin spiked with known amounts of pyr-Val and THB-Val. The intra- and inter-day precision coefficients of variance (CVs) and accuracy were < 10% and 15%, respectively. In clinical specimens, the means ± SD of pyr-Val and THB-Val background were 0.29 ± 0.10 pmol/g HB and 5.17 ± 1.7 pmol/g HB, respectively., Conclusions: These values are similar to those found previously. Treosulfan treatment leads to a significant increase in pyr-Val and THB-Val adducts in each patient (Student's t-test p <0.0001). The mean ± SD amounts of adduct formed were 245.3 ± 89.6 and 210 ± 78.5 pmol/g globin for pyr-Val and THB-Val, respectively. Importantly, these results show that this direct injection method can quantitate both background and treosulfan-induced pyr-Val and THB-Val N-terminal valine globin adducts in humans., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common toxicity of stem cell transplantation (SCT). We sought to evaluate OM burden, risk factors, and implications in a cohort of allogeneic-SCT recipients., Methods: This was a single-center study including 115 adult allogeneic-SCT transplanted between 2016 and 2018 for various hematological conditions. Conditioning intensity was categorized as myeloablative (MAC, 39%), reduced intensity (34%), or reduced toxicity (RTC, 27%) in patients conditioned with fludarabine-treosulfan. OM was prospectively graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (v.4.0) system., Results: Moderate-to-severe OM (grade 2-4) was experienced by 60% of patients. In a univariate analysis, younger age (P = .023), lower body mass index (P = .01), recent smoking (P = .08), recent antibiotics exposure (P = .018), MAC (P < .001), and methotrexate (P = .009) were associated with moderate-to-severe OM. In a multivariable logistic regression model, conditioning and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis remained significant. OM risk was lowest with RTC (RTC vs MAC: odd ratio [OR] 0.05, P < .001), and recent antibiotic exposure trended toward increased risk (OR 1.88, P = .168). OM was associated with longer hospitalization, delayed neutrophil engraftment, and gastrointestinal-related infections., Conclusion: Oral mucositis remains a leading SCT complication. Treosulfan-based conditioning has low mucosal toxicity and is appealing given previous reports on its high efficacy., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Steroid-resistant (SR) acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Vedolizumab is a monoclonal antibody that impairs homing of T cells to the gastrointestinal (GI) endothelium by blocking the α4β7 integrin. We retrospectively analyzed outcomes following vedolizumab administration for treatment of SR GI GvHD. Overall, 29 patients from three transplantation centers were included. Histopathology was available in 24 (83%) patients. The overall response rate (ORR) was 23/29 (79%); 8 (28%) patients had a complete response and 15 (52%) a partial response. Vedolizumab was administered as a 2nd-line or ≥3rd-line treatment in 13 (45%) and 16 (55%) patients, respectively. ORR in the former groups was 13/13 (100%) versus 10/16 (63%) in the latter (p = 0.012); corresponding CR rates were 7/13 (54%) versus 1/16 (6%) (p = 0.005). Early administration of vedolizumab was also associated with a greater likelihood of patients being off immunosuppression ((9/13 (69%) versus 3/16 (19%), p = 0.007) and free from fatal infectious complications (5/13 versus 14/16, p = 0.006). Overall, our data suggest that vedolizumab, especially if administered early in the disease course, may ameliorate severe SR GI aGvHD. The timing, role, and safety of vedolizumab should be further explored in prospective clinical trials.

Clinical decisions in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are supported by the use of prognostic scores for outcome prediction. Scores vary in their features and in the composition of development cohorts. We sought to externally validate and compare the performance of 8 commonly applied scoring systems on a cohort of allo-HSCT recipients. Among 528 patients studied, acute myeloid leukemia was the leading transplant indication (44%) and 46% of patients had a matched sibling donor. Most models successfully grouped patients into higher and lower risk strata, supporting their use for risk classification. However, discrimination varied (2-year overall survival area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]: revised Pretransplantation Assessment of Mortality [rPAM], 0.64; PAM, 0.63; revised Disease Risk Index [rDRI], 0.62; Endothelial Activation and Stress Index [EASIx], 0.60; combined European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation [EBMT]/Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-specific Comorbidity Index [HCT-CI], 0.58; EBMT, 0.58; Comorbidity-Age, 0.58; HCT-CI, 0.55); AUC ranges from 0.5 (random) to 1.0 (perfect prediction). rPAM and PAM, which had the greatest predictive capacity across all outcomes, are comprehensive models including patient, disease, and transplantation information. Interestingly, EASIx, a biomarker-driven model, had comparable performance for nonrelapse mortality (NRM; 2-year AUC, 0.65) but no predictive value for relapse (2-year AUC, 0.53). Overall, allo-HSCT prognostic systems may be useful for risk stratification, but individual prediction remains a challenge, as reflected by the scores' limited discriminative capacity., (© 2019 by The American Society of Hematology.)

Comorbidity burden is a well-established risk factor for non-relapse mortality (NRM) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). We evaluated whether individual comorbidities could better characterize NRM risk. Furthermore, given differing toxicity profiles of conditioning agents, we hypothesized that the hazard of comorbidities is exerted in a regimen-specific manner. This retrospective study included 875 adults treated with an allo-SCT. Six conditioning regimens were considered. Across the entire cohort and within each regimen, the hazard ratio (HR) for NRM associated with individual comorbidities was assessed using multivariable Cox regressions. In the overall population, renal dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, and severe hepatic disease were associated with the highest risk of NRM (HR 2.1, HR 1.9, HR 1.7, respectively). The risk associated with specific comorbidities was modified by the conditioning regimen and was not correlated with intensity. In patients conditioned with fludarabine/busulfan (Flu/Bu4), NRM risk was increased with cardiac disease (HR 5.54). Severe pulmonary disease and a pre-existing infection were associated with increased NRM risk in patients receiving fludarabine/melphalan (HR 4.9) and fludarabine/treosulfan (HR 3.6), respectively. Comorbidities may exert effects unique to particular conditioning regimens, suggesting that regimen selection should be driven in part by specific comorbidities.

Biomarkers measured in blood chemistry before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may reflect patients' physiological status. We hypothesized that selected markers are predictive for nonrelapse mortality (NRM) following transplantation and could contribute to risk assessment. We investigated the value of pre-HSCT albumin, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) in predicting NRM. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory data from 1217 patients receiving a first HSCT in 2 European centers between 2003 and 2015. Transplantation indications and conditioning regimens were diverse. Patients had a median age of 55 years and hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index (HCT-CI) scores of 0 (24%), 1 to 2 (39%), and ≥3 (37%). Cutoffs of eGFR <60 mL/min, albumin <3.5 g/dL, and AlkP >180 IU/L corresponded with 8.8%, 8.3%, and 6.5% of the patients, respectively. eGFR and albumin were associated with increased risk and higher cumulative incidence of day-100, 1-year, and 2-year NRM, both as continuous or categorized variables. A similar pattern was observed for AlkP, except for day-100 NRM. In multivariable analyses, eGFR and albumin were consistently among the top risk factors for early and late-term NRM, abrogating the role of age. Prediction models for day-100, 1-year, and 2-year NRM based only on HCT-CI resulted in c-statistics of .565, .575, and .577, respectively. Addition of both biomarkers increased c-statistics for day-100, 1-year, and 2-year NRM to .651, .633, and .624, respectively. Albumin and eGFR are prognostic biomarkers for NRM after HSCT and improve the discriminative power of the HCT-CI., (Copyright © 2018 The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Opinion Statement: Second malignancies are a rare but well-defined late complication after autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Solid malignancies occur in up to 15% of patients 15 years after SCT with myeloablative conditioning, with no plateau in the incidence rates. They are responsible for 5-10% of late deaths after SCT. The incidence is increased with advanced age at SCT. The major risk factors are the use of total body irradiation, which is associated with adenocarcinomas and with chronic graft-versus-host disease which is associated with squamous cell cancers. There is less data on the incidence of second malignancies after reduced-intensity conditioning, but it may not be lower. The types of solid tumors reported in excess include melanoma and other skin cancers; cancers of the oral cavity and head and neck, brain, liver, uterine cervix, thyroid, breast, lung; and possibly gastrointestinal cancers. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) are more common after autologous SCT and may be related mostly to pre-transplant therapies. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is donor-cell-derived lymphoma that is more common after allogeneic SCT with T-cell depletion or intensive immune-suppression state. Second malignancies are most often treated similarly to the standard therapy for similar malignancies. Lifelong cancer screening and prevention interventions are required for all transplantation survivors.

Reduced-toxicity conditioning with fludarabine and treosulfan is a dose-intensive regimen with enhanced anti-leukemia effect and acceptable toxicity in AML/MDS. HLA-C regulates natural-killer (NK) cell function by inhibiting Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and is divided into C1 and C2 epitopes. The missing-ligand theory suggests that missing recipient KIR ligands drives NK-alloreactivity after SCT, in the absence of HLA-mismatch by activating unlicensed donor NK cells. We analyzed SCT outcomes in 203 patients with AML/MDS, median age 58 years, given SCT from matched-siblings (n = 97) or matched-unrelated donors (n = 106), using two treosulfan doses (total 36 or 42 g/m 2 ). 34% expressed one HLA-C group 1 allele (C1C1), 19% one HLA-C group 2 allele (C2C2), and 48% both KIR ligands (C1C2). Median follow-up was 48 months. 5-year relapse, nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) rates were 38%, 27%, and 36%, respectively. Relapse rates were 43%, 45%, and 26% in patients expressing C1C1, C1C2, and C2C2 ligands, respectively (P = .03). Multivariate-analysis identified chemo-refractory disease (HR 3.1, P = .003), poor cytogenetics (HR 1.7, P = .08), female donor to male recipient (HR 0.4, P = .01) and C2C2 ligands (HR 0.4, P = .04) as independent factors predicting relapse. HLA-C ligands were not associated with GVHD or NRM. LFS was 33%, 30%, and 46%, respectively (P = .07). Chemorefractory disease (HR 3.1, P = .0004) and C2C2 group ligand (HR 0.6, P = .06) independently predicted LFS. Treosulfan dose did not predict any SCT outcome. In conclusion, missing HLA-C group 1 ligand is associated with reduced relapse risk, similar NRM and improved LFS, after HLA-matched SCT with treosulfan conditioning in AML/MDS., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is curative treatment in patients with acute leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. However, recurrent disease is the major cause of treatment failure. Isolated extramedullary relapse (iEMR) after SCT is relatively rare and not well characterized. We performed a retrospective analysis of 566 consecutive patients with acute myeloid leukemia (n = 446) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 120) after SCT to study the incidence, risk factors, treatment options, and outcome of iEMR. The 5-year cumulative incidence of bone marrow relapse (BMR) and iEMR was 41.0% and 5.8%, respectively. iEMR occurred significantly later than BMR at 10 and 4 months, respectively (P < .001). Diagnosis of ALL (HR, 2.6; P = .05), poor cytogenetics (HR, 2.1; P = .06), and prior extramedullary disease (HR, 3.8; P = .002) were independent factors predicting iEMR. Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) reduced the risk of BMR but did not protect against iEMR. Most patients with iEMR received systemic treatment combined with local radiation and donor lymphocyte infusions when feasible. The 3-year survival after relapse was 8.5% and 30.1% after BMR and iEMR, respectively (P = .002). Patients with a first iEMR continued to have recurrent EMRs, and only a minority progressed to BMR. Second iEMR was also common after first BMR and associated with longer survival than second BMR. iEMR is more frequent in patients with ALL and prior extramedullary disease. It occurs later than BMR and more commonly in patients with chronic GVHD, suggesting less effective graft-versus-leukemia effect in extramedullary sites. Second iEMR is common after a first iEMR but also after a first BMR. Long-term survival is feasible with aggressive treatment., (Copyright © 2017 The American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major treatment-related complication after stem-cell transplantation (SCT) from unrelated-donors. Several GVHD prophylaxis regimens have been explored, but no regimen has shown superiority. We analyzed transplantation outcomes in 472 consecutive unrelated-donor SCT recipients, using cyclosporine/methotrexate (MTX, n = 314) or cyclosporine/mycophenolate-mofetil (MMF, n = 158) for GVHD prophylaxis. Neutrophil engraftment was faster after MMF, days 11 and 14, respectively (P = .001). Acute GVHD grade II-IV and III-IV occurred in 47% and 28% after MMF compared to 27% and 12% after MTX, respectively (P < .001). Nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was 44% and 24%, respectively (P < .001). Death associated with GVHD occurred in 25% and 8% (P < .0001), while other NRM causes occurred in 19% and 16%, respectively (P = .39). Relapse mortality was similar. Overall survival was better after MTX, 40% and 29%, respectively (P = .006). However, this difference had only borderline significance when adjusting for differences in patient characteristics (HR, 1.3, P = .08). To minimize potential selection bias we analyzed outcomes on the basis of an intention-to-treat like analysis. During the years 2008-2009, the leading GVHD prophylaxis regimen for unrelated-donor SCT included MMF (89% of transplants). During the other periods, MTX was used predominantly (82% of transplants). The two periods were otherwise well-matched. Acute GVHD occurred more often in 2008-2009. Death associated with GVHD occurred more often, while other NRM causes occurred less often resulting in similar NRM and overall survival. In conclusion, cyclosporine/MMF is associated with faster engraftment and possibly with less organ toxicity than cyclosporine/MTX. However, it is associated with increased rates of acute GVHD and GVHD-associated deaths., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the standard treatment for resistant advanced chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in both diseases. Post-allo-SCT administration of TKIs could potentially reduce relapse rates, but concerns regarding their effect on immune reconstitution have been raised. We aimed to assess immune functions of 12 advanced CML and Ph+ ALL patients who received post-allo-SCT nilotinib. Lymphocyte subpopulations and their functional activities including T-cell response to mitogens, NK cytotoxic activity and thymic function, determined by quantification of the T cell receptor (TCR) excision circles (TREC) and TCR repertoire, were evaluated at several time points, including pre-nilotib-post-allo-SCT, and up to 365 days on nilotinib treatment. NK cells were the first to recover post allo-SCT. Concomitant to nilotinib administration, total lymphocyte counts and subpopulations gradually increased. CD8 T cells were rapidly reconstituted and continued to increase until day 180 post SCT, while CD4 T cells counts were low until 180-270 days post nilotinib treatment. T-cell response to mitogenic stimulation was not inhibited by nilotinib administration. Thymic activity, measured by TREC copies and surface membrane expression of 24 different TCR Vβ families, was evident in all patients at the end of follow-up after allo-SCT and nilotinib treatment. Finally, nilotinib did not inhibit NK cytotoxic activity. In conclusion, administration of nilotinib post allo-SCT, in attempt to reduce relapse rates or progression of Ph+ ALL and CML, did not jeopardize immune reconstitution or function following transplantation.

Human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), filgrastim (Neupogen; Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA), has been widely used for the mobilization of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from healthy donors. The experience with biosimilar G-CSF agents in this area is limited. We performed a prospective study assessing Tevagrastim (biosimilar filgrastim, XMO2; Teva, Israel) for mobilization of CD34(+) peripheral blood HSC in HLA-matched healthy sibling donors for transplantation in 24 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (NCT01542944). Results were compared to a historical control group of sibling donors who received filgrastim for stem cell mobilization for allogeneic stem cell transplantations in patients with AML and MDS. The healthy donors received Tevagrastim or filgrastim in a dose of 10 μg/kg body weight (BW) subcutaneously for 4 days. The target yields of CD34(+) cells was 5 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg BW of the recipient. A median 10.2 × 10(6) (range, 2.52 to 35.4) and 9.35 × 10(6) (range, 3.7 to 30.6) CD34(+) cells per kg BW were collected in the Tevagrastim and filgrastim groups, respectively. All patients promptly engrafted with a median day of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of >.5 × 10(9)/L and >1 × 10(9)/L of 13 days (range, 10 to 21) and 13.5 days (range, 10 to 22), respectively in the Tevagrastim group and 12 days (range, 10 to 18) and 13 days (range, 10 to 18) in the filgrastim group, respectively. Platelets reached counts of >20 × 10(9)/L and >50 × 10(9)/L within a median of 14 days (range, 11 to 33) and 17 days (range, 12 to 33) in the Tevagrastim group and 13 (range, 10 to 29) and 15 (range, 10 to 32) days in the filgrastim group, respectively. The donors developed only mild and transient side effects, which were not different between the Tevagrastim study group and the filgrastim historical control group. Similarly, the transplantation-related toxicities and outcomes did not differ between the patients who underwent transplantation with Tevagrastim-mobilized grafts and the filgrastim historical controls. In summary, we observed a similar yield of CD34(+) stem cell mobilization in the Tevagrastim study group and the filgrastim historical control group with similar engraftment kinetic, hematopoietic reconstitution, and transplantation outcome. Tevagrastim administration was safe with minimal side effects and toxicity not different than historical controls. The lack of significant differences for all parameters of stem cell collection, engraftment, and safety with the biosimilar XMO2 Tevagrastim demonstrate the "similarity" of the biosimilar and recombinant human G-CSF in this indication., (Copyright © 2016 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the standard therapy for refractory/relapsed aggressive lymphoma. The initial step of the procedure involves mobilization and collection of hematopoietic stem cells. G-CSF fails to achieve mobilization in 15-25% of lymphoma patients. Plerixafor is a novel CXCR4 antagonist that can promote mobilization. It has been used successfully in patients after the failure of G-CSF. It is reasonable to test whether plerixafor should become the mobilizing agent of choice in patients expected to exhibit difficulties in mobilization. We initiated a study to assess the use of plerixafor as a first-line stem cell mobilizer in 20 elderly or heavily pretreated patients with non-Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphoma. The minimum defined CD34+ cell dose of ≥2 × 106 cells/kg was achieved by 90% of the patients, and for 83% of them with one apheresis procedure. The target CD34+ dose of ≥5 × 106 cells/kg was achieved by 70% of the patients. The median number of circulating CD34+ cells before and after plerixafor was 14.4 and 42.8 cells/μl, respectively. The post-plerixafor adverse events were mild. All patients promptly engrafted after high-dose chemotherapy treatment. We conclude that plerixafor administration is safe and efficient for upfront mobilization in lymphoma patients predicted to be poor mobilizers., (© 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a life-threatening hematological malignancy. The graft vs. myeloma effect is the basis of immunological strategies for treatment of MM. Autologous stem cell transplantation causes effective cytoreduction, but most patients subsequently relapse. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) causes durable responses. The antitumour immunity mediated by lymphocytes of the donor achieves complete remission (CR) and molecular CR for 50% of patients with a long-term freedom from the disease and a cure for 20% to 25% of patients. Early attempts using myeloablative conditioning suffered from high, up to 50%, TRM. With a reduction of the toxicity of the conditioning and introduction of approaches applying reduced intensity conditioning, the results for alloSCT improved. However, they are still deficient because of continued disease progression and relapse after transplantation. Intense research effort concentrates on developing strategies to minimize remission and prevent relapse of MM after alloSCT. This review surveys the results of ongoing and recently published clinical trials. It also includes aspects of immunotherapy in combination with stem cell transplantation., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a life-threatening hematological malignancy. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation is a relatively effective treatment, but disease recurrence remains a major obstacle. Allogeneic transplantation may result in durable responses and cure due to antitumor immunity mediated by donor lymphocytes. However, morbidity and mortality related to graft-versus-host disease remain a challenge. Recent advances in understanding the interaction between the immune system of the patient and the malignant cells are influencing the design of clinically more efficient study protocols for MM. This review will focus on MM antigens and their specific antibodies. These monoclonal antibodies are an attractive therapeutic tool for MM humoral immunotherapy, with most promising preclinical results.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a life-threatening haematological malignancy for which standard therapy is inadequate. Autologous stem cell transplantation is a relatively effective treatment, but residual malignant sites may cause relapse. Allogeneic transplantation may result in durable responses due to antitumour immunity mediated by donor lymphocytes. However, morbidity and mortality related to graft-versus-host disease remain a challenge. Recent advances in understanding the interaction between the immune system of the patient and the malignant cells are influencing the design of clinically more efficient study protocols for MM. Cellular immunotherapy using specific antigen-presenting cells (APCs), to overcome aspects of immune incompetence in MM patients, has received great attention, and numerous clinical trials have evaluated the potential for dendritic cell (DC) vaccines as a novel immunotherapeutic approach. This paper will summarize the data investigating aspects of immunity concerning MM, immunotherapy for patients with MM, and strategies, on the way, to target the plasma cell more selectively. We also include the MM antigens and their specific antibodies that are of potential use for MM humoral immunotherapy, because they have demonstrated the most promising preclinical results.