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The challenge posed by academic ghostwriting extends beyond education, affecting moral and meritocratic expectations of learners. Through a sociological lens of the "accounts theory," we analyzed the marketing language of 102 academic ghostwriting websites in English and Chinese to explore their legitimization of services in diverse cultures and contexts. Our research focused on how ghostwriting sites legitimize their services across diverse cultures and linguistic contexts while navigating the stigma associated with academic ghostwriting. We identified five neutralization techniques used by ghostwriting sites, including "Denial of responsibility," "Denial of injury," "Denial of the victim," "Condemnation of the condemners," and "Appeal to higher loyalties." Our findings suggest that the marketing of academic ghostwriting is customized to appeal to potential clients' cultural backgrounds, with Chinese ghostwriting sites emphasizing the authority of ghostwriters and English sites prioritizing empathy with users. The ghostwriting industry has diversified to meet the needs of diverse consumers and online environments. Our research provides insights into how ghostwriting sites devise market strategies based on cultural predispositions, shedding light on the complexities of the ghostwriting industry and its impact on the moral and educational landscape. It sheds light on how the dynamics of this market evolve, adapt, and ultimately influence the educational landscape, emphasizing the need for a holistic perspective on the forces at play in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Computer ergonomics is crucial for optimizing the interaction between individuals and their computer workstations to enhance overall well-being and productivity. By designing workspaces that consider the capabilities and limitations of the human body, computer ergonomics aims to prevent musculoskeletal disorders, reduce eye strain, and mitigate stress-related issues associated with prolonged computer use. Material & Method: It was cross sectional study carried out in computer users of Ahmedabad city. Cross sectional study was carried out over a period of one year time among 800 participants to Study the knowledge and practice pertaining to computer ergonomics and obstacle for not following it. Results: Only 359 (44.87%) participants were aware of the computer ergonomics. Main source of information was internet (47.91%). 35.65% of the participants were aware of computer ergonomics before any health problem occurred to them, while 64.34% participants became aware to computer ergonomics after occurrence of musculoskeletal or visual problem. Conclusions: Appropriate furniture, appropriate monitor distance, change in brightness according to need and appropriate body posture had vital role in prevention of computer related health problem. In conclusion, the data highlights the need for widespread initiatives to enhance awareness of computer ergonomics, leveraging internet resources and incorporating structured training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed and evaluated a prototype for augmented reality (AR) interaction among multiple users sharing a three-dimensional hologram within a shared physical space. A systems requirements analysis was conducted to determine necessary interactions, followed by an iterative implementation plan with testing at each step. The application for the HoloLens 2 (HL2) headset was developed using Unity for 3D design, C# for programming, and Photon for multiplayer capabilities. The prototype was evaluated in a user study utilizing custom and NASA TLX questionnaires, comparing participants' self-reported task success with recorded data to assess the accuracy of selfassessments. The prototype effectively facilitated multi-user interactions within a shared environment, achieving acceptable synchronization for two users. Most participants successfully completed tasks, with TLX scores indicating low cognitive and mechanical load during AR task execution. This study demonstrates AR's viability for displaying and manipulating complex three-dimensional structures within a collaborative medical context among multiple individuals in the same physical space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the impact of yogic eye exercises on reducing eye fatigue among computer users. Employing a pre-post experimental design, 30 participants aged 20-40 were selected using convenience sampling, with 15 individuals assigned to both the exercise and control groups. The yogic eye exercise regimen involved 60-minute sessions twice daily for 120 days (4 weeks), encompassing 10 specific steps including palming, blinking, sideways viewing, rotational viewing, and guided relaxation techniques. Eye fatigue was assessed using a validated questionnaire designed to evaluate ocular fatigue. This study contributes to understanding the potential benefits of yogic eye exercises in alleviating eye fatigue among computer users. Result: The measurements from the exercise group demonstrated a notable reduction in eye fatigue scores compared to the control group. Conclusion: These results suggest that the implementation of yogic eye exercises has the potential to diminish eye fatigue scores in undergraduate nursing students [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of education is greatly accelerating in various computer-supported applications. As a particularly prominent application of the human-machine interactive system, intelligent learning systems aim to capture users' current intentions and provide recommendations through real-time feedback. However, we have a limited understanding on what is the reality of user feedback for computer-supported adaptive quizzing. This present study proposes formalization for user feedback including engagement and interactions to understand and improve intelligent adaptive quizzing. This work starts by taking individual system's action transition patterns as a temporally evolving action graph and derives patterns in terms of informing future user engagement. Furthermore, considering the student knowledge preference for a certain moment is closely related to personal experience of past learning,a novel framework EICQ (Engagement and Interaction-based Computer-Supported Adaptive Quizzing) is proposed for learning and adapting to students' current preference based on engagement trends and interaction by collecting feedback data in real-time during a learning session. This established framework captures question characters, student dynamic interactions and engagement trends, which yield a better learning experience with adaptive practice question (PQ) recommendations. Finally, much more endeavors have been made to integrate the proposed EICQ into XXXU intelligent learning systems that are co-developed with the YYY Company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentric tube robots (CTR) have gained popularity in robotic research due to their potential for smaller instrument sizes, enhanced dexterity and reduced trauma. However, CTR control can be complex, with tip direction and curvature being kinematically coupled. To address this, a symmetric eccentric tube robot (ETR) is presented, where three identical pre-curved wires are arranged in parallel and constrained by an outer sheath. Instrument curvature is controlled by a single input angle. This study aims to demonstrate the suitability as manually actuated instrument. A model for curvature as a function of input angle is presented, and a prototype ETR with an outer diameter of 1 mm is assembled and evaluated. The results show that the ETR follows the expected shape, the curvature decreasing with the separation angle in an almost linear way that may be perceived as intuitive and predictable by the human user. However, some unsteady behavior (snapping) is observed, which may be addressed by preventing torsion of the wires through mechanical means. The simplified model neglecting the sheath stiffness provides precise enough predictions for the working space of a manual ETR. The findings suggest that manual ETRs have potential applications in superficial interventions, such as injections, arthroscopy, or ophthalmic surgery, where their curved section can be beneficial in comparison to current straight needles. Further research could explore interlocking mechanical designs to prevent torsion or modular setups for enhanced functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several approaches have been proposed to obtain successful models to solve complex next-item recommendation problem in non-prohibitive computational time, such as by using heuristics, designing architectures, and applying information filtering techniques. In the current technological scenario of artificial intelligence, sequential recommender systems have been gaining attention and they are a highly demanding research area, especially using deep learning in their development. Our research focuses on an efficient and practical model for managing sequential session-based recommendations of specific products for users using the wine and movie domains as case studies. Through an innovative recommender model called X-Model4Rec – eXtensible Model for Recommendation, we explore the user's dynamic taste profile using architectures with transformer and multi-head attention mechanisms to solve the next-item recommendation problem. The performance of the proposed model is compared to that of classical and baseline recommender models on two real-world datasets of wines and movies, and the results are better for most of the evaluation metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of smartphones as the hub of consumption through screen devices has created a fresh path for accessing information, entertainment, and musical content. The digital ecosystem is revitalizing sound, and users are venturing into narratives and alternative formats that grab their attention and shape a content regimen that defines their sonosphere. This study centers on assessing audience indicators in digital repositories via surveys and systematized focus groups that characterize podcast listeners in Colombia. The main objective is to evaluate the podcast's reach, thematic interests and developmental structures. In order to identify gaps for the effective expansion and integration of sound in devices and channels where audio content is widely used, this study examines the impact of podcasts on the sound culture of Colombians. In order to identify gaps for the effective expansion and integration of sound in devices and channels where audio content is widely used, this study examines the impact of podcasts on the sound culture of Colombians. The study also profiles Colombian sound consumers through display devices in the current radio landscape. The podcast serves as a means of linking novel audiences with auditory communication, a triangulation of radio content, music, and podcasts which syncs with digital consumption trends and deviates from the simultaneous and drawn-out consumption of radio broadcasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User experience can change with time, and achieving a positive long-term user experience is an important goal in a successful product design. The long-term user experience of the interactive loading screen in Honor of Kings was studied by using two evaluation methods, UX Curve and QUIS questionnaire. The experiment included valid responses from a total of 23 participants. The results show that an interactive human-computer interface can achieve a good long-term waiting experience. It is also necessary to make changes to the UI or functions of the interactive screen after a period of time to ensure a good user experience. A toolbox including the QUIS questionnaire and UX Curve was proven effective in measuring the temporal aspects of user experience of the computer interface. The findings obtained in the experiments help understand the long-term user experience of human-computer interfaces. They may also provide a reference for developing different long-term user experience evaluation methods in different product contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of computer hardware and software in society has led to the emergence of a type of criminal conduct known as cybercrime, which has become a major worldwide concern in the 21st century spanning multiple domains. As a result, in the present setting, academics and practitioners are showing a great deal of interest in conducting research on cybercrime. In this work, a fractional-order model was replaced by involving three sorts of human populations: online computer users, hackers, and cyber security professionals, in order to examine the online computer user-hacker system. The existence, uniqueness and boundedness were studied. To support our theoretical conclusions, a numerical analysis of the influence of the various logical parameters was conducted and we derived the necessary conditions for the different equilibrium points to be locally stable. We examined the effects of the fear level and refuge factor on the equilibrium densities of prey and predators in order to explore and understand the dynamics of the system in a better way. Using some special circumstances, the model was examined. Our theoretical findings and logical parameters were validated through a numerical analysis utilizing the generalized Adams-Bashforth-Moulton technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shopee is one of the e-commerce platforms in Indonesia that supports the marketplace business model. Shopee faces a big challenge to compete with a large number of other e-commerce because it is one of the marketplaces that enliven the mobile segment. To win the competition, marketplace organizers must be able to meet consumer needs to win the competition because the rapid and diverse growth of e-commerce results in increasingly fierce competition. A service can be said to be successful in providing satisfaction if it can meet the needs of its users, and user satisfaction itself can be interpreted as an important thing for every service provider. User satisfaction with services can be used to identify the good and bad sides of services that can be implemented so that user needs can be met. In this study, the End User Computer Satisfaction (EUCS) method is used, the EUCS method has 5 variables that can be used in the analysis process, namely the Content, Accuracy, Format, Ease of Use, and Timeliness variables. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to @shopee_id Instagram followers, from distributing questionnaires, 385 data were taken as samples to measure Shopee marketplace user satisfaction. The results of the presentation of Shopee marketplace user satisfaction on all variables are stated to have a very satisfactory data interpretation because the presentation value is above 81%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify workstation factors influencing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among information technology (IT) professionals in Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 IT workers at small-enterprise companies who were randomly selected across East Java, Indonesia. The data were modeled using multiple linear regression, with a 95% level of confidence for determining statistical significance. Results: The respondents reported that the neck had the highest level of discomfort and was the most at risk of WMSDs, followed by the lower back, right shoulder, and upper back. Screen use duration (p=0.040) was associated with whole-body WMSDs, along with seat width (p=0.059), armrest (p=0.027), monitor (p=0.046), and a combined telephone and monitor score (p=0.028). Meanwhile, the factors significantly related to the risk of WMSDs in the hands and wrist were working period (p=0.039), night shift (p=0.024), backrest (p=0.008), and mouse score (p=0.032). Conclusions: Occupational safety authorities, standards-setting departments, and policymakers should prioritize addressing the risk factors for WMSDs among IT professionals.

Molecular sequence data from rapidly evolving organisms are often sampled at different points in time. Sampling times can then be used for molecular clock calibration. The root-to-tip (RTT) regression is an essential tool to assess the degree to which the data behave in a clock-like fashion. Here, we introduce Clockor2, a client-side web application for conducting RTT regression. Clockor2 allows users to quickly fit local and global molecular clocks, thus handling the increasing complexity of genomic datasets that sample beyond the assumption of homogeneous host populations. Clockor2 is efficient, handling trees of up to the order of 10 4 tips, with significant speed increases compared with other RTT regression applications. Although clockor2 is written as a web application, all data processing happens on the client-side, meaning that data never leave the user's computer. Clockor2 is freely available at https://clockor2.github.io/. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPsycho-computing refers to the study of the interaction between humans and computers, with the aim of understanding how people use computer applications in line with their needs and improving their experience. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to have a set of observable and measurable indicators of the behavioral practices of computer application users. Accordingly, a psycho-computing traits scale was developed that extracts six main dimensions of the behavioral practices of computer users and computer science students. To ensure the validity and reliability of the scale, it was applied to a survey sample of 150 students. Subsequently, the final version of the scale was applied to an experimental sample of 722 students to verify its psychometric properties. The results of the study indicate that the psycho-computing traits scale exhibits sound psychometric properties in terms of construct validity, as evidenced by the results of the Rasch model assumptions for the data obtained from its application. Moreover, the confirmatory factor analysis results demonstrate that the goodness of fit indicators align with the main dimensions of the scale. The study’s findings also suggest that the psycho-computing traits scale exhibits high reliability, as indicated by the results of the Rasch model for both person and item reliability. Therefore, the scale can be considered a valid tool for evaluating the psycho-computing traits of computer users and computer science students.

In order to achieve an automatic monitoring system for the operation status of motor equipment, the author proposes a research and application based on the thermal energy recovery and automatic monitoring system of motor equipment. The author first analyzes the operating characteristics of the motor and collects four basic parameters of the motor, namely voltage, current, speed, and temperature, in order to determine whether the motor is in normal working condition. Secondly, the system combines electrical parameter detection and acquisition, wireless network technology, industrial field bus technology, and computer user software to achieve remote real-time monitoring, control, and management of the motor's remote travel status. This enables the entire system to achieve intelligent, networked, and systematic management, solving the technical problem of real-time control and system management that cannot be achieved in motor systems distributed in multiple locations. Finally, the monitoring results indicate that after installation and debugging, the data is displayed on the upper computer. This effect is the data collection of the motor during low speed operation, which is reflected in real-time on the control panel. The actual parameters of the motor were compared with the test parameters of this system, and the test basically achieved the desired effect, with accurate detection data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To construct a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) knowledge base using knowledge graph based on deep learning methods, and to explore the application of joint models in intelligent question answering systems for TCM. Methods Textbooks Prescriptions of Chinese Materia Medica and Chinese Materia Medica were applied to construct a comprehensive knowledge graph serving as the foundation for the intelligent question answering system. In the study, a BERT+Slot-Gated (BSG) deep learning model was applied for the identification of TCM entities and question intentions presented by users in their questions. Answers retrieved from the knowledge graph based on the identified entities and intentions were then returned to the user. The Flask framework and BSG model were utilized to develop the intelligent question answering system of TCM. Results A TCM knowledge map encompassing 3 149 entities and 6 891 relational triples based on the prescriptions and Chinese materia medica was drawn. In the question answering test assisted by a question corpus, the F1 value for recognizing entities when answering 20 types of TCM questions was 0.996 9, and the accuracy rate for identifying intentions was 99.75%. This indicates that the system is both feasible and practical. Users can interact with the system through the WeChat Official Account platform. Conclusion The BSG model proposed in this paper achieved good results in experiments by increasing the vector dimension, indicating the effectiveness of the joint model method and providing new research ideas for the implementation of intelligent question answering systems in TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of the effectiveness of financial information systems, task suitability, and computer user expertise on the performance of employees of Universitas Terbuka. The sample of this study was 51 respondents selected by purposive sampling. Primary data were obtained from questionnaires and interviews and then analysed with multiple correlation and regression tools using the SPSS application. The results of the F-test analysis show that the three variables have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The t-test results also show that the variable effectiveness of using financial information systems has a positive and significant influence on employee performance, while the variable of task suitability and expertise of computer users does not have a significant effect [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every computer user deals with serious privacy and security challenges. Keyloggers are a type of software malware that records keystroke events from the console and saves them to a log file. It allows to obtain sensitive information like passwords, PINs, and usernames and communicates with vengeful attackers without attracting the attention of users. Keyloggers are also types of session hijackers that record user keystrokes made on the computer to steal any sensitive information from the system. Keyloggers are the most dangerous and covert malware for our system since they are difficult to detect because they run in the background of the computer. The primary issue with keylogger detection in a system is its time-consuming nature and its reliance on a particular type of input traffic behaviour. Keyloggers can be prevented using antiviruses, but, cannot be detected once they entered into the system. We proposed a system that combines Dendritic Cell Algorithms (DCA) and Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) to address these problems. Our system can accurately detect a software keylogger if it is present which is based on the rate at which inputs are given to the system. The best accuracy was attained by our hybrid SVM-NB-DCA and SVM-DCA approach, with accuracies of 99.8% and 96%, respectively. Hence, results have shown that our hybrid system is effective and accurate for keylogger detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The most common musculoskeletal pathology among healthcare professionals is neck and/or shoulder pain. The aim of this study was to determine the dominant upper limb functionality concerning the ability to replicate a given movement pattern among employees reporting neck or upper limb pain while using a computer during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: The study was conducted from March to April 2021 on a group of 45 medical employees who used a computer workstation for 4 to 6 h of their working time. In the design of this study, three study groups were created: a group of patients with pain syndrome of segment C5/C7 of the spine, a group of patients with shoulder pain syndrome, and a control group of healthy volunteers. (3) Results: The examined groups significantly differed in the correctness of performing the given movement (p = 0.001) and the minimum value of inclination during the exercise session (p = 0.026), as well as the maximum lowering (p = 0.03) in relation to the control group. (4) Conclusions: The VECTIS device can be used to assess the accuracy of reflecting the prescribed movement of the upper limb in rehabilitation programs for patients with cervical spine pain syndrome and shoulder pain syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the ergonomics of the office workplace and determine the cut-off point of the workstation layout checklist (WSLC) and the work posture checklist (WPC) of computer users. Methods: The descriptive-analytical was performed among 200 office staff willing to cooperate at the university. To collect data and evaluate workstations and the posture of employees, the WSLC and WPC were used, respectively. The ROC curve was used to determine the cut point of the final score of the checklists. Results: The optimal cut-off point value for the WSLC was 14.5 (sensitivity = 91.2, specificity = 77.8, and area under the curve = 0.89). Similarly, the best cut-off point value for the WPC was identified as 8.5, with a sensitivity of 93.9, specificity of 71.8, and area under the curve of 0.88. The evaluation results showed that 25 % of the workstations and 32 % of the working postures of the employees were at an undesirable level. Conclusion: Determining the cut-off point for valid WSLC and WPC plays a crucial role in evaluating the cost, facilitation, speed, and repetition associated with office workplaces, thereby categorizing them as either desirable or undesirable. A quarter of the workstations and a third of the working postures of the employees were evaluated as undesirable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The computer trespass analogy has served us reasonably well as a basis for cybersecurity policies and related anti-hacking laws, but computers, and our uses of them, have changed significantly in ways that stretch the computer trespass metaphor beyond usefulness. This Essay proposes an approach to expanding and strengthening our intuitions about computer security that accounts for new computing paradigms, giving courts and lawmakers additional tools for interpreting and drafting effective anti-hacking laws. This Essay argues that many new and existing computer use scenarios leave courts unsure how existing anti-hacking laws might apply, increasing the possibility of under- or over-inclusive policies as well as uneven applications of these laws across jurisdictions. Improving our common understanding of computer security challenges can help courts reason more soundly about the laws and policies that apply to these challenges and can also help lawmakers draft cybersecurity legislation that more accurately reflects their policy goals. This Essay develops a new model for thinking about problems in cybersecurity law by borrowing concepts from the field of vulnerability theory with the aim of augmenting our existing computer trespass theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the potential of a novel EYE ROLL device designed to facilitate guided vision relaxation exercises in an open space. A prospective study was performed on 89 participants who perform screenwork for at least four hours daily. All participants were randomly divided into three groups: a Control group with no exercising, a Manual group undertook manual vision relax ation exercises, and an Eyeroll group engaged in EYE ROLL device-assisted vision relaxation exercises. Each participant underwent three evaluations (an initial baseline assessment, a 4-week follow-up, and an 8-week follow-up) with four assessment tools: a comprehensive vision examination, an in-depth questionnaire, saccadic eye movement recordings, and objective accommodation measurements. There was a statistically significant decrease (35% and above) in complaint scores at the 4-week follow-up in both training groups. Although statistically insignificant, complaints continued to decrease after an 8-week period. No significant changes were observed in clinical or objective accommodative parameters. Some variation of visual functions was observed in all groups due to repeated measures. Vision relaxation exercises combined with proper vision ergonomics and working habits can reduce asthenopic complaints. The EYE ROLL device presents a promising tool for integrating these exercises into the working environment.

Introduction: Congenital defects are structural, behavioral, metabolic, and functional disorders present at the time of birth. However, the symptoms of some of these defects may not be clear until late childhood or adulthood. It consists of different categories of disorders, malformations, deformities, and association syndrome. This disorder is common from genetic anomalies and disregard for the developing fetus. The different prevalence of this disorder can be explained by racial, ethnic, socio-cultural, and economic differences between different countries. Material & Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The secondary data was collected from the LRH and AKI. The sampling technique used in this study was convenience sampling. 5175 cases were recruited in this study. The sample size was not applicable because of the secondary data. The data was organized into a spreadsheet based on the type of variable using the Excel program and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results: The overall frequency of congenital MSK limb defects was 157 per 5175 cases. Males were more affected 104(66.2%) than the females 53(33.8%) in the given data. Lower limb defects were more common than upper limb defects. Among the pattern of congenital limb defects, congenital talipes equinovarus was the most frequent defect observed and males were more affected as compared to females. Conclusion: The current study concluded that Frequencies of congenital musculoskeletal limb defects were observed in 157 of 5175 live births in Peshawar district during 2015-2017.

Introduction: The use of information devices like computers is skyrocketed in recent years, leading injuries. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a leading cause of upper extremity MSDs specially to banking workers. Hence, this paper was intended to highlight its magnitude associated factors in the study area. Methods and materials: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 13, 2021 to October 09, 2021. A total of 422 private and government owned computer user bankers were participated. Simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using Durkan's compression test, flexion and compression test, Phalen's test, and Tinel's test. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between predictors and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. P-value less than 0.05 was considered to declare as a significant and Adjusted Odds Ration for strength association between risk factors and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Result: Among 422 participants, the annual prevalence of CTS was 11.7%. Being smoker [AOR: 4.2; 95% CI: 1.76–10.26], having > 5-year work experience [AOR: 7.98; 95% CI: 3.7-17.33], movement repetition [AOR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.66–9.4] and lack of ergonomics training [AOR: 5.2; 95% CI: 2.8–9.5] were independently associated risk factors to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Conclusion: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome was high (11.7%) among bankers in this study area. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome was predicted by smoking, length of employment, movement repetition, and not received ergonomics training. Therefore, fore the banking industry, it would be better to maintain strict follow-up and provision of ergonomics training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim. Vision and health problems associated with the use of computers and other digital devices are known as computer vision syndrome (CVS). Advances in technology have led to increased use of computers, so the prevalence of these symptoms is increasing. The aim of this study was to calculate the overall prevalence of CVS and CVS symptoms using meta-analysis. Methods. The study was developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement. In July 2021, a systematic search of four electronic databases with article collections was performed: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The key search terms were: "computer vision syndrome", "computer users", "digital eyestrain", "headache", "dry eyes", "red eyes", "eyestrain", "neck pain", "back pain", and "shoulder pain". The articles included in the study had to be original articles written in English only, and the criterion that had to be met was that the research included computer users. As a result, the prevalence of CVS or the prevalence of any of the symptoms of CVS had to be measured. Results. A total of 43 articles were fully reviewed, of which 20 were included in the metaanalysis. The total calculated prevalence for all studies was 74.4%, while the prevalence for individual symptoms was: headache - 43%, dry eyes - 24.4%, eyestrain - 29%, red eyes - 20.7%, and neck, back, or shoulder pain - 46.3%. Conclusion. The results obtained are worrying and point to the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to solving CVS-related problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts between young immigrants and older native populations are widely recognized as a challenge in different parts of the world. In the European context, the following paper focuses on presenting the research results of a community-based project entitled "ICT Guides" conducted in Gothenburg (Sweden), Sheffield (the United Kingdom), Madrid (Spain), and Berlin (Germany), in which we investigated the features and functions of the intergenerational learning of immigrant youth and unrelated seniors using ICT tools. We claim that both groups perceive intergenerational learning with the use of ICT as a chance to get to know the other group despite the age and cultural differences. Through the use of ICT tools in intergenerational learning, digital tools can help those who lack a good command of language when communication problems occur. ICT facilitates mutual understanding and contributes to breaking down the polarization that can occur between immigrant youths and unrelated seniors, to the mutual benefit of both parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online organizing is situated in offline practices. Recent theorizing has examined how online and offline practices co-evolve over time, but given limited attention to how they co-exist in time. Yet, without being 'here' in an embodied material practice, we cannot experience being 'there' online. Understanding the co-existence of online and offline practices is important as organizing becomes actively negotiated in the moments of being simultaneously here offline and there online. In this article, we pull the field of view back from the computer screen to theorize the simultaneity of online organizing with multiple offline practices in which participants are embodied and engage materially. We articulate how, in the case of the video conference, the shared experience of presence, proximity and participation in online organizing is constituted in relation to multiple – but mostly unshared – offline practices. We argue that this interconnection with multiple offline practices can blur boundaries, divert purposes and lead to glitches and breakdowns in online organizing. We make two contributions. First, we recast online organizing as embedded in multiple, mostly unshared, offline practices. Second, we develop understanding of the co-existence of online and offline in time, and its implications for interacting and organizing online. We conclude by suggesting new directions for research on organizing across simultaneously co-existing online and offline practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: India being the forerunner in the cyber world the occupational health problem is slowly awakening to this group of modern occupational diseases, which are slowly taking its roots among the information technology (IT) professionals. Studies have also shown that computer users are at greater risk of developing eye problems and visual fatigue. Methodology: Cross sectional study was carried out over a period of one year time among 800 participants to study the eye problems among computer users. Results: Out of 800 participants; 70.25% participants had any computer related eye problem. If participants work more than four hours in a single spell prevalence of eye problems was 84.49%. Prevalence of visual problem was maximum (76.67%) who use computer for seven to nine hours per day. Conclusion: It is observed that occurrence of visual problems are related more to number of hours spent gazing at the screen than number of years of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore user satisfaction with in-house facility management (FM) services in multi-tenanted office buildings in Accra, Ghana using a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) approach. Design/methodology/approach: The study assessed user satisfaction with FM service quality by using a POE of their perceptions about the attitude and courtesy of the FM personnel, the reliability of the FM services they provide, the responsiveness and the competence of the service providers. The study used walk-throughs and questionnaire surveys as the POE methods. One hundred and twenty-one users from 22 multi-tenanted office buildings, who have actively used the FM services for at least a year, were purposively sampled. The data was collected via a survey using a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis in version 25 of statistical package for the social sciences. Findings: The study revealed that users were dissatisfied with the quality of in-house FM services across all 15 services The results also showed that users' satisfaction with the services is not affected by the differences in their age, gender, educational level, job role and number of years in the buildings. The results further demonstrated that the most critical factors that resulted in users' dissatisfaction were electric facilities, building fabric maintenance, emergency coordination, waste management and the decoration of the buildings during festive seasons. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study based on POE to assess user satisfaction with FM services for multi-tenant office buildings has, presumably, not been tackled before in Ghana. The results of the study are very essential to the owners of the buildings and facility managers in decision-making concerning the delivery of FM services. Building industry-wise, the results demonstrate the need for in-house FM managers in multi-tenanted office buildings in Ghana to adopt FM service delivery methods that increase user satisfaction. The results also call for further research into user satisfaction with outsourced FM services in multi-tenanted office buildings and further research on the use of the in-house strategy on other types of buildings to ascertain whether the dissatisfaction with FM is due to other factors such as the choice of FM strategy, the property type etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the worldwide lockdowns brought on by the Covid-19 epidemic, a natural increase in the use of digital technologies has occurred, leading to an increase in musculoskeletal disorders among computer users. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) among computer users' post-COVID-19 pandemic at Al-Baha University. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was utilized; three hundred computer users participated in the study selected by simple random sampling at Al-Baha University for 4 months. Data was obtained by modified standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, posture observation checklist, and workstation observation checklist, and analyzed by SPSS 20. Results: In the prevalence of WMSD among the respondents; the uppermost prevalence rate of WMSDs symptoms in the last 12 months was related to the neck (62.7%), lower back (59%), upper back (55.3%), right shoulder (46%), and right wrist (45.3%). In total preventive ergonomic practices scored workstation design 70 %, and 63.3% respectively of the participants scored poorly. Multivariate and univariate regression models showed that female participants were 2.189 times more likely to develop WMSDs than male participants [OR= 2.189, 95% CI 1.063 - 4.507]. Older age was 1.685 times more likely to develop WMSDs than younger age [OR= 1.308, 95% CI 1.193 - 1.434]. Conclusion: The highest regions of the body that experienced work musculoskeletal disorders post-COVID-19 pandemic were the neck, lower back, upper back, and right shoulder. Being female, older age, and years of working as a computer user were predictor factors of developing WMSDs. Respondents who have good preventive ergonomic practices and workstation adjustment were less likely to develop WMSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1980s, as the market for computing in the home was still emerging, a category of software arose that promised computer‐mediated experiences of romance and sex. These programs, which this essay is calling "romance software," drew on popular psychological and therapeutic discourses to offer couples advice for more satisfying relationships while also managing their interactions with the computer as an intimate or romantic activity. This essay argues that romance software employed the then novel home computer as a tool that could help mediate relational and communication ideals and bolster the heterosexual couple in the context of changing expectations for relationships in the 1980s. Romance software attempted to instantiate computing intimacy — referring not only to the application of computational methods to the management of relationships but also to the romantic or erotic experience of a couple using computers together. Although they amounted to a minor subset of the software introduced during the decade, these programs envisioned computing in the home as a technology to mediate companionate relationships. Romance software demonstrates that some software companies in the 1980s conceived of personal computer users not only as abstracted masculine individuals but rather addressed users within their roles in companionate relationships, in this case as part of a couple. These programs proposed methods through which computing could be used to assist in creating better relationships for couples that had adopted computers into their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders are among the cumulative injuries that result from working in dangerous conditions and poor postures over several years. One of the major problems for computer users is musculoskeletal disorders. The present study investigated the effect of teaching ergonomics to computer users on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on the administrative staff of Imam Reza (AS) hospital in Mashhad, Iran. In this study, 77 administrative and support staff were selected using the simple random sampling method. After the initial assessment of their physical condition during work, an ergonomic educational intervention program was given to the users to reduce their musculoskeletal injury factors during a three-month period. Their physical condition was assessed before and after the training using the rapid office strain assessment method. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 20). Results: The mean age of participants was 36.4±6.62 years old and their mean work experience was 13/8%±6.12 years. The prevalence of discomfort and pain was mainly reported in the lumbar region (57.2%) and neck (43.8%). Moreover, the highest frequency of rapid office strain assessment method score was 5 before training (42.3%), which reached 9.6% after the intervention and training of staff. The scores of 6, 3, 4, and 2 were 18.3%, 15.7%, 14.6%, and 7.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed the importance of teaching the principles of ergonomics for using computer systems in reducing musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, it was found that the level of musculoskeletal disorders in this group of occupations can be minimized with proper training.

Background: In the 21st century, many jobs involve using computers, estimated at around 75%, and there are 90 million adults who use computers daily. The use of technology often results in harmful effects, mainly if it is not appropriately managed. Factors affecting eye fatigue are work equipment, work environment (light intensity), work design, work duration, individual characteristics (age), or refraction. Objective: This study aims to determine the correlation between light intensity, age, and work duration with eye fatigue complaints in computer users at PT Bank X Palembang. Methods: This research is analytically observational. The population was all computer users at PT Bank X Palembang. Sampling was conducted in 40 samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were obtained by questionnaires and measuring lux meters. Data were analyzed bivariate using the chi-square test. Results: showed that 24 respondents (60%) worked with poor light Intensity and 27 respondents (67.5%) complained of eye fatigue. Based on statistical tests, there was a significant correlation between light Intensity (p = 0.027), there was no significant correlation between age (p = 1.000) and years of services (p = 1.000), and complaints of eye fatigue in user's computers at PT Bank X Palembang. Conclusion: poor light intensity can cause eye fatigue in computer users.

(1) Background: The most common musculoskeletal pathology among healthcare professionals is neck and/or shoulder pain. The aim of this study was to determine the dominant upper limb functionality concerning the ability to replicate a given movement pattern among employees reporting neck or upper limb pain while using a computer during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: The study was conducted from March to April 2021 on a group of 45 medical employees who used a computer workstation for 4 to 6 h of their working time. In the design of this study, three study groups were created: a group of patients with pain syndrome of segment C5/C7 of the spine, a group of patients with shoulder pain syndrome, and a control group of healthy volunteers. (3) Results: The examined groups significantly differed in the correctness of performing the given movement (p = 0.001) and the minimum value of inclination during the exercise session (p = 0.026), as well as the maximum lowering (p = 0.03) in relation to the control group. (4) Conclusions: The VECTIS device can be used to assess the accuracy of reflecting the prescribed movement of the upper limb in rehabilitation programs for patients with cervical spine pain syndrome and shoulder pain syndrome.

The development of science and technology is increasingly rapid, which is marked by the use of computers in every activity, one of which is office work. Continuous use of a computer while working can cause neck and shoulder pain. This study aims to explain the factors associated with complaints of neck and shoulder pain among computer users. Quantitative with an analytical survey approach using a cross-sectional research design is the focus used in this research. The sample in this study consisted of 31 people using a two-stage cluster random sampling technique. The research was conducted in the Deli Serdang Community Health Center Working Area. Data was collected using primary data using the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire which was filled in by respondents and the RULA assessment sheet which was filled out by researchers. The results of data collection are processed using statistical software. Data were analyzed using the chi square test with a confidence level of 95% (?=5%). The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between work posture, intensity of computer use and length of work (p=0.000; 0.012; 0.012) with computer use. It is recommended that office staff who use computers should pay attention to work posture when doing work, using a chair. standards and stretches every 20 minutes after using the computer.

This study analyses data from a survey of Australian adult computer users conducted in June 2021 to examine the influence of online routine activities and life stressors on the likelihood of profit-motivated cybercrime victimisation. Compared with non-victims, victims spent more time online, more frequently engaged in recreational online activities and were more likely to employ higher-risk online practices. Small-to-medium enterprise owners working from home were more likely to be victims. Respondents who had experienced recent increases in financial stress and gambling and negative impacts on interpersonal relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic were also more likely to be a victim of cybercrime. Being accessible online and a lack of personal and physical guardianship are associated with an increased risk of being a victim, but other factors may influence the susceptibility of computer users to cybercrime victimisation. This has important implications for cybercrime responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess changes in visual function and optical and tear film quality in computer users. Methods: Forty computer workers and 40 controls were evaluated at the beginning and end of a working day. Symptoms were assessed using the Quality of Vision questionnaire (QoV), 5‐item Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ‐5) and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye version II (SANDE II). Tear film quality was evaluated using the Medmont E300 dynamic corneal topography tool to measure the tear film surface quality (TFSQ), TFSQ area and auto tear break‐up time (TBUT). Optical quality was assessed by measuring high, low and total ocular aberrations with a Hartmann–Shack wavefront sensor. Visual performance was assessed by measuring photopic and mesopic visual acuity, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity and light disturbance. Results: Poorer DEQ‐5, QoV and SANDE II scores were obtained in computer workers at the end of the working day compared with controls (p ≤ 0.02). Computer workers exhibited a higher (worse) TFSQ and TFSQ area at visit 2 compared with visit 1 (p ≤ 0.04), while no significant differences in TBUT (p = 0.19) or ocular aberrations were observed (p ≥ 0.09). Additionally, both light disturbance (p ≤ 0.04) and mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity worsened at several spatial frequencies (p ≤ 0.04) throughout the working day in computer workers, while visual acuity remained unchanged (p ≥ 0.07). In contrast, control subjects exhibited no decrease in any variable during the day. Conclusions: While visual acuity remained unchanged, several aspects of visual function and quality of vision decreased over a day of computer use. These changes were accompanied by greater dry eye symptoms and tear film changes, which are likely to have played a fundamental role. The present study provides insight into new metrics to assess digital eye strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic information resources provided by academic libraries in Nigeria are receiving not being optimally used, and researchers have linked this problem to factors such as the computer attitude of the users. This study examines the level of computer attitude among undergraduate students in Southwest Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research method. The study population is 3,210 undergraduate students, out of which 800 students were randomly selected as the study sample. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The result shows a positive computer attitude among the students (Mean =2.83). However, it was found that computer attitude (β = -.033, P >.05) is not a significant predictor of electronic information resources use among undergraduates in southwest Nigeria. The study concludes that adequate training and user education programs are necessary for academic libraries to orient students about the importance of libraryprovided electronic information resources and equip them with the necessary skills to use them easily. The study recommends improved awareness and user education targeted at undergraduates to boost the use of electronic information resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online crowdsourcing platforms have made it increasingly easy to perform evaluations of algorithm outputs with survey questions like "which image is better, A or B?", leading to their proliferation in vision and graphics research papers. Results of these studies are often used as quantitative evidence in support of a paper's contributions. On the one hand we argue that, when conducted hastily as an afterthought, such studies lead to an increase of uninformative, and, potentially, misleading conclusions. On the other hand, in these same communities, user research is underutilized in driving project direction and forecasting user needs and reception. We call for increased attention to both the design and reporting of user studies in computer vision and graphics papers towards (1) improved replicability and (2) improved project direction. Together with this call, we offer an overview of methodologies from user experience research (UXR), human-computer interaction (HCI), and applied perception to increase exposure to the available methodologies and best practices. We discuss foundational user research methods (e.g., needfinding) that are presently underutilized in computer vision and graphics research, but can provide valuable project direction. We provide further pointers to the literature for readers interested in exploring other UXR methodologies. Finally, we describe broader open issues and recommendations for the research community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to examine the readiness of pre-service social studies teachers for online learning. It was investigated whether the readiness of pre-service social studies teachers for online learning varies by gender, grade, way of getting internet access, device used in online learning, and level of computer use. In the academic year 2021-2022, 94 pre-service social studies teachers from a public university in Turkey's Eastern Black Sea region compose the sample for the study. The data were collected using the "Readiness Scale for Online Learning," which had been translated into Turkish. The survey model, one of the quantitative research designs, was employed for the analysis of the data obtained within the scope of the study. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The collected data were tabulated and interpreted. As a result, it was observed that the readiness level of pre-service social studies teachers for online learning was above the average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanogenerators based on the principle of surface charging of functional films are significant in self-powering sensing and energy conversion devices due to their multiple functions and high conversion efficiency, although applications remain limited due to a lack of suitable materials and structures. Here, we investigate a triboelectric-piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator (TPHNG) in the form of a mousepad for computer user behavior monitoring and energy harvesting. Triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerators with different functional films and structures work independently to detect sliding and pressing movements, and the profitable coupling between the two nanogenerators leads to enhanced device outputs/sensitivity. Different mouse operations such as clicking, scrolling, taking-up/putting-down, sliding, moving rate, and pathing can be detected by the device via distinguishable patterns of voltage ranging from 0.6 to 36 V. Based on operation recognition, human behavior monitoring is realized, with monitoring of tasks such as browsing a document and playing a computer game being successfully demonstrated. Energy harvesting from mouse sliding, patting, and bending of the device is realized with output voltages up to 37 V and power up to 48 μW while exhibiting good durability up to 20,000 cycles. This work presents a TPHNG utilizing surface charging for self-powered human behavior sensing and biomechanical energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a proof‐of‐concept designer‐in‐the‐loop schematic map drawing tool, based on the marriage of two approaches—manual and automated, which provides the technical interactivity of drawing tools between the user and the computer. We focus on concentric circle maps as opposed to the commonly used orthogonal mode representation, which is suggested by previous studies that it could promote better network learning. In comparison with existing methods, the proposed method is more compatible with the framework of effective map design from psychological and aesthetic perspectives, and a range of options can be provided in conjunction with users' preferences. We evaluated our approach on a set of iterations with case studies of Hong Kong metro with a group of three co‐authors from the fields of geography, transport engineering, and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has affected practically every aspect of modern life. Sitting is something that humans do for a number of purposes, including work (particularly for those who work in the computer industry), and for enjoyment. Daily computer use causes frequent neck and back pain. Flexed head and neck postures might cause neck pain during work. Pauses and postural modifications help avoid pain and sickness. Recent wearables can sense spinal alignment and provide immediate feedback on improper posture. Posture monitoring can help treat or change a user's posture. In this narrative review, Google Scholar, PubMed, Cross-Ref, Cochrane, and ResearchGate were searched for English-only papers using review-specific keywords and fifty-one items were found. The search was narrowed by using more particular terms, such as "wearable postural correction sensors," "forward head posture," "neck discomfort in smartphone or computer users," and "neck workouts." Only current papers from 2015 onwards were considered. After filtering for relevancy, twenty-five articles were included. Researcher should identify intervention functions, policy categories, and tactics for behaviour change. Researchers have also examined neck discomfort, forward head posture in young individuals while using smartphones and computers, and posture correction using a wearable postural correction sensor. And also appropriate arrangement and support to administering a home and workplace fitness programme that eliminates pain and impairment while enhancing Forward Head Posture (FHP) and endurance. This review aimed to thoroughly examine existing literature for evidence concerning prevalent problems among smartphone and computer users such as neck discomfort and forward head position, postural correction sensor, and impact of exercises on neck discomfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The study could be used for sitting posture monitoring in a work-from-home setup. This could also be used for rehabilitation purposes of patients who has posture-related problems. Human posture recognition is one of the most challenging tasks due to the variation in human appearance, changes in the background and illumination, additional noise in the frame, and diverse characteristics and amount of data generated. Aside from these, generating a high configuration for recognition of human body parts, occlusion, nearly identical parts of the body, variations of colors due to clothing, and other various factors make this task one of the hardest in computer vision. Therefore, these studies require high-computing devices and machines that could handle the computational load of this task. This study used a small-scale convolutional neural network and a smartphone built-in camera to recognize proper and improper sitting posture in a work-from-home setup. Aside from the recognition of body points, this study also utilized points' distances and angles to help in recognition. Overall, the study was able to develop two objective datasets capturing the left and right side of the participants with the supervision and guidance of licensed physical therapists. The study shows accuracies of 85.18% and 92.07%, and kappas of 0.691 and 0.838, respectively. The system was developed, implemented, and tested in a work-from-home environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Work-related low back pain is very common in computer users due to prolonged sitting time at work. The lower back muscle strength weakness is associated with occurrence of back pain in computer users. It is very essential to find out effective back pain prevention methods at sub-clinical level. Aims. This study aims to investigate the Biering-Sorensen test as a screening tool to measure lower back muscle strength and sub-clinical back strain in computer users. Methods. This cross-sectional study recruited 520 IT employees (262 men and 258 women) from various companies in Q City Tech Park, Hyderabad. The subjects without any back pain from the last year were included in this study. The Biering-Sorensen test was used to assess back extensor muscle endurance strength. All the participants were assessed position hold time (PHT). The Biering-Sorensen test itself is a provocative of back pain. Any back strain during the test was also recorded for data analysis. Results. Logistic regression analysis showed significant association between back extensor endurance strength and risk of back strain in both genders (p<0.01 and p=0.04). Position hold time for poor and medium performance categories were positively associated with a risk of back strain, whereas good performance category has no significant association. Conclusions. The results of this study are helpful to understand the possibility of back pain occurrence at sub-clinical level. We believe that the Biering- Sorensen test could have a great value to design appropriate back pain prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the relevance of remote activities and digital tools for education, work, and other aspects of daily life. This reality has highlighted the need for emotion recognition technology to better understand the emotions of computer users and provide support in remote environments. Emotion recognition can play a critical role in improving the remote experience and ensuring that individuals are able to effectively engage in computer-based tasks remotely. This paper presents a new dataset, DevEmo, that can be used to train deep learning models for the purpose of emotion recognition of computer users. The dataset consists of 217 video clips of 33 students solving programming tasks. The recordings were collected in the participants' actual work environment, capturing the students' facial expressions as they engaged in programming tasks. The DevEmo dataset is labeled to indicate the presence of the four emotions (anger, confusion, happiness, and surprise) and a neutral state. The dataset provides a unique opportunity to explore the relationship between emotions and computer-related activities, and has the potential to support the development of more personalized and effective tools for computer-based learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online criminals are focusing their attention more and more on ordinary computer users, seeking to take advantage of them through a variety of social and technological exploitation techniques. Some hackers are getting more skilled and determined. The ability to conceal their identities, keep their communications secret, keep their finances separate from their activities, and make use of private infrastructure are all areas in which cybercriminals have shown a high degree of proficiency. It is of the utmost importance to safeguard computers with surveillance systems that are able to identify complex varieties of malware. In this paper, we utilized machine learning algorithm to validate the samples from different datasets. The machine learning classifier is utilized to find the efficacy of the entire model in validating the class samples. The simulation is conducted in python to test the efficacy of the model against various class of datasets. The results show that the proposed method achieves higher degree of accuracy than the other models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital eye strain (DES) affects an estimated 60 million people worldwide, with a higher prevalence among populations that are occupationally reliant on digital display devices. Aim: This study investigated risk factors of DES and ergonomic practices among computer users at Al-Baha University. Setting: The study was conducted among computer users at Al-Baha University. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and data were gathered using self-administered questionnaires. Results: A total of 360 computer users participated (mean age: 36.33 years, standard deviation [s.d.]: 7.08). The lifetime and daily computer usage were 8.38 (s.d.: = 1.04) years and 4.37 (s.d.: = 2.07) hours, respectively, with 30% of respondents having used computers for more than 10 years. The baseline total eye complaints score was either mild or moderate for 64.7% and severe for 35% of the sample. The total workstation design score was poor for 47.1% and fair for 35.5% of the sample. The regression analysis of potential DES risk factors found statistically significant coefficients for the duration of daily computer use, use of contact lenses, poor ergonomic practices, poor workstation design and use of non-prescription spectacles. Conclusion: This study emphasises the need for learning institutions and public health policy makers to not only raise awareness about digital eye strain but also impose time restrictions and breaks on digital-based activities and generally improve workstation design and ergonomic conditions. Contribution: This study offers a basis for targeted interventions to prevent and manage DES, particularly within learning settings.