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Gains in corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield over time are well documented, but corresponding changes in forage and stover yield and quality have received less attention. Our objective was to describe yield and quality changes of representative cultivars used by farmers in the northern Corn Belt. Six open-pollinated cultivars used prior to 1930, 24 cultivars representing four 15-yr eras between 1931 and 1990, and six modern cultivars, for a total of 36 cultivars, were divided into early- and late-maturity trials. Each trial was grown at three locations in Wisconsin during 1997 and 1998. Since 1930, corn forage dry matter yield has increased at the rate of 0.128 to 0.164 Mg [ha.sup.-1] [yr.sup.-1] with stover dry matter yields increasing at the rate of 0.043 to 0.054 Mg [ha.sup.-1] [yr.sup.-1]. Forage crude protein has not changed significantly with time. Forage neutral detergent fiber concentration has decreased 0.825 to 0.948 g [kg.sup.-1] [yr.sup.-1], while forage in vitro digestibility increased 0..538 to 0.612 g [kg.sup.-1] [yr.sup.-1]. Stover neutral detergent fiber concentration and in vitro digestibility have not changed over time. Since 1930 forage, stover, and ear yield have increased 1.4, 0.7, and 2.4% [yr.sup.-1], respectively. This trend will no doubt continue, but greater progress might be made if corn forage breeding improvement concentrates on yield and quality changes in stover., THE NUTRITIVE VALUE OF corn forage has been of concern for the last 30 yr (Roth et al., 1970). Corn forage is economically important. The USA has the largest corn [...]

Wisconsin Quality Synthetic (WQS) is a maize population that has undergone four cycles of S2-topcross selection for increased silage yield and feed quality. This study evaluated forage yield and quality for each cycle of WQS per se as well as testcrosses to two Stiff Stalk-type testers. Linear improvement was seen in whole plant yield, stover yield, and whole-plant quality both in the population per se and in testcrosses. stover quality has not improved through selection. Starch content has increased while crude protein has decreased. Milk yields on a Mg dry matter and hectare basis have increased with selection. Changes in silage dry matter yield have been greater on a percent basis than changes in silage quality, suggesting that the current selection protocol of selecting S2-top crosses first for yield then for quality may be more efficient at improving yield than quality. Selection directly focused on stover quality may be necessary if more rapid improvement in stover composition is desired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize hybrids with improved stover yield and quality are needed to support the emerging cellulosic biofuels industry. Knowledge of the genetic variation, covariation, and genetic architecture of agronomic and cell wall traits will help maize breeders improve relevant traits through selective breeding and genetic engineering. We utilized the maize intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) recombinant inbred line (AlL) population to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) and to evaluate the genetic relationships among traits relevant for cellulosic biofuel production, including grain yield, stover yield, neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), and glucan, xylan, and hgnm concentration. Intermated B73 × Mo17 AlL were evaluated per se and as testcrosses to W604S to assess how well performance and QTL effects correspond between inbreds and hybrids. There were no unfavorable correlations between agronomic and cell wall traits within the testcross progeny. Polysaccharide content was either positively correlated to, or not correlated to, NDFD, indicating that increasing both carbohydrate content and convertibility is feasible. Quantitative trait loci were identified for all traits evaluated, but few QTL were in common between inbred per se and testcross evaluations despite moderate to high genotypic correlations between progeny types. This study provides information that will support the development of dual-purpose maize hybrids that are high in grain yield and also high in yield of digestible cellulosic feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of maize (Zea mays L.) stover as a feedstock for cellulosic biofuels production will create demand for maize hybrids with greater stover yield. It is expected that grain yield will remain the most critical trait and continue to drive hybrid sales, requiring that any increases in stover yield be made without sacrificing grain yield potential. The objective of this review was to determine the relationship between grain yield, harvest index, and stover yield to illuminate the potential for increasing both grain and stover yield through breeding. In contrast to what has been observed in other crops, gains in maize grain yield over time in the U.S. Corn Belt have been accompanied by increases in stover yield. Where recurrent selection on grain yield has been most successful, stover yield also increased while harvest index has been relatively stable. The opposite situation has been observed in tropical germplasm, where gains in grain yield have been associated with increasing harvest index and relatively constant biomass yield. We expect that stover yield of Corn Belt hybrids will continue to increase along with grain yield, resulting in future hybrids capable of producing both more food and biofeedstock for energy production. If maize breeders pursue selection for increased stover yield, we found no evidence to suggest that breeding for stover yield will necessarily reduce rate of gain in grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize (Zea mays L.) stover has been identified as an important feedstock for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Our objectives were to measure hybrid effect and combining ability patterns of traits related to cellulosic ethanol production, determine if germplasm and mutations used for silage production would also be beneficial for feedstock production, and examine relationships between traits that are relevant to selective breeding. We evaluated grain hybrids, germplasm bred for silage production, brown-midrib hybrids, and a leafy hybrid. Yield and composition traits were measured in four environments. There was a 53% difference in stover yield between commercial grain hybrids that were equivalent for other production- related traits. Silage germplasm may be useful for increasing stover yield and reducing lignin concentration. We found much more variation among hybrids than either in vitro ruminal fermentability or polysaccharide concentration. Correlations between traits were mostly favorable or nonexistent. Our results suggest that utilizing standing genetic variation of maize in breeding programs could substantially increase the amount of biofuels produced from stover per unit area of land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While maize silage is a significant feed component in animal production operations, little information is available on the genetic bases of fiber and lignin concentrations in maize, which are negatively correlated with digestibility. Fiber is composed largely of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are the primary components of plant cell walls. Variability for these traits in maize germplasm has been reported, but the sources of the variation and the relationships between these traits in different tissues are not well understood. In this study, 191 recombinant inbred lines of B73 (low-intermediate levels of cell wall components, CWCs) × De811 (high levels of CWCs) were analyzed for quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with CWCs in the leaf sheath. Samples were harvested from plots at two locations in 1998 and one in 1999 and assayed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). QTL were detected on all ten chromosomes, most in tissue specific clusters in concordance with the high genotypic correlations for CWCs within the same tissue. Adjustment of NDF for its subfraction, ADF, revealed that most of the genetic variation in NDF was probably due to variation in ADF. The low to moderate genotypic correlations for the same CWC across leaf sheath and stalk tissues indicate that some genes for CWCs may only be expressed in certain tissues. Many of the QTL herein were detected in other populations, and some are linked to candidate genes for cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open-pollinated maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) population Golden Glow [GG(MP)] provides excellent material for the study of morphological and genetic changes associated with selection for prolificacy. Late generations of the GG(MP), when planted at low densities, resemble the architecture of teosinte (Z. mays subsp. parviglumis), the ancestor of maize. Our objectives were (i) to identify molecular markers linked to chromosomal regions that influenced prolificacy and related morphological traits, (ii) to determine whether genes previously shown to influence branching patterns in maize were associated with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing these traits, and (iii) to determine whether epistatic interactions among putative QTLs influenced prolificacy and correlated traits. A mapping population was developed from the cross of inbred A679 and a highly prolific S1 plant from Cycle 23 of GG(MP). Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were combined for the linkage map construction. Thirty-three QTLs were found for 14 of the 16 traits analyzed. A region located on Linkage Group 1 (LG 1) shared similarities with the pattern of development suggested for the teosinte branchedi (thi) mutant. This suggests that genetic control of prolificacy and associated traits in GG(MP) may resemble the genetic changes underlying branching morphology that occurred during maize domestication. No evidence for additive-by-additive epistatic interactions was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wisconsin Quality Synthetic (WQS C3) is a corn breeding population under selection at the University of Wisconsin for improved NDF digestion and silage yield. A recessive allele, floury2, increases floury endosperm in corn grain, and its starch has been found to be more ruminally degradable than dent corn. Population WQS C3, and two near-isogenic hybrids, W64AXOH43 (ISO) and W64AXOH43 fl2 (fl2), were harvested from isolated 0.5 ha plots as whole-plant corn silage at approximately 35% DM. Treatment silages were fed in TMR to six cows assigned randomly to a replicated 3x3 Latin Square design with 21-d periods. However, only two periods were completed due to unforeseen silage shortages. Data were analyzed using a mixed models procedure. The ISO, fl2, and WQS C3 corn silages averaged 35.9, 35.7, and 35.7 % NDF, respectively. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2001) protein, mineral, and vitamin requirements and averaged 30.8% NDF. Diets were comprised of 54% corn silage, 36% concentrate, and 10% alfalfa hay (DM basis). Lactation performance and digestion data are presented in Table 1. Intake and milk production did not differ among treatments. Ruminal 48-h in situ DM and NDF disappearance were greater for WQS C3, but total tract NDF digestibilities were not in agreement with our in situ results or prior in vitro measurements. Reduced total tract NDF digestibility for ISO relative to fl2 was unexpected based on previous in vitro measurements and our in situ measurements, and cannot be explained. Starch in situ disappearance and total tract digestibility will be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of type of corn endosperm on nutrient digestibility in lactating dairy cows. Near-isogenic variants of an Oh43 × W64A normal dent endosperm hybrid carrying floury-2 or opaque-2 alleles were grown in spatial isolation in field plots and harvested as dry shelled corn. Six ruminally cannulated, multiparous Holstein cows (67 ± 9 d in milk at trial initiation) were randomly assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods; the first 11 d of each period were for diet adaptation followed by 3 d of sampling and data collection. Treatment diets that contained dry rolled vitreous-, floury-, or opaque-endosperm corn [33% of dry matter (DM)], alfalfa silage (55% of DM) and protein-mineral-vitamin supplement (12% of DM) were fed as a total mixed ration. The percentage vitreous endosperm was zero for floury and opaque endosperm corns and 64 ± 7% for the vitreous corn. Prolamin protein content of floury and opaque endosperm corns was 30% of the content found in vitreous corn. Degree of starch access and in vitro ruminal starch digestibility measurements were 32 and 42% greater on average, respectively, for floury and opaque endosperm corns than for vitreous corn. Dry matter and starch disappearances after 8-h ruminal in situ incubations were, on average, 24 and 32 percentage units greater, respectively, for floury and opaque endosperm corns than for vitreous corn. Ruminal pH and acetate molar percentage were lower, propionate molar percentage was greater, and acetate:propionate ratio was lower for cows fed diets containing floury and opaque endosperm corns than for cows fed vitreous corn. In agreement with laboratory and in situ measurements, total-tract starch digestibility was 6.3 percentage units greater, on average, for cows fed diets containing floury and opaque endosperm corns than vitreous corn. Conversely, apparent total-tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility was lower for cows fed diets containing floury and opaque endosperm corns compared with vitreous corn. The type of endosperm in corn fed to dairy cows can have a marked effect on digestion of starch and NDF. Feeding less vitreous corn increased starch digestion but decreased NDF digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, we evaluated the influence of increasing chop length and mechanical processing of whole-plant brown-midrib corn silage on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. Corn silage treatments were harvested at three-quarter milk line stage of maturity at 13- and 19-mm theoretical chop length without processing, or at 19- and 32-mm theoretical chop length with processing at a 2-mm roll clearance. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows that averaged 102 +/- 17 d in milk at trial initiation were randomly assigned to treatments in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Preplanned orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate effects of processing (19 processed vs. 19 mm unprocessed) and chop length (13 vs. 19 mm unprocessed and 19 vs. 32 mm processed). Treatments were fed in total mixed rations containing 60% forage (67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa silage) and 40% shelled corn and soybean meal-based concentrate (dry matter basis). Milk yield was unaffected by treatment. Dry matter intake was unaffected by corn silage processing, but increasing corn silage chop length reduced dry matter intake in unprocessed (26.6 vs. 25.5 kg/d) and processed (25.9 vs. 25.1 kg/d) chop length contrasts. Processing reduced milk fat content (3.36 vs. 3.11%) and yield (1.43 vs. 1.35 kg/d), increased total-tract starch digestion (92.9 vs. 97.4%), and decreased total-tract neutral detergent fiber digestion (51.0 vs. 41.8%). Total chewing time (min/d) was unaffected by treatment. Masticate mean particle length was unaffected by chop length in unprocessed and processed corn silage treatments. In this study with brown-midrib corn silage fed to dairy cows producing 43 kg/d of milk, there were no benefits from crop processing or increasing chop length on lactation performance.

Three corn hybrids harvested as whole-plant silage were evaluated in three separate feeding trials with lactating dairy cows. In trial 1, 24 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods. Treatments were conventional (Pioneer 3563) and leafy (Mycogen TMF 106) corn silage hybrids, each planted at low (59,000 plants/ha) and high (79,000 plants/ha) plant populations. There were no milk production differences between treatments. Total-tract digestibility of dietary starch was higher for leafy compared with conventional corn hybrids. In trial 2, 26 multiparous Holstein cows were assigned randomly to diets containing either conventional (48% forage diet) or brown-midrib (60% forage diet) corn silage in a crossover design with 8-wk periods. Milk yield was lower, but milk fat percentage and yield were higher, for the high-forage diet containing brown-midrib corn silage. In trial 3, 24 multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square with 28-d periods. Treatments were corn silage at two concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (Garst 8751, 39.2% NDF; Cargill 3677, 32.8% NDF) each fed in normal- (53% of dry matter) and high- (61 to 67% of dry matter) forage diets. Milk production was not different between corn hybrids. Increased concentrate supplementation increased DMI and milk production. There were minimal benefits to the feeding of leafy or low-fiber corn silage hybrids. Feeding brown-midrib corn silage in a high-forage diet increased milk fat percentage and yield compared with conventional corn silage fed in a normal-forage diet.

Effects of corn silage crop processing and chop length on intake, digestion, and milk production were evaluated. Corn silage treatments were harvested at one-half milkline stage of maturity (65% whole-plant moisture content) and at 0.95-cm theoretical length of cut without processing (control) or 0.95-, 1.45-, or 1.90-cm theoretical length of cut with processing at a 1-mm roll clearance. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows averaging 71 d in milk at trial initiation were in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods; one square was comprised of ruminally cannulated cows for rumen measurements. Corn silage treatments were fed in total mixed rations containing 50% forage (67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa silage) and 50% corn and soybean meal based concentrate (dry matter basis). Dry matter intake (25.9 vs. 25.3 kg/d) and milk (46.0 vs. 44.8 kg/ d) and fat (1.42 vs. 1.35 kg/d) yields were higher for the processed corn silage treatments compared with the control corn silage. Within the processed corn silage treatments, there were no chop length effects on intake, milk production, or milk composition. Chewing activity was not different among the four corn silage treatments averaging 12 h/d. Total tract digestion of dietary starch was lower for control corn silage (95.1%) compared with fine, medium, and coarse processed corn silage treatments, which averaged 99.3%. Total tract digestion of dietary NDF was reduced for fine-processed corn silage compared with control corn silage and coarse-processed corn silage (28.4% vs. 33.9 and 33.7%, respectively). Processing corn silage improved dry matter intake, starch digestion, and lactation performance. Under the conditions of this study and with theoretical lengths of cut ranging from 0.95 to 1.90 cm, length of chop effects were minimal in processed corn silage.

Whole-plant corn was harvested at early dent, quarter milkline, two-thirds milkline, and black layer stages to evaluate the effects of maturity on intake, digestion, and milk production when corn was fed as silage in the diet. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated experiment with a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Diets containing 50% forage (67% corn silage and 33% alfalfa silage) and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis) were fed as total mixed rations. Moisture contents were 69.9, 67.6, 64.9, and 58.0% for silages from corn harvested at early dent, quarter milkline, two-thirds milkline, and black layer stages, respectively. Intakes of dry matter were similar across the four treatments and ranged from 3.73 to 3.79% of body weight. Milk production was highest (33.4 kg/d) for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage and lowest (32.4 kg/d) for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the early dent stage. Milk protein production was highest for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage (1.17 vs. 1.12 to 1.13 kg/d). Apparent total tract digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and starch was lowest for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage. Although starch intake was similar for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the two-thirds milkline stage and for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage (9 kg/d), intake of digestible starch was 0.4 kg/d lower for cows fed silage from corn harvested at the black layer stage. The optimum stage for corn that was ensiled was two-thirds milkline with some flexibility between quarter and two-thirds milkline.

Sugary-Brawn2 (su-Bn2) corn endosperm contains higher concentrations of watersoluble polysaccharides than dent corn. Eight multiparous Holstein cows averaging 48 d in milk and 667 kg BW at trial initiation were in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. Only cows in one square were ruminally cannulated. Treatments were su-Bn2 or dent corn and 45 or 60% of ration DM as alfalfa silage arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial within each square. Diets, formulated to contain 19% CP, were fed as total mixed rations twice daily. Intake of DM and milk yield averaged 26.8 and 39.9 kg/d, respectively, and were not affected by treatment (P > .10). Sugary-Brawn2 corn decreased milkfat percentage (3.27 vs 3.45%), particularly for the low-forage diet (3.15 vs 3.40%). Milk protein percentage was higher (3.15 vs 3.10%) for low-forage diets but was not affected (P > .10) by corn type. Ruminal pH was lower for low-forage diets. Feeding su-Bn2 corn decreased ruminal pH only at 4 h after feeding. Total VFA in ruminal fluid (millimolar) 6 h after feeding were higher, whereas acetate molar percentage and acetate:propionate ratio were lower for su-Bn2 corn. Ruminal in situ evaluation of su-Bn2 and dent corn revealed a larger soluble fraction, a faster rate of degradation, and higher availabilities of both DM and starch for su-Bn2 corn. Ruminal in situ rate of degradation and availability of alfalfa hay DM were reduced by su-Bn2 corn. Total tract apparent digestibilities of DM, CP, and starch were greater for su-Bn2 diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)