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With the growing popularity of cold brewed coffee comes a need for brewing efficiency while preserving the desirable flavor profile. Despite the wide use of full immersion brewing techniques, the effect of brew time on the dynamic sensory profiles of full immersion brewed coffee remains underexplored. Here, we investigated the relationship between coffee sensory quality and extraction dynamics, measured as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Extraction (E) of full immersion brewed coffee at various roast levels, and brewing temperatures (4 °C, 22 °C and 92 °C), over brew time using a generic descriptive analysis method. Specifically, different brew time points were selected for different temperatures based on five targeted coffee extraction stages. Furthermore, the unique experimental design also explored a sensory-driven engineering research process. Roast level had the greatest impact on the sensory profile of the coffees, followed by brewing temperature, but brew time, especially the longer brew times as TDS plateaued, had subtler impacts than expected. Twenty-five of 28 sensory attributes were significantly different among the 30 coffee samples, indicating a single source green coffee blend can produce a wide range of complex sensory profiles using different combinations of roast level, temperature, and brew time. Specifically, the intensity of sweetness was negatively correlated with TDS, and 19 other attribute intensities were positively correlated with TDS. Interestingly, we found that certain long time cold brews had similar sensory profiles to those of some short time hot brews, suggesting the sensory profiles of certain hot brews and cold brews could possibly be matched through controlled preparation. Overall, our study demonstrated an approach of integrating food engineering and sensory analysis for product development, and our findings provide valuable insights into the extraction dynamics and sensory quality of full immersion brewed coffee and opens new brewing avenues for the coffee industry.

Insectivorous birds can provide ecological and economic services by decreasing pest populations in agricultural systems, but the magnitude of effect is often debated. We modeled the capacity for birds to suppress pest population growth using a common tropical coffee pest, the coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei) as a study system. Previous field experiments show that birds play a role in suppressing CBB infestations through predation, but the degree to which birds can suppress population growth enough to control infestations is unknown since CBB are only vulnerable to predators when gravid females disperse. Using previously published data on CBB life-stage survivability, we constructed a female-only, daily time-step, deterministic Leslie matrix and projected CBB population growth for a single breeding season. Our goal was to assess the plausibility of CBB suppression by birds as a function of avian energy requirements, reported avian densities on coffee farms, prey composition of avian diets, estimated a caloric value of CBB, and the initial starting population size. Our model showed CBB population growth became exponential (λdaily = 1.042) and that at low, but not medium or high population sizes, were birds able to reduce population growth by 50%. In general, birds exert predation pressure on insect populations, but the ability to control infestations is complex, and is likely dependent on the initial CBB population size.

The knowledge of the relationship between the chemical structure of food components with their mechanisms of action is crucial for the understanding of diet health benefits. This review relates the chemical variability present in coffee beverages with the mechanisms involved in key physiological events, supporting coffee as a polyvalent functional food. Coffee intake has been related with several health-promoting properties such as neuroprotective (caffeine, chlorogenic acids and melanoidins), anti-inflammatory (caffeine, chlorogenic acids, melanoidins, diterpenes), microbiota modulation (polysaccharides, melanoidins, chlorogenic acids), immunostimulatory (polysaccharides), antidiabetic (trigonelline, chlorogenic acids), antihypertensive (chlorogenic acids) and hypocholesterolemic (polysaccharides, chlorogenic acids, lipids). Nevertheless, caffeine and diterpenes are coffee components with ambivalent effects on health. Additionally, a large range of potentially harmful compounds, including acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural, furan, and advanced glycation end products, are formed during the roasting of coffee and are present in the beverages. However, coffee beverages are part of the daily human dietary healthy habits, configuring a coffee paradox. HIGHLIGHTS: The multi-targeted bioactive features of coffee compounds reinforce coffee as a functional food beverage. Polysaccharides and melanoidins positively modulate gut microbiota. Caffeine and phenolics are neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. The balance between potential health and harmful compounds configures a coffee paradox. Harmful compounds are present in trace levels in coffee, not conferring toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caffeic acid is a common phenolic acid found in coffee and numerous fruits and vegetables. Known for its antioxidant properties, it is widely used as a dietary supplement as part of a polyphenol mixture or as an extract in the form of a capsule or powder. It is also available in liquid form as a homeopathic supplement. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis produced by honey bees. Propolis extract is used as a supplement and is available in various forms. The present paper is a comprehensive review of the biomedical literature, showing that caffeic acid effects are hormetic and occur in numerous biological models and cell types for a broad range of endpoints including many aging-related processes. Hormesis is a biphasic dose/concentration response displaying a low concentration/dose stimulation and a high concentration/dose inhibition. Complex alternative search strategies for caffeic acid were used since publications rarely used the terms hormesis or hormetic. Evaluation of the data provides the first assessment of caffeic acid-induced hormetic concentration/dose responses and their quantitative features. Their mechanistic foundations, extrapolative strengths/limitations, and their biomedical, clinical, and public health implications are discussed. Suggestions for future research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed primarily to evaluate acrylamide (AA) concentration using rapid, simplified, cost-effective liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the most common instant coffee products, and secondly, to calculate the health risk assessment of AA for adults and children. The acrylamide level was quantified using gas chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and margin of exposure(MOE) was also calculated. According to the results, acrylamide levels in instant coffee were obtained between 0.5 to 440.9 μg/kg. The concentrations of acrylamide detected in all samples were below the recommended benchmark levels by the European Commission (<850 µg/kg). The overall mean was calculated 137.3 ± 25.7 for coffee mix powder samples and 154.8 ± 39.7 for pure powder samples. There was no significant difference in AA concentration between pure powder and coffee mix groups (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in AA content was observed in different brands of pure powder as well as some groups of the coffee mix (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the health risk due to consumption of various type of coffee is negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Coffee rings formed by evaporation of analyte-containing droplets are widely observed in micropatterning, bio-arrays, and trace detection. The coffee-ring effect caused by contact line pinning significantly affects the detection uniformity and sensitivity. Here, we propose a simple and operable method to effectively suppress coffee rings through controllable nanoparticles aggregation by superhydrophobicity-enabled dynamic evaporation. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) deposition footprint formed after dynamic evaporation on an integrated superhydrophobic surface was reduced by ∼3 orders of magnitude compared to that of non-interventional evaporation. Detailed experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical studies have revealed that substrate wettability, temperature and droplet motion behaviors play significant roles in suppressing coffee-ring effect. More critically, based on the force mechanism of AuNPs at the interface/contact line, universal mathematical models and regime maps were established to classify the different deposition modes for AuNPs under different evaporation conditions by introducing dimensionless parameter G, revealing the enrichment mechanism of AuNPs in droplets under superhydrophobicity-enabled dynamic evaporation. The accuracy of the theoretical model and enrichment mechanism was demonstrated through the single-molecule detection of rhodamine 6G with excellent sensitivity (10–17 M, enhancement factor ∼1013) and perfect uniformity (relative standard deviation ∼5.57 %), which provides a valuable guide for research and applications of nanoparticle aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable debate exists regarding the association between coffee consumption and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the shape of this association. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between coffee consumption and CRP levels. We searched PubMed and Web of Science databases and conducted a hand search as of June 27, 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted using standardized mean differences (SMDs) with random-effects models, based on the geometric mean of CRP from included studies. We identified 13 studies for our systematic review and included 11 cross-sectional studies, involving a total of 66,691 subjects, in our meta-analysis. We found a linear inverse association between coffee consumption and CRP levels (p -value = 0.002) and did not find evidence of a non-linear association (p for non-linearity = 0.13). Compared with the lowest category of coffee consumption (median, non-drinkers), the SMDs of log-transformed CRP levels were −0.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.05 to 0.00) for the third highest (median, 0.5 cup/day), −0.09 (95% CI: −0.15 to −0.04) for the second highest (median, 2.5 cups/day), and −0.14 (95% CI: −0.25 to −0.04) for the highest category (median, 4.5 cups/day). The inverse association tended to be stronger in women, but the difference by gender was not significant. Compared to the limited number of studies not adjusting for smoking, those that adjusted showed a strong linear inverse association, although the difference was not significant. Our findings indicate that coffee consumption is inversely associated with CRP levels. These associations may vary with potential modifiers, including gender and smoking adjustment. CRD42023445986. • Coffee consumption and CRP levels in adults were comprehensively investigated through a systematic review and meta-analysis. • Coffee consumption was inversely associated with CRP levels in adults. • The associations may vary by potential modifiers, including adjustment for smoking. • Further prospective studies considering coffee types are warranted for caffeine-sensitive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, volatile compounds and α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs), such as glyoxal (GO), methylglyoxal (MGO), and diacetyl (DA), were analyzed in Arabica coffee prepared from Arabica green coffee beans presoaked in six organic acid solutions. The ratio of volatile compounds in samples was 18.06 to 0.6 (peak area of each peak/peak area of internal standard). Succinic acid pretreated Arabica had the highest concentration of volatile compounds, 128.9% higher than without pretreatment. The level of total α-DCs ranged from 12.90 to 100.32 μg/mL. Detected levels of GO, MGO, and DA ranged from 0.81 to 7.74, from 18.53 to 89.08, and from 0.43 to 6.74 μg/mL, respectively. Organic acid pretreatment increased the amounts of volatile compounds and lowered the concentrations of α-DCs compared to without pretreatment. The results obtained in this study would be useful for increasing the flavor of Arabica coffee and decreasing α-DCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Caffeine, as the most widely consumed psychoactive substance, has been suggested to have potential effects on the clinical course and disability levels of MS patients. This study aimed to review the current evidence on the effects of coffee/caffeine in patients with MS. Methods: This study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Evidence Synthesis and PRISMA 2020 statement. Clinical evidence regarding the effects of caffeine/coffee in MS patients was considered. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase in October 2023, and updated via handsearching in March 2024. JBI's critical appraisal tools were utilized to scrutinize the risk of bias. Results: Out of 297 screened records, eight studies were eventually found to meet our inclusion criteria. The sample size of the studies varied between 12 and 1372 and the study designs were retrospective cohort, RCT, single-blind crossover trial, single-arm pilot study (each one study), and cross-sectional (four studies). No significant association between the level of disability and coffee/caffeine intake has been reported, although it was reported to be associated with cognitive improvements. Discussion: Evidence indicates an association between coffee/caffeine consumption, and improved cognitive outcomes in patients with MS, while there is no considerable relationship with the disease disability. Considering the limitations of the evidence, such as the small number of studies, and great diversity in study designs, the findings of this study should translate to clinical practice with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coffee sector in Ethiopia is the livelihood of more than 20% of the population and accounts more than 25% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. Climate change is expected to affect the climatic suitability of coffee in Ethiopia, and this would have implications for global coffee output, the national economy, and farmers' livelihoods in Ethiopia. The objective of this paper is to assess the current and future impacts of climate change on bioclimatic suitability to C.arbica production in Ethiopia. Based on the current distribution of coffee production areas and climate change predictions from HadGEM2 and CCSM2 models and using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) bioclimatic modeling approach, future changes in climatic suitability for C. arabica were predicted. Coffee production sites in Ethiopia were geo-referenced and used as input in the MAXENT model. The findings indicated that climate change will increase the suitable growing area for coffee by about 44.2% and 30.37% under HadGEM2 and CCSM2 models, respectively, by 2080 in Ethiopia. The study also revealed a westward and northwestward shift in the climatic suitability to C. arabica production in Ethiopia. This indicates that the suitability of some areas will continue with some adaptation practice, whilst others currently suitable will be unsuitable, yet others that are unsuitable will be suitable for arabica coffee production. These findings are intended to support stakeholders in the coffee sector in developing strategies for reducing the vulnerability of coffee production to climate change. Site-specific strategies should be developed to build a more climate resilient coffee livelihood in the changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application Caffeine extracted from callus cultures by in vitro technique induced from typica coffee (Coffea arabica L. var. typica) leaves was successfully carried out by a simple Soxhlet method. Analysis of X‐ray diffraction patterns showed an increase in crystallinity fraction from leaves (13.56%) to callus (14.46%) and then to caffeine (39.18%). Crystallite size also varied, with average sizes of 18 ± 6, 69 ± 51, and 32.5 ± 17 nm for leaves, callus, and caffeine, respectively. Fourier transmission infrared absorption data confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (OH) groups bound to carbon (C─COH), indicating caffeine content. The high stability of the C─COH is indicated by the broad optical phonon vibrations Δ(LO−TO)$\Delta ( {LO - TO} )$ of the leaves: 247 cm−1 to caffeine: 963 cm−1. Quantitative analysis of dielectric function and electron loss function intensity peaks of each sample showed that leaves efficiently capture and store light energy while caffeine has less potency. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed irregular shapes of leaves, oval round shapes for callus, and rectangular crystals for caffeine due to crystal orientation during transformation and had a strong correlation with crystallinity fraction. Finally, the structure‐based identification, chemistry, optical‐dielectric function, and micro‐surface properties have been fully studied, thus unmasking the phenomenon of slow transformation from leaves to caffeine form.The result of this study can be applied to uncover new methodologies related to the classification, and biotechnological utilization of callus culture based on structural properties, optical‐dielectric function, and micro‐surface analysis. Methodologically, the resulting callus culture provides a sustainable and controllable supply of plant material for caffeine extraction, thereby reducing traditional methods involving field‐grown plants and avoiding the use of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Breeding programs have developed high-yielding Coffea arabica F1-hybrids as an adaptation against adverse conditions associated with climate change. However, theresponse to drought of coffee F1 hybrids has seldom been assessed. Methods: A trial was established with five C. arabica genotypes (2 pure lines: Catimor and Marsellesa and 3 F1 hybrids: Starmaya, Centroamericano and Mundo Maya) planted under the leguminous tree species Leuceana leucocephala. Coffee growth, yield and physiological responses were assessed under a rain-fed (control: CON) and a rainfall reduction treatment (RR) for 2 years. Results: The RR treatment created a long-term rainfall deficit in a region with suboptimal temperature similar to those predicted by climate change scenarios. Moreover, the RR treatment reduced soil water content by 14% over 2 successive years of production and increased hydric stress of the three F1-hybrids (leaf water potentials averaged -0.8 MPa under RR compared with -0.4 MPa under CON). Under RR, coffee yields were reduced from 16 to 75% compared to CON. Mundo Maya F1 hybrid was the sole high-yielding genotype apable of sustaining its yield under RR conditions. Our results suggested that its significant increase in fine root density (CON = 300 and RR = 910 root.m-2) and its maintenance of photosynthetic rate (2.5 - 3.5 mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) at high evaporative demand might explain why this genotype maintained high yield under RR condition. Discussion: This work highlights a possible drought tolerance mechanism in fruit bearing adult coffee trees where the plant fine root number increases to intake more water in order to preserve turgor and sustainphotosynthesis at high ETo and therefore conserves high yield in dry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon (Si) application may affect the plant response to nitrogen (N), possibly by changing the uptake, concentration, and partitioning of nutrients in plant tissues; however, this has not yet been proven in Arabica coffee plants. The effects of Si application methods [no Si, soil-applied soluble Si (168 mg Si L−1), and foliar-applied soluble Si (two application of 2 mg Si plant−1)] and N levels (0 and 80 mg N L−1) on biomass production and partitioning and uptake, partitioning, and stoichiometry of nutrients and Si in young Arabica coffee plants grown under greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Nitrogen fertilization increased the biomass production and uptake of all nutrients; however, reduced the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Si in the leaves, Si in the stems, and K, Mg, and S in the roots of coffee plants as a dilution effect. In the presence of N, soil-applied Si increased the concentrations of Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, the uptake of K, S, and Si, and the Si:N ratio. Foliar-applied Si increased the concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn in the leaves and Ca and Si in the stems, as well as the total uptake of K and Si and the Si:N ratio in coffee plants, being more evident in the N fertilization presence. This study unraveled that, especially when it was soil-applied, Si altered the nutrient uptake, allocation, and stoichiometric ratios with N, with a consequent increase in biomass production of young coffee plants fertilized with N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous challenges are associated with the classification of satellite images of coffee plantations. The spectral similarity with other types of land use, variations in altitude, topography, production system (shaded and sun), and the change in spectral signature throughout the phenological cycle are examples that affect the process. This research investigates the influence of biennial Arabica coffee productivity on the accuracy of Landsat-8 image classification. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and the Random Forest algorithm were used to process the annual and biennial mosaics of the Média Mogiana Region, São Paulo (Brazil), from 2017 to 2023. The parameters evaluated were the general hits of the seven classes of land use and coffee errors of commission and omission. It was found that the seasonality of the plant and its development phases were fundamental in the quality of coffee classification. The use of biennial mosaics, with Landsat-8 images, Brightness, Greenness, Wetness, SRTM data (elevation, aspect, slope), and LST data (Land Surface Temperature) also contributed to improving the process, generating a classification accuracy of 88.8% and reducing coffee omission errors to 22%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate coffee plant counting is a crucial metric for yield estimation and a key component of precision agriculture. While multispectral UAV technology provides more accurate crop growth data, the varying spectral characteristics of coffee plants across different phenological stages complicate automatic plant counting. This study compared the performance of mainstream YOLO models for coffee detection and segmentation, identifying YOLOv9 as the best-performing model, with it achieving high precision in both detection (P = 89.3%, mAP50 = 94.6%) and segmentation performance (P = 88.9%, mAP50 = 94.8%). Furthermore, we studied various spectral combinations from UAV data and found that RGB was most effective during the flowering stage, while RGN (Red, Green, Near-infrared) was more suitable for non-flowering periods. Based on these findings, we proposed an innovative dual-channel non-maximum suppression method (dual-channel NMS), which merges YOLOv9 detection results from both RGB and RGN data, leveraging the strengths of each spectral combination to enhance detection accuracy and achieving a final counting accuracy of 98.4%. This study highlights the importance of integrating UAV multispectral technology with deep learning for coffee detection and offers new insights for the implementation of precision agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nexus plant-microbe-environment is essential to understand the ecosystem processes shaping plant health and fitness. Within this triangle, soils and associated microflora are among the key ecosystem's drivers, underpinning plant productivity and evolution. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis (physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and taxonomic diversity) of soils under the canopy projection of Coffea arabica trees along a gradient of elevation (600, 800, and 900 m) and shade (0, 50, 100%). Results: While shade had no influence on most parameters, altitude shaped the dynamics of microbial communities. Available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and nitrate were significantly higher at 800 m, likely due to the higher activities of β-glucosidase and phosphatases at this altitude. Microbial biomass (carbon and nitrogen) and moisture were significantly higher at 600 and 900 m, which might be attributed to the abundance and richness of soil microorganisms. Indeed, metabarcoding analysis revealed a complex pattern of microbial consortia (bacteria, archaea, fungi) at the three altitudes, with the lowest index of richness recorded at 800 m. The highest number of Amplicon Sequence Variants was observed in bacteria, whose functional analysis revealed distinct metabolic adaptations across different altitudes. At 900 m, the main functional attributes favored the responses to environmental stimuli and microbial interactions; at 800 m, the predominant metabolic pathways were related to organic matter, fermentation, and bioremediation; and at the lower 600 m, the pathways shifted towards the breakdown of plant-derived compounds (e.g. geraniol, limonene, and pinene degradation). Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate a higher effectiveness of the microbial consortium at 800 m, which might result in better nutrient cycling. The study highlights the importance of canopy shade species and elevation for the composition of microbial consortia in C. arabica, unveiling ecological functions beyond plant health, with implications for bio-based solutions and biotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results Conclusion The coffee crop is prominent in Brazilian agriculture, making the country a global power in this area. One of the main concerns in the coffee sector is disease, which can affect coffee productivity and quality. Thus, it is important to evaluate the factors that may affect coffee quality and thus enhance the development of strategies to reduce coffee losses and costs and optimize production. This study evaluated the influence of the type of irrigation (self‐propelled, drip, and center pivot) on the time until the occurrence of phoma leaf spot on Arabica coffee plants, considering the intensity of the disease. Additionally, the association between longitudinal incidence and the time until an event of interest was assessed based on the joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data.The results of this study identify the effectiveness of drip irrigation system compared with other systems; the use of such systems was associated with an ~46.5% reduction in the risk of leaf spot disease compared with the use of a self‐propelled irrigation system. The use of a center pivot system increased the risk of disease progression compared with a self‐propelled system. An association between the longitudinal and survival processes was also observed.The findings demonstrate the superior performance of the drip irrigation system in controlling phoma leaf spot disease in Arabica coffee plants compared with self‐propelled and center pivot systems. This research highlights the potential of using drip irrigation to establish more effective agricultural practices in coffee cultivation, contributing to better disease management and improved crop quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: There has been limited evidence on the long-term impacts of coffee intake on health. We aimed to investigate the association between coffee intake and the incidence of diseases and mortality risk over 20 years among community-dwelling Chinese adults. Methods: Participants were from the Hong Kong Osteoporosis Study who attended baseline assessments during 1995–2010. Coffee intake was self-reported through a food frequency questionnaire and was previously validated. Disease diagnoses, which were mapped into 1795 distinct phecodes, and mortality data were obtained from linkage with territory-wide electronic health records. Cox models were used to estimate the association between coffee intake and the incidence of each disease outcome and mortality among individuals without a history of the respective medical condition at baseline. All models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, and education. Results: Among the 7420 included participants (mean age 53.2 years, 72.2% women), 54.0% were non-coffee drinkers, and only 2.7% consumed more than one cup of coffee per day. Over a median follow-up of 20.0 years, any coffee intake was associated with a reduced risk of dementia, atrial fibrillation, painful respirations, infections, atopic dermatitis, and dizziness at a false discovery rate (FDR) of <0.05. Furthermore, any coffee intake was associated with an 18% reduced risk of all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval = 0.73–0.93). Conclusion: In a population with relatively low coffee consumption, any coffee intake is linked to a lower risk of several neurological, circulatory, and respiratory diseases and symptoms, as well as mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Summary Despite strong historical declines, Guadeloupe and Haiti's coffee sectors remain important to rural communities' livelihood and resilience. Coffee also holds value as part of the islands' historical legacy and cultural identities. Furthermore, it is often grown in agroforestry systems providing important ecosystem services, which will become more important as these vulnerable islands work to adapt to a changing climate. Current efforts to revitalize coffee farms and target strategically important specialty markets would benefit from understanding existing genetic resources and the historical factors that shaped them. Our study reveals the rich history reflected in current coffee stands on the islands. The West Indies, particularly former French colonies like Haiti and Guadeloupe, were central to the spread of coffee in the Americas. The histories of these Islands are shared until the 19th century, where they diverged significantly. Still, both Islands experienced a strong decline in their coffee sector. Characterizing the genetic and varietal diversity of their coffee resources and understanding historical factors shaping them can help support revitalization efforts. To that end, we performed Kompetitve Allele‐Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping of 80 informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on field samples from across main coffee‐growing region of Guadeloupe, and two historically important ones in Haiti, as well as 146 reference accessions from international collections. We also compared bioclimatic variables from sampled geographic areas and searched for historical determinants of present coffee resources. At least five Coffea arabica varietal groups were found in Haiti, versus two in Guadeloupe, with admixed individuals in both. The traditional Typica variety is still present in both islands, growing across a variety of climatic environments. We also found Coffea canephora on both islands, with multiple likely origins, and identified C. liberica var. liberica in Guadeloupe. These differences are explained by the Islands' respective histories. Overall, Guadeloupe experienced fewer, but older introductions of non‐Typica coffee. By contrast, several recent introductions have taken place in Haiti, driven by local and global factors and reflecting the history of Arabica varietal development and spread. Diversity on these islands is dynamic, and our results reveal opportunities and limits to the future of Guadeloupean and Haitian coffee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To overcome the color layering procedure, monochromatic resin composites have been introduced. However, little is known about their polishability, gloss and color stability. This study aimed to investigate the surface roughness, gloss, and color change of monochromatic resin composites polished with wheel systems after being immersed in coffee. Materials and methods: Omnichroma, Zenchroma, Essentia Universal, Charisma Diamond One and NeoSpectra ST were used to obtain 120-disc samples of 8 × 2 mm. Only one side of the sample was polished with Twist Dia (TWD) or Nova Twist (NOV). The samples were examined for surface roughness, gloss, and color (ΔE and ΔE00) before and after 7 days of immersion in coffee and subsequent repolishing. The discs were examined via SEM. Surface roughness and gloss values were analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey and Pearson correlation tests. ΔE and ΔE00 values were evaluated using T tests, multivariate ANOVA, and Dunnett's post-hoc tests. Results: For TWD groups, the smoothest material was Omnichroma (p < 0.05), while for NOV groups, it was Omnichroma and Zenchroma. Omnichroma was the glossiest, while Charisma Diamond One was the least glossy. In TWD groups, Charisma Diamond One and Essentia Universal were the most discolored, while Zenchroma and Omnichroma were the least. For NOV groups, Essentia Universal and Charisma Diamond One were the most discolored, while NeoSpectra ST, Omnichroma and Zenchroma were the least. After repolishing, Charisma Diamond One did not reach the level of ΔE < 2, while the other groups showed values below. Color evaluation with the CIELab and CIEDE2000 systems revealed similar results for the TWD groups after post-staining. Conclusions: Smooth and glossy surfaces could be achieved with the wheel system regardless of the composite resin. Repolishing after discoloration ensures that the color recovery is below the acceptable limit. Color evaluations with CIELab and CIEDE2000 yielded similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica) on carbohydrate digestive enzymes and its protective effect against glucose-induced testicular dysfunction using in vitro and in silico study models. Testicular oxidative stress was initiated by co-incubating testocular tissue collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats in glucose solution with different concentrations of Ethiopian coffee aqueous extracts (hot and cold) for 2 h at 37ºC. Glucose-mediated oxidative stress significantly (p < 0.05) depleted reduced glutathione and total glycogen levels while it lowered catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the testicular tissue. Concomitantly, this led to elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels while it also increased glycogen phosphorylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. Treatment with different concentrations of coffee aqueous extracts restored the enzymes' and markers' levels and activities. Although both the cold and hot coffee extracts strongly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, the former showed better activities. The subjection of the coffee extracts to LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of several compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cafestol, kahweol, caffeine, quinic acid, ferulic acid, and catechol which were further docked with the carbohydrate digestive enzymes. The in silico results displayed that among the various metabolites, chlorogenic acid strongly interacted and had the best binding affinity with α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our findings implied that Ethiopian coffee may have a preventive effect against glucose-induced testicular damage. These are evidenced by the capacity of the plant product to decrease oxidative stress and protect against testicular dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of yeast fermentation and inoculation methods on the quality of coffee across 3 different coffee cultivars. Fermenting Sacchoromyces cerevisiae SafAle s-33 on Coffea arabica cv. Caltimor via bucket inoculation outperforms spray inoculation across all aspects including microbial cell adhesion, the chemical profile, reducing sugar content and sensory analysis conducted by a Q-grader. The PCA analysis revealed distinct profiles of organic acids and volatile compounds in roasted beans in yeast fermentation and natural fermentation of all 3 coffee varieties. Particularly, volatile compounds such 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)octan-1-one, 8-Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one and 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-(2-hydroxyethyl-1-thio)-3 trimethylsilyl methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and, furfuryl ethyl ether and 5-methyl furfural were detected only in yeast fermented bean. The malic acid also contained a higher amount in roasted coffee beans from the yeast fermentation of all 3 coffee varieties than the natural fermentation. Those compounds present a notably positive influence on the sensory aspects of the coffee i.e. sweet caramel, dry fruit, vanilla and hazelnut-like flavors. In addition, roasted beans from the yeast fermentation of C. arabica cv. Caltimor and C. canephora cv. Robusta displayed higher sensory scores when compared to those from natural fermentation, conversely in C. arabica cv. Bourbon, beans from both yeast fermentation and natural fermentation displayed similar quality levels. Our study concluded that the commercial yeast strain within the beer and wine industry proved to be an alternative source for coffee fermentation. Nevertheless, the selection of the coffee variety plays a crucial role when utilizing S. cerevisiae SafAle s-33 as a starter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID‐19, robots were increasingly utilized in the food service industry. This study compared perceptions of robot and human baristas by tracking participants' eye‐gaze behavior. Seventy participants viewed videos and images of both baristas, and their eye movements were tracked. Metrics such as entry time, dwell time, total fixation, hit ratio, revisits, revisitors, average fixation, first fixation, and fixation count in defined areas of interest (AOIs) were measured. Participants focused mostly on robot's body during coffee preparation and human barista's face. Attention stayed on the coffee with human baristas, while robot stimuli drew focus to the robot's hand and kettle. Participants fixated more on the robot itself, potentially due to its novelty in coffee preparation. This study can provide directions for the development of robots, including their appearance, so that they could be accepted familiarly by consumers and introduced seamlessly in the food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The role of lifestyle habits in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is comparatively underexplored. We aim to examine the specific lifestyle habits in patients with LPRD. METHODS: Systematic sampling was applied to select respondents aged 18 through 80 years in otorhinolaryngology-head and neck surgery (OHNS) clinics in Nan Fang Hospital during August 2017–July 2018, 1658 eligible participants were included by a systematic sampling method. Subjects with RSI score>13 were considered as LPRD patients. The risk of reflux symptoms was estimated and multivariate calculated as odds ratios in relation to exposure to tobacco smoking, alcohol, coffee, tea, carbonated drinks, chocolate, spicy food, night sleep time, dinner-to-bed time, subjective sleep quality, and physical exercise. Results: There was a significant dose-response association between carbonated beverage and LPRD. Among people who had drinking carbonated drinks the odds ratio was 1.76 (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.24–2.50, P =.002) compared with non-carbonated drinker. A similar positive association was found for poor subjective sleep quality and shorter night sleeping time, the odds ratio for reflux was 1.58 (95% CI 1.14 to 2.18) among those who always have poor subjective sleep quality compared with those whose have good subjective sleep quality. The odds ratio for reflux was 2.29 (95% CI 1.23–4.28, P =.015) among those who always sleep 3–5 hours every night compared with those who sleep more than 8 hours every night. Beyond that, we found high BMI may have a negative correlation with LPRD, the odds ratio for reflux was.61 (95% CI 0.39 to.95, P =.054) among those whose BMI >25 kg/m2 compared with those BMI ≤ 20 kg/m2. Conclusions: Patients with LPRD may have certain lifestyle habits, avoid carbonated beverage, poor subjective sleep quality, and lack of sleep should be advised in treatment of LPRD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee roasting is considered the most critical process in the development of sensory characteristics. During this stage, a substantial number of compounds are generated. Nevertheless, only a limited number of these compounds are responsible for the aroma, referred to as key aroma-active compounds. This study aimed to assess the impact of roasting levels on the formation of these compounds. Coffee was roasted at four different levels: very light (RL85), light (RL75), medium (RL55), and extremely dark (RL25), according to the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) guidelines. The extraction, olfactory evaluation, and identification of compounds were performed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. A total of 74 compounds were successfully identified, of which 25 were classified as aroma-active compounds. RL75 and RL85 displayed similar aromatic profiles. RL55 was characterized by pleasant notes such as sweet, toasted hazelnut, and caramel. In contrast, RL25 was marked by undesirable odors including burnt notes, putrid, and sulfurous scents. This study is the first to identify key odorant compounds in coffee based on SCA roasting standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color of coffee fruits is influenced by several factors, including cultivar, ripening stage, and metabolite composition. However, the metabolic accumulation of pigments and the molecular mechanisms underlying peel coloration during the ripening process of Coffea arabica L. remain relatively understudied. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptomics were integrated to investigate the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in the peel of Coffea arabica at different ripening stages: green peel (GP), green-yellow peel (GYRP), red peel (RP), and red-purple peel (RPP). This integration aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with these changes. A total of ten anthocyanins, six carotenoids, and thirty-five xanthophylls were identified throughout the ripening process. The results demonstrated a gradual decrease in the total carotenoid content in the peel with fruit maturation, while anthocyanin content increased significantly. Notably, the accumulation of specific anthocyanins was closely associated with the transition of peel colors from green to red. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses identified the GYRP stage as critical for this color transition. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that enzyme-coding genes such as 3AT, BZ1, and lcyE, along with transcription factors including MYB, NAC, and bHLH, which interact with PHD and SET TR, may regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanins and carotenoids, thereby influencing peel pigmentation. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the accumulation of anthocyanins and carotenoids in Coffea arabica peel during fruit maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assess the changes in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), burnout, anxiety, depression, jobstrain, and isostrain levels over time among healthcare workers in emergency departments (EDs) after successive outbreaks of COVID‐19. A prospective, multicenter study was conducted in 3 EDs and an emergency medical service. Healthcare workers who participated in our previous study were invited to participate in a follow‐up 16 and 18 months and completed the questionnaires to assess symptoms of PTSD, burnout, anxiety, depression, jobstrain, and isostrain. Among the 485 healthcare workers asked to participate, 211 (43.5%) completed the survey at inclusion (122 were followed up at 3 months) and 59 participate to the follow‐up study. At 16 months, 10.9% of healthcare workers had symptoms of PTSD and 17.4% at 18 months. At inclusion, 33.5% and 11.7% of healthcare workers had symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. A decrease in anxiety between inclusion and 16 months (p = 0.02) and an increase between 16 and 18 months (p = 0.009) was observed. At inclusion, 40.8% of all healthcare workers had symptoms of burnout. There was an increase in symptoms of burnout between inclusion and 18 months (p = 0.006). At inclusion, 43.2% and 29.5% of healthcare workers were exposed to jobstrain and isostrain, respectively. Jobstrain were higher among paramedics and administrative staff compared to physicians (p = 0.001 and p = 0.026, respectively). Successive outbreaks of COVID‐19 led to long‐term mental health consequences among ED healthcare workers that differed according to occupation. This must be taken into account to rethink the management of teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Remote sensing based on multispectral imaging may be useful for detecting vegetation stress responses in agriculture. Objectives: To evaluate the potential of orbital multispectral imaging in discriminating the most effective strategies for reducing plant-parasitic nematode populations, thereby preventing yield losses in coffee production. Methods: Coffee plants were treated with eleven treatments, including Bacillus spp. isolates, commercial biological products, commercial chemical nematicides, and water (control group). Initial and final nematode populations in the soil were quantified, and surface reflectance data were collected using the Planet orbital multispectral sensor. The data were classified using the random tree algorithm. Results: The population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by 35.90% and 55.13% following the application of B. amyloliquefaciens isolate B266 and B. subtilis isolate B33, respectively. Under the conditions of this experiment, multispectral imaging accurately discriminated the most nematicidal treatments, with a global accuracy of 80%. Conclusions: Orbital multispectral imaging can discriminate the most effective treatments used for nematode management in coffee plants, highlighting its potential as a supportive tool in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Studies examining the association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS), considering different coffee types, have reported inconsistent results. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS, taking into account coffee types, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2016 to 2021 among 14,631 adults aged 19–64 years. Subjects/Methods: We used a 24-h dietary recall method to assess diet, including the type and quantity of coffee consumed. Coffee was categorized into black coffee and coffee with sugar and/or cream (non-drinkers, ≤1, 2–3, and >3 cups/day). Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS, defined by the harmonized criteria. Results: After adjusting for potential covariates, for women, 2–3 cups/day of black coffee were inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46–0.96). Three or fewer cups per day of black coffee were inversely associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides in women. Coffee consumption was not significantly associated with MetS in men. Consumption of coffee with sugar and/or cream or more than three cups per day of coffee was not significantly associated with MetS overall. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that moderate of 2–3 cups/day of black coffee consumption is inversely associated with MetS in women, possibly due to its favorable impact on HDL-C and triglycerides. Further prospective studies examining the consumption of different coffee types in relation to MetS are warranted to offer definitive evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant U-box genes play an important role in the regulation of plant hormone signal transduction, stress tolerance, and pathogen resistance; however, their functions in coffee (Coffea canephora L.) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we identified 47 CcPUB genes in the C. canephora L. genome, clustering them into nine groups via phylogenetic tree. The CcPUB genes were unevenly distributed across the 11 chromosomes of C. canephora L., with the majority (11) on chromosome 2 and none on chromosome 8. The cis-acting elements analysis showed that CcPUB genes were involved in abiotic and biotic stresses, phytohormone responsive, and plant growth and development. RNA-seq data revealed diverse expression patterns of CcPUB genes across leaves, stems, and fruits tissues. qRT-PCR analyses under dehydration, low temperature, SA, and Colletotrichum stresses showed significant up-regulation of CcPUB2, CcPUB24, CcPUB34, and CcPUB40 in leaves. Furthermore, subcellular localization showed CcPUB2 and CcPUB34 were located in the plasma membrane and nucleus, and CcPUB24 and CcPUB40 were located in the nucleus. This study provides valuable insights into the roles of PUB genes in stress responses and phytohormone signaling in C. canephora L., and provided basis for functional characterization of PUB genes in C. canephora L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has highlighted the effectiveness of starter inocula in fermentation processes. In this sense, this study examines the use of an inoculum composed of coffee pulp, mucilage broth, and microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, and S. thermophilus in fermenting Castillo variety coffee. An inoculum was prepared, measuring variables such as the pH, acidity, °Brix, lactic acid bacteria, and yeast viability. Following optimization, the inoculum was evaluated in a fermentation process, evaluating the pH, °Brix, acidity, microbiological analysis, ochratoxin A, and cup quality post-drying and roasting. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in the pH from 4.47 to 4.05 and in the °Brix from 15.8 to 8.45, indicating efficient organic acid production and sugar degradation. Acidity levels increased from 20.02 mg/g to 42.69 mg/g, while microbial viabilities remained above 107 CFUs/g, suggesting effective biomass production. The process effectively reduced the microbial load without detecting ochratoxin A. Sensory evaluations confirmed the enhanced cup quality, validating the positive impact of inoculum use in coffee fermentation. The results support the use of coffee pulp and mucilage broth as effective substrates for the growth of the evaluated microorganisms, and the application of starter cultures containing lactic acid bacteria and yeast can elevate the coffee to a specialty grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known for its stimulating effects on the nervous and cardiovascular systems, caffeine has proven remarkable versatile properties. It can be used in a wide range of different products, from anti-aging cosmetics to the pharmaceutical treatment of hair loss. Caffeine is known for its antioxidant properties and is commonly found in moisturising creams recommended as anti-aging or anti-cellulite and also for the treatment of different skin disorders, including androgenic alopecia. This bioactive is also described to be able to enhance the sunscreen scattering effect of well-known ultraviolet (UV) blockers. One of the major challenges remains its penetration capacity into deeper skin layers, which may be achieved by the use of nanosized delivery systems, yet without the risk of transdermal delivery. In this review, we discuss the nutraceutical value of caffeine in cosmetic products, so-called nutricosmetics, which grants this bioactive several advantages in several formulations, in comparison to other potential bioactives of nutricosmetic value. Furthermore, the disclosed effects of bioactives commonly found in coffee, tea, and their by-products are reviewed and discussed. The discussion concludes by highlighting the significant benefits of caffeine in the treatment of skin disorders and its potential to enhance and promote skin health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts) is an artificially created mixed culture containing selected strains of acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria and yeast which are present in the cellulose membrane. The growing popularity of kombucha consumption and high popularity of coffee creates the possibility of developing coffee-based kombucha production on an industrial scale, which currently does not differ in method from production on a laboratory scale and at home. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the possibility of using an alternative method of coffee fermentation using SCOBY, in which the fermentation was carried out in a bioreactor with a constant air flow (rate 2L/min). This study determined the effect of the fermentation method on the processing time, SCOBY mass gain, and selected properties of the fermented coffee beverage. The alternative fermentation method did not negatively affect the properties of the fermented coffee beverage, i.e., caffeine content, colour, polyphenol content, and antioxidant properties, in comparison with the traditional fermentation method. Additionally, it accelerated the fermentation process, shortening it from 8 to 4 days, and in some cases caused an increase in the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity, almost 10% and over 40%, respectively. The results of this study show a possibility to use alternative methods for coffee fermentation, which can be easily adapted for industrial scale. Variants of fermented and aerated beverages with 4% coffee, and 4 and 5% sugar concentrations stood out among the others as having the best properties and might be introduced to the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The negative effects of climate change impact both farmers and consumers. This is exemplified in coffee, one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. Yield loss in high-quality Coffea arabica L., due to the spread of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), results in lower income for subsistence farmers and volatile prices in markets and cafes. Genetic improvement of crops is a proven approach to support sustainable production while mitigating the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses and simultaneously maintaining or improving quality. However, the improvement of many species, including coffee, is hindered by low genetic diversity. This can be overcome by inducing novel genetic variation via treatment of seeds or cells with mutagens. To evaluate this approach in coffee, mutant populations created by incubating seed or embryogenic calli with the chemical mutagens ethyl methanesulphonate or sodium azide were subject to reduced-representation DNA sequencing using the ddRADseq approach. More than 10,000 novel variants were recovered. Functional analysis revealed hundreds of sequence changes predicted to be deleterious for gene function. We discuss the challenges of unambiguously assigning these variants as being caused by the mutagenic treatment and describe purpose-built computational tools to facilitate the recovery of novel genetic variation from mutant plant populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insectivorous birds can provide ecological and economic services by decreasing pest populations in agricultural systems, but the magnitude of effect is often debated. We modeled the capacity for birds to suppress pest population growth using a common tropical coffee pest, the coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei) as a study system. Previous field experiments show that birds play a role in suppressing CBB infestations through predation, but the degree to which birds can suppress population growth enough to control infestations is unknown since CBB are only vulnerable to predators when gravid females disperse. Using previously published data on CBB life‐stage survivability, we constructed a female‐only, daily time‐step, deterministic Leslie matrix and projected CBB population growth for a single breeding season. Our goal was to assess the plausibility of CBB suppression by birds as a function of avian energy requirements, reported avian densities on coffee farms, prey composition of avian diets, estimated a caloric value of CBB, and the initial starting population size. Our model showed CBB population growth became exponential (λdaily = 1.042) and that at low, but not medium or high population sizes, were birds able to reduce population growth by 50%. In general, birds exert predation pressure on insect populations, but the ability to control infestations is complex, and is likely dependent on the initial CBB population size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background/Objectives: This study investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gastric cancer (GC) risk, while also examining the interaction of genetic factors with lifestyle variables including the nutrient and bioactive compound intake in Korean adults of a large hospital-based cohort. Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) comparing GC patients (n = 312) with healthy controls without cancers (n = 47,994) to identify relevant genetic variants. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was employed to detect SNP interactions between diets and lifestyles. We utilized polygenic risk scores (PRSs) to assess individuals' GC risk based on multiple SNP loci. Among the selected SNPs, since SEMA3C_rs1527482 was a missense mutation, bioactive compounds which decrease the binding energy were found with its wild and mutated proteins by molecular docking analysis. Results: Individuals with high PRSs exhibited a 4.12-fold increased risk of GC compared to those with low PRSs. Additional factors associated with elevated GC risk included a low white blood cell count (OR = 5.13), smoking (OR = 3.83), and low coffee consumption (OR = 6.30). The SEMA3C_rs1527482 variant showed a positive correlation with GC risk. Molecular docking analyses suggested that certain polyphenols, including theaflavate, rugosin E, vitisifuran B, and plantacyanin, reduced the binding free energy in both wild-type and mutated SEMA3C_rs1527482. However, some polyphenols exhibited differential binding energies between its wild and mutated forms, suggesting they might modulate wild and mutated proteins differently. Conclusion: High PRSs and SEMA3C_rs1527482 interact with immune function, coffee intake, polyphenol consumption, and smoking status to influence GC risk. These findings could contribute to developing personalized nutrition and lifestyle interventions to reduce GC risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes. Cafestol, a bioactive compound in coffee, has demonstrated glucose-lowering and insulin-secretory properties in cell and animal studies. The acute effects of cafestol on glucose metabolism in humans have only been briefly investigated, and longer-term effects have not been explored. This study aimed to assess the effects of purified cafestol on insulin sensitivity and other metabolic parameters in healthy individuals with increased waist circumference at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Methods: A 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was conducted with 40 participants. Insulin suppression tests, mixed meal tests, and MRI scans were performed before and after the intervention. Results: Administering 6 mg of cafestol twice daily did not alter insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance but led to significant reductions in body weight (2%), visceral fat volume (5%), and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels (15%) compared to the placebo. Conclusions: Cafestol may hold promise for weight and visceral fat reduction. Cafestol did not improve insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance in this study but might still contribute to the observed inverse association between coffee consumption and type 2 diabetes. Future research should explore higher dosages and longer treatment durations, particularly in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coffee is considered one of the most preferred and consumed beverage types in the world, and caffeine is known to increase physical performance due to its ergogenic properties. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of coffee consumption in different forms on cortisol, testosterone, lactic acid and anaerobic performance levels. Methods: A total of 15 licensed male football players participated in the research voluntarily. The research was implemented in a single-blind, counterbalanced, randomized and crossover study design. Participants were given caffeinated coffee (CK), decaffeinated coffee (placebo) (DK), powdered caffeine (in a gelatin capsule) (PC) and powdered placebo (maltodextrin in a capsule) (PM) on different days, and the Wingate test protocol was performed after the warm-up protocol. Blood samples were collected post-test. Cortisol, testosterone and lactic acid levels in the serum samples taken were determined by the ELISA method. Results: As a result, it was revealed that caffeinated coffee given to participants who exercise increased anaerobic power. However, it was observed that lactic acid levels were higher in placebo and decaffeinated coffee. The highest level of cortisol was found in caffeinated coffee and powdered caffeine compared to the placebo. Testosterone values were observed to be highest in caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee compared to a placebo. Conclusions: The study suggests that the type of caffeine is a factor that affects absorption rate, which impacts performance and hormone levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the internal governance practices of coffee marketing cooperatives in south‐west Ethiopia. The investigation argues that there is a need to go beyond democratic governance practices in order to understand the governance of these cooperatives working in multi‐stakeholder environments where the state is powerful and intervenes in their operations. The study concludes that the actions of internal and external actors have resulted in unique governance structures that profoundly influence their operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Relationship of caffeine intake and consumption of caffeinated beverages, such as tea and coffee, with bone health remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate whether genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or coffee has causal effects on overall total body bone mineral density (TB-BMD) and fracture. We also assessed the association with TB-BMD in five age strata. Methods Using two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, summary statistics were retrieved from genome-wide association studies (GWAS)/GWAS meta-analyses of caffeine intake from tea (n  = 395 866)/coffee (n  = 373 522), TB-BMD (n  = 66 628), and fracture (n  = 426 795). Inverse variance weighted method was adopted as the main univariable analysis. Multivariable analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the causal effect is independent. Results In univariable analysis, genetically determined caffeine intake from tea had positive association with overall TB-BMD (per SD increase in genetically determined caffeine intake, beta of TB-BMD [in SD]: 0.166; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.006–0.326) and inverse association with fracture (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.654–0.954). Genetically determined caffeine intake from coffee was also positively associated with overall TB-BMD (beta = 0.231; 95% CI: 0.093–0.369). The association remained significant after adjustment for smoking in multivariable analysis. Genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or coffee was both positively associated with TB-BMD in the age strata of 45–60 years, but we lacked evidence of association in other strata. Conclusions Genetically, caffeine intake from tea or coffee may be beneficial to bone health. Due to the ascertainment method of caffeine intake from tea, our study also implied genetically higher tea consumption may improve TB-BMD and lower fracture risk. What is already known on this topic Published studies demonstrated controversial findings on the relationship of caffeine intake and consumption of caffeinated beverages, such as tea and coffee, with bone health. What this study adds This two-sample Mendelian randomization study demonstrated that genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or tea consumption was causally associated with improved overall TB-BMD and reduced fracture risk. Genetically determined caffeine intake from coffee was also positively associated with overall TB-BMD. How this study might affect research, practice or policy Caffeine and other active ingredients in tea may improve bone health. Tea may be included in the diet as a strategy to improve BMD and prevent osteoporosis-associated fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND We evaluated whether chronic coffee consumption affects arterial stiffness, assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). METHODS In 514 subjects, aged 66.6 ± 9.9 years (mean ± SD), recruited in the 3rd follow-up of the PAMELA study, subdivided into 3 groups according to the daily intake of regular coffee (0, 1–2, and ≥3 cups/day), we measured CAVI and clinic, ambulatory blood pressure (BP), and other variables. RESULTS The 3 groups displayed similar age, gender, metabolic, and renal profile. Clinic and ambulatory BPs were similar in the 3 groups, this being the case for CAVI (0 cup: 9.1 ± 1.8, 1–2 cups: 9.5 ± 2.3, and ≥3 cups: 9.2 ± 2.1 m/s, P  = NS). No significant gender difference in CAVI and in participants under antihypertensive treatment was detected. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that chronic coffee consumption leaves unaffected arterial stiffness in the general population, this being the case in subgroups. The neutral vascular impact of coffee may favor the absence of any significant BP effect of habitual coffee intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to investigate substance use and its association with eating attitudes and behaviors among male Palestinian refugees. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, male Palestinian refugees(N = 566) were recruited to fill out self-administrated questionnaire on eating attitudes and behaviors (EAT-26) and to give urine samples to test current illicit drug use. Results: The response rate was 47.7%. Substance use was highly prevalent among participants (28.9%). The percentage of participants with eating disorders (ED) among substance users was as follows: Any illicit drug (30.8%), benzodiazepine (32.6%), methamphetamines(40.7%), amphetamine (39.3%), tetrahydrocannabinol (25.8%), barbiturates (20%),and alcohol (12.50%). Obese participants were at higher risk of having ED(OR = 2.344, p <.05) than underweight participants. Binge eaters were more likely to be tetrahydrocannabinol users (OR = 2.745, p <.05). Increased riskof self-induced vomiting behavior was associated with binge behavior (OR = 5.97, p <.05, laxative use (OR = 26.38, p <.01), barbiturates use (OR = 59.36, p <.05), waterpipe smoking (OR = 8.62, p <.05), vape smoking (OR = 10.37, p <.05), and inversely associated with age (OR = 0.832, p <.001). Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrated a substantially increased frequency of substance use among Palestinian refugees with ED and unhealthy weight control behaviors. This study highlighted new challenge for the health system to deal with new emerging health conditions among male refugees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the physicochemical analysis, acceptability, and marketability of CORNADO Drip Coffee with three serving proportions of 10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams to the group of Barista, Coffee Shop Owners, and Consumers of Marikina City during the school year 2023-2024. Experimental method was used in this study to determine the acceptability of corn cob and avocado seed drip coffee and evaluated in terms of appearance, aroma, color, and taste and likewise, on its marketability. As regards the results of the physicochemical analysis of the product, the findings revealed that the CORNADO Drip Coffee, in terms of low carbohydrate count, low moisture content, low acidity, and low titratable acidity is a healthy alternative coffee drink. In addition, the three groups of respondents evaluated the acceptability level of CORNADO Drip Coffee with 10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams proportion in terms of appearance, aroma, color, and taste as Very Acceptable. Meanwhile, there were no significant differences on the evaluation of the three groups of respondents on the acceptability level of CORNADO Drip Coffee in three proportions in terms of the said criteria. On the other hand, the level of marketability as evaluated by consumers, barista, and coffee shop owners generally received a rating of Very High Potential utilizing the 10 grams, 15 grams, and 20 grams in terms of supply availability, production cost, and consumer demand resulting to no significant difference on their evaluations. Furthermore, the respondents provided comments and suggestion for further improvement of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffea indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) has been established from callogenesis heading towards somatic embryo regeneration, evidencing intra- and interspecific similarities and differences between diploid (Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides) and allotetraploid (Coffea arabica). ISE is influenced by endogenous and exogenous aspects, but few data have been reported about the genetic and physiological causes. Seeking to understand the Coffea ISE responses, we aimed to: induce ISE in diploid and allotetraploid, quantify the endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and determine the gene copy number of aux/iaa33 and yuc4 involved in auxin biosynthesis, and of wox4 related with ISE pathway. Unlike previous studies, C. eugenioides and C. arabica showed the same friable callus mean number, and higher mean number than C. canephora. Nevertheless, C. canephora friable calli had higher IAA level at 60th than other Coffea. IAA level of the C. canephora friable calli reduced at 90th, becoming equal to C. eugenioides and C. arabica even the diploid Coffea exhibiting one copy and allotetraploid two copies of the aux/iaa33, yuc4 and wox4. As in other studies, C. arabica exhibited a higher somatic embryo mean number than diploid Coffea. Since the ISE was established in the same conditions, our data reinforce the endogenous IAA role in Coffea ISE, and that the aux/iaa33, yuc4 and wox4 copy number did not affect IAA levels. Therefore, other genes, genotype and hormones should be further investigated. Our data are a basis for understanding the in vitro response and contribute to ISE improvement.Key message: Gene copy number and role of the IAA in C. eugenioides, C. canephora and C. arabica in ISE responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition with various contributing factors, including lifestyle and dietary habits. Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant, has been linked to multiple physiological effects on vascular function and hormonal balance that might influence sexual function. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the association between caffeine intake and the risk of ED by analyzing data from cohort studies. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, and a manual search was conducted on Google Scholar for studies on the relationship between caffeine intake and ED in adult men. The search included observational studies published up to April 1, 2024. Four cohort studies were included, and their data were extracted and analyzed by STATA version 18. Results: Four included cohort studies comprised 51,665 cohort members. The study population included adult males, on average, aged 18 to 80. The results indicate that there was no significant relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of ED (relative risk [RR] = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.86–1.03; p = 0.999). Conclusions: The current evidence suggests no significant relationship between caffeine intake and ED, but limited studies limit conclusions. Future research should focus on larger sample sizes, standardized outcome assessments, and different dosages and forms of caffeine consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: As one of the most popular beverages in the world, coffee has long been known to affect bowel functions such as motility, secretion, and absorption. Recent evidence obtained in human and animal studies suggests that coffee has modulating impacts on gut microbiota. We aim to present an overview of the specific effects of coffee on gut microbiota composition, diversity, and growth. We will also critically review the impacts of coffee on bowel functions in health and diseases and discuss whether gut microbiota play a role in the coffee-associated functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: We searched the literature up to June 2024 through PubMed, Web of Science, and other sources using search terms such as coffee, caffeine, microbiota, gastrointestinal infection, motility, secretion, gut–brain axis, absorption, and medication interaction. Clinical research in patients and preclinical studies in rodent animals were included. Results: A majority of the studies found that moderate consumption of coffee (<4 cups a day) increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes. Moderate coffee consumption also increased Bifidobacterium spp. and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteria. Coffee consumption is reported to increase gut microbiota diversity. Although the effects of coffee on bowel functions have been known for a long time, it is not until recently that we have recognized that some of the effects of coffee may be partly due to its impacts on microbiota. Conclusions: The current literature suggests that moderate coffee consumption has beneficial effects on oral and gut microbiota and motility function. However, excessive coffee intake (>5 cups a day) is implicated in reflux disorders, periodontal diseases, and progression of Crohn's disease. Further research in the field is needed, as there are many conflicting results regarding the impacts of coffee in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of ovarian cancer (OC) is inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to quantitatively investigate this topic in a large prospective cohort study. This cohort study included 24,715 individuals recruited from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trials between 1993 and 2001. The data used for our analysis included the latest follow‐up information collected up to 2015. Coffee intake of ≥4 cups/day (hazard ratio [HR], 0.586; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.356–0.966) or caffeine intake of 458.787 mg/day (HR, 0.607; 95% CI: 0.411–0.895) were associated with the lowest HR of incident OC in the fully adjusted model. Participants who consumed varying amounts of tea did not exhibit a statistically significant reduction in the risk of OC. Our findings suggest that a higher consumption of coffee or caffeine is associated with a reduced risk of OC. However, no statistically significant association was observed between tea consumption and the risk of OC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in women. Its pathogenesis includes several pathways in cancer proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Some clinical data have indicated the association between coffee consumption and decreased cancer risk. However, little data is available on the effect of coffee on breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: In our study, we assessed the effect of Turkish coffee and Fridamycin-H on different pathways in breast cancer, including apoptosis, proliferation, and oxidative stress. A human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was treated for 48 h with either coffee extract (5% or 10 v/v) or Fridamycin-H (10 ng/ml). Ehrlich solid tumors were induced in mice for in vivo modeling of breast cancer. Mice with Ehrlich solid tumors were treated orally with coffee extract in drinking water at a final concentration (v/v) of either 3%, 5%, or 10% daily for 21 days. Protein expression levels of Caspase-8 were determined in both in vitro and in vivo models using ELISA assay. Moreover, P-glycoprotein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) protein expression levels were analyzed in the in vitro model. β-catenin protein expression was analyzed in tumor sections using immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) serum levels were analyzed using colorimetry. Results: Both coffee extract and Fridamycin-H significantly increased Caspase-8, P-glycoprotein, and PPAR-γ protein levels in MCF-7 cells. Consistently, all doses of in vivo coffee treatment induced a significant increase in Caspase-8 and necrotic zones and a significant decrease in β- catenin, MDA, tumor volume, tumor weight, and viable tumor cell density. Conclusion: These findings suggest that coffee extract and Fridamycin-H warrant further exploration as potential therapies for breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]