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Objective: This study examined how lower‐income mothers engage in emotion work in order to feel like good mothers within broader contexts of stigmatization, economic insecurity, and precarity. Background: Despite the pervasiveness of the intensive mothering ideology, research shows that lower‐income mothers in the United States also routinely diverge from the ideology's norms due to structural and cultural factors. In doing so, these mothers simultaneously work to reframe and negotiate what it means to be a good mother. While scholarship reveals how mothers cognitively and behaviorally carry out this work, less attention has been paid to how mothers perform this work on an emotional level. Method: Drawing on in‐depth interviews with 33 lower‐income mothers in the San Francisco Bay Area, this study investigated, through the lens of maternal foodwork, how mothers work on their emotions to feel like good mothers. Data were analyzed abductively. Results: Mothers worked on their emotions as part of an effort to negotiate what good mothering looks like and to feel like good mothers as they performed maternal foodwork. To do so, mothers engaged in the gendered and classed emotion work strategy of downscaling. Downscaling involved working to inhibit negative emotions and evoke positive ones. Downscaling was facilitated by three key approaches: reflecting on harder times, redefining good foodwork, and leveraging social comparison. Conclusion: Downscaling serves as a rational, effective emotion work strategy to help mothers navigate ongoing hardships, cultivate a positive maternal identity, and feel like good mothers within contexts of stigmatization, economic insecurity, and precarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined how college‐educated mothers emotionally manage the guilt they experience as they perform maternal foodwork. Background: Maternal guilt is prevalent in the United States, as most mothers report feeling guilty about their inability to live up to the high standards set by intensive mothering. While research has shown that guilt pervades mothers' experiences, less focus has been paid to what mothers do about the guilt they feel. With a focus on maternal foodwork, this study investigated how college‐educated mothers emotionally manage the recurring feelings of guilt that arise due the pressures and expectations around feeding children. Method: Using in‐depth interviews with 35 college‐educated mothers in the San Francisco Bay Area, this article examined mothers' emotional management of guilt. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Mothers experienced guilt as they perceived themselves to be falling short of intensive mothering's ideals around maternal foodwork. In an effort to manage this guilt, mothers employed the gendered and classed emotional management strategy of upscaling, whereby they actively worked on their emotions in ways that paradoxically served to amplify their feelings of guilt and fuel additional physical and cognitive labor. Three approaches were central to upscaling: raising the bar, seeking control, and leveraging social comparison. All of these approaches relied on mothers' ongoing surveillance of themselves and others. Conclusion: The findings show how mothers' emotional management strategies are key to the maintenance of intensive mothering ideals over time, with consequences for the reproduction of gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined factors affecting the relationships of library school deans and library directors in shared academic settings, and found differences in their perceptions of the relationship and a higher position in the academic hierarchy for directors. Dates of appointment, location of the library school, and faculty status for librarians were linked to the relationship. (11 references) (MES)

Progress toward gender equality is thwarted by the underrepresentation of women in political leadership, even as most Americans report they would vote for women candidates. Here, we hypothesize that women candidates are often disadvantaged by pragmatic bias, a tendency to withhold support for members of groups for whom success is perceived to be difficult or impossible to achieve. Across six studies (N = 7,895), we test whether pragmatic bias impedes women's access to a highly significant political leadership position--the US presidency. In two surveys, 2020 Democratic primary voters perceived women candidates to be less electable, and these beliefs were correlated with lower intentions to vote for women candidates (Studies 1 and 2). Voters identified many reasons women would be less electable than men, including others' unwillingness to vote for women, biased media coverage, and higher requirements to prove themselves. We next tested interventions to reduce pragmatic bias. Merely correcting misperceptions of Americans' reported readiness for a woman president did not increase intentions to vote for a woman (Study 3). However, across three experiments (including one preregistered on a nationally representative sample), presenting evidence that women earn as much support as men in US general elections increased Democratic primary voters' intentions to vote for women presidential candidates, an effect driven by heightened perceptions of these candidates' electability (Studies 4 to 6). These findings highlight that social change efforts can be thwarted by people's sense of what is possible, but this may be overcome by credibly signaling others' willingness to act collectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade, scholars continued to focus on how larger economic trends impacted families across the income spectrum. From income and wealth inequality to economic insecurity, the gaps between the haves and the have nots remained, and some widened during this period. The authors' comprehensive review found the following three major takeaways: first, the biggest economic divides run through families with children; second, low‐income families face concentrated disadvantage marked by insecurity and precarity; and third, inequality and insecurity shaped the "dynamism" of family life, including how families respond culturally and emotionally to economic changes, and how these responses unfold over time. They examine active areas of research, including parenting trends and the transition to adulthood. They also document a new scholarly emphasis on uncertainty and instability along with the forces that exacerbate or mitigate them, such as job quality, economic volatility, wealth, and incarceration. Research during the past decade focused on the experience and consequences of dynamism, reflecting not only the reality that families evolve but also that they face continual change in their economic, social, and political contexts. The authors highlight research investigating how families "do dynamism," work that looks over time or offers in‐depth examinations of how families adapt to and cope with dynamism every day. This research reveals that inequality and insecurity are not only matters of levels and gaps but also ongoing matters of meaning‐making, identity, and feeling. The authors conclude by highlighting some strengths and weaknesses of these research streams and pointing out new avenues for future scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes a project that examined cooperative endeavors between library schools and their host academic libraries in order to determine the relationship between the two units. The discussion covers the role of librarians in library education, the involvement of library school faculty in libraries, and the extent and effectiveness of communications between them. (15 references) (AuthorLB)

Provides a broad overview of the development of abstracting and indexing services in science and technology during the last three and one-half decades. Major trends that have affected individual producers, services, and the field as a whole are identified. A 10-item reference list accompanies the text. (Author/JL)

Summarizes the historical development, functions, and changing nature of secondary information services, with emphasis on abstracting and indexing services. (JL)

Abstract: We propose that a key reason why the workplace gender revolution has stalled (England, 2010) is that work remains the site of masculinity contests among men. In this article, we outline a theoretical framework for thinking about work as a masculinity contest, beginning with a brief review of scholarship on masculinity and exploring how the workplace is a context in which men feel particular pressure to prove themselves as “real men.” We identify different dimensions of masculinity along which employees may compete and how the competition may differ by work context. We propose that organizations with Masculinity Contest Cultures (MCCs) represent dysfunctional organizational climates (e.g., rife with toxic leadership, bullying, harassment) associated with poor individual outcomes for men as well as women (e.g., burnout, low organizational dedication, lower well‐being). We discuss how papers in this special issue contribute insight into MCCs and end with a discussion of the contributions made by conceptualizing work as a masculinity contest, and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Congress-created, bipartisan Frost Task Force has been instrumental in supplying Central and Eastern European countries with the information services needed to establish new democratic institutions and procedures. The Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress administers the program and researches needs.

Current analyses of the changing nature of risk provide a 'top-down' perspective that fails to consider variation among the individuals that these changes act upon. Drawing on a qualitative study of 89 workers who are members of 50 socioeconomically diverse families in Silicon Valley, California, this article explores the variability among workers by examining how an individual's social class background influences both their level of exposure to risk and their ability to navigate through the 'risk society'. By employing Bourdieu's framework, the study finds that the attributes now expected of the ideal risk society subject are in actuality reflective of economic, social and cultural capitals most commonly held by the highly educated, middle and upper-middle classes. Consequently, in the current political environment where individuals are viewed as enterprising consumers responsible for their own welfare, those who possess the 'right' capitals are advantaged, while those who do not are disadvantaged. This article employs life history case studies of two workers in different structural locations to highlight the different 'capitals' workers have at their disposal, and shows how structural positions and cultural dispositions interact over time influencing future levels of inequality. In doing so, the article illustrates how the removal of public safety nets exacerbates existing disparities and causes the disadvantaged to fall even further behind. These disparities among workers constitute an inequality of security that engenders winners and losers in the risk society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for change is an important element in information management. The 1992 ASIS conference will explore many aspects of change, including political events in Central Europe and the influence of technology.

This article focuses on the role and contributions of natural-language processing (NLP) in information-retrieval and artificial-intelligence research. Natural language, its power, richness, flexibility, versatility, ambiguity, and wonderful elusiveness has intrigued countless millions of its human "processors" long before the era of the computer. The main interest of this article is the examination of the role, current use, and future potential of NLP concepts and techniques in information retrieval as a highly significant practical application area. The more recent adoption by state-of-the-art operational information retrieval (IR) systems of NLP concepts and tools from experimental research and development in information retrieval and artificial intelligence appears to be due to the availability of ever more massive bodies of computer-processible natural-language materials, including full text, and the equally vast and expanding community of interactive end users who are increasingly dependent on computerized IR services as their primary source of needed information.

This article provides an overview of the evolution and changes that have taken place in collection development in science and technology during the past 25 years. It examines some of the factors that are essential to the understanding of the field. These include the nature of science and technology, the publishing industry, the market place and the role of the librarian. It also takes a long look at the selection process and discusses some of the major selection and evaluation aids available specifically for science and technology. Thoughts on possible future developments are offered in conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Today's information professionals are a varied lot, using a variety of labels to describe who they are and what they do. Many have multiple competencies which, along with their strong reliance on technologies, make it difficult for them to develop long-lasting, much less permanent, professional identities. The article explores the role, value, and qualities of labels in establishing professional identity and observes that labels can serve well only if common definitions of competencies prevail. The authors conclude that formal education is the key to unifying the information profession thus assuring that its practitioners will have a common focus with which to identify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]