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ABSTRACT Widely available and reliable testing for SARS-CoV-2 is essential for the public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated the diagnostic performance of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) performed on saliva and the SD Biosensor STANDARD Q antigen test performed on nasopharyngeal swab compared to the reference standard, nasopharyngeal swab (NP) RT-PCR. We enrolled participants living and/or seeking care in health facilities in North Lima, Peru from November 2020 to January 2021. Consenting participants underwent same-day RT-PCR on both saliva and nasopharyngeal swab specimens, antigen testing on a nasopharyngeal swab specimen, pulse oximetry, and standardized symptom assessment. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for the nasopharyngeal antigen and saliva RT-PCR compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR. Of 896 participants analyzed, 567 (63.3%) had acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19. The overall sensitivity and specificity of saliva RT-PCR were 85.8% and 98.1%, respectively. Among participants with and without acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19, saliva sensitivity was 87.3% and 37.5%, respectively. Saliva sensitivity was 97.4% and 56.0% among participants with cycle threshold (CT) values of ≤30 and >30 on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, respectively. The overall sensitivity and specificity of nasopharyngeal antigen were 73.2% and 99.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of the nasopharyngeal antigen test was 75.1% and 12.5% among participants with and without acute signs/symptoms of COVID-19, and 91.2% and 26.7% among participants with CT values of ≤30 and >30 on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, respectively. Saliva RT-PCR achieved the WHO-recommended threshold of >80% for sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, while the SD Biosensor nasopharyngeal antigen test did not. IMPORTANCE In this diagnostic validation study of 896 participants in Peru, saliva reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) had >80% sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 among all-comers and symptomatic individuals, while the SD Biosensor STANDARD Q antigen test performed on nasopharyngeal swab had 80% sensitivity.

Long-term kidney transplant (KT) allograft outcomes have not improved as expected despite a better understanding of rejection and improved immunosuppression. Previous work had validated a computed rejection score, the tissue common rejection module (tCRM), measured by amplification-based assessment of 11 genes from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsy specimens, which allows for quantitative, unbiased assessment of immune injury. We applied tCRM in a prospective trial of 124 KT recipients, and contrasted assessment by tCRM and histology reads from 2 independent pathologists on protocol and cause biopsies post-transplant. Four 10-μm shaves from FFPE biopsy specimens were used for RNA extraction and amplification by qPCR of the 11 tCRM genes, from which the tCRM score was calculated. Biopsy diagnoses of either acute rejection (AR) or borderline rejection (BL) were considered to have inflammation present, while stable biopsies had no inflammation. Of the 77 biopsies that were read by both pathologists, a total of 40 mismatches in the diagnosis were present. The median tCRM scores for AR, BL, and stable diagnoses were 4.87, 1.85, and 1.27, respectively, with an overall significant difference among all histologic groups (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.0001). There were significant differences in tCRM scores between pathologists both finding inflammation vs. disagreement (p = 0.003), and both finding inflammation vs. both finding no inflammation (p < 0.001), along with overall significance between all scores (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.001). A logistic regression model predicting graft inflammation using various clinical predictor variables and tCRM revealed the tCRM score as the only significant predictor of graft inflammation (OR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.40–2.68, p < 0.0001). Accurate, quantitative, and unbiased assessment of rejection of the clinical sample is critical. Given the discrepant diagnoses between pathologists on the same samples, individuals could utilize the tCRM score as a tiebreaker in unclear situations. We propose that the tCRM quantitative score can provide unbiased quantification of graft inflammation, and its rapid evaluation by PCR on the FFPE shave can become a critical adjunct to help drive clinical decision making and immunosuppression delivery.

Myzus persicae es considerado la tercera plaga de importancia económica de varios cultivos en Chile. Su variabilidad genética es influenciada por la disponibilidad del hospedante primario. Este insecto ha adquirido resistencia a la mayoría de los insecticidas utilizados para su control. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la diversidad genética y la presencia de mecanismos de resistencia de M. persicae en cultivos como duraznero y pimentón. El estudio se realizó en doce localidades: seis en la región de O'Higgins y seis en la región del Maule en Chile central. Para evaluar la diversidad genética neutral, se utilizaron siete marcadores microsatélites, y la identificación de mecanismos se realizó mediante ensayos de discriminación alélica. La mayor diversidad genética se presentó en poblaciones del duraznero > 0,80 en promedio. En pimentón y arvenses, esta diversidad fue 0,36 en promedio. La frecuencia de individuos con mecanismos de resistencia fue baja y en forma predominantemente heterocigota en los hospedantes evaluados, lo que sugiere que la forma de reproducción sexual del áfido influye en los niveles de resistencia a insecticida. La presencia de mecanismos de resistencia en M. persicae depende del hospedante, región geográfica y momento de muestreo en el que son evaluados. Existe suficiente evidencia de que las poblaciones de M. persicae están compuestas por muy pocos grupos genéticos, presentando diferentes dinámicas de resistencia a insecticidas en la misma temporada agrícola.

We present in this paper a revision of three different methods we conceived in the framework of liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display optimization and application. We preliminarily demonstrate an LCoS self-calibration technique, from which we can perform a complete LCoS characterization. In particular, two important characteristics of LCoS displays are retrieved by using self-addressed digital holograms. On the one hand, we determine its phase-voltage curve by using the interference pattern generated by a digital two-sectorial split-lens configuration. On the other hand, the LCoS surface profile is also determined by using a self-addressed dynamic micro-lens array pattern. Second, the implementation of microparticle manipulation through optical traps created by an LCoS display is demonstrated. Finally, an LCoS display based inline (IL) holographic imaging system is described. By using the LCoS display to implement a double-sideband filter configuration, this inline architecture demonstrates the advantage of obtaining dynamic holographic imaging of microparticles independently of their spatial positions by avoiding the non-desired conjugate images.

It has been recognized that cells do not respond equally to ultraviolet (UV) radiation but it is not clear whether this is due to genetic, biochemical or structural differences of the cells. We have a novel cybrid (cytoplasmic hybrids) model that allows us to analyze the contribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to cellular response after exposure to sub-lethal dose of UV. mtDNA can be classified into haplogroups as defined by accumulations of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Recent studies have shown that J haplogroup is high risk for age-related macular degeneration while the H haplogroup is protective. This study investigates gene expression responses in J cybrids versus H cybrids after exposure to sub-lethal doses of UV-radiation.Cybrids were created by fusing platelets isolated from subjects with either H (n = 3) or J (n = 3) haplogroups with mitochondria-free (Rho0) ARPE-19 cells. The H and J cybrids were cultured for 24 hours, treated with 10 mJ of UV-radiation and cultured for an additional 120 hours. Untreated and treated cybrids were analyzed for growth rates and gene expression profiles. The UV-treated and untreated J cybrids had higher growth rates compared to H cybrids. Before treatment, J cybrids showed lower expression levels for CFH, CD55, IL-33, TGF-A, EFEMP-1, RARA, BCL2L13 and BBC3. At 120 hours after UV-treatment, the J cybrids had decreased CFH, RARA and BBC3 levels but increased CD55, IL-33 and EFEMP-1 compared to UV-treated H cybrids.In cells with identical nuclei, the cellular response to sub-lethal UV-radiation is mediated in part by the mtDNA haplogroup. This supports the hypothesis that differences in growth rates and expression levels of complement, inflammation and apoptosis genes may result from population-specific, hereditary SNP variations in mtDNA. Therefore, when analyzing UV-induced damage in tissues, the mtDNA haplogroup background may be important to consider.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent studies using populations from the United States and Australia have demonstrated that AMD is associated with mitochondrial (mt) DNA haplogroups (as defined by combinations of mtDNA polymorphisms) that represent Northern European Caucasians. The aim of this study was to use the cytoplasmic hybrid (cybrid) model to investigate the molecular and biological functional consequences that occur when comparing the mtDNA H haplogroup (protective for AMD) versus J haplogroup (high risk for AMD).Cybrids were created by introducing mitochondria from individuals with either H or J haplogroups into a human retinal epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) that was devoid of mitochondrial DNA (Rho0). In cybrid lines, all of the cells carry the same nuclear genes but vary in mtDNA content. The J cybrids had significantly lower levels of ATP and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species production, but increased lactate levels and rates of growth. Q-PCR analyses showed J cybrids had decreased expressions for CFH, C3, and EFEMP1 genes, high risk genes for AMD, and higher expression for MYO7A, a gene associated with retinal degeneration in Usher type IB syndrome. The H and J cybrids also have comparatively altered expression of nuclear genes involved in pathways for cell signaling, inflammation, and metabolism.Our findings demonstrate that mtDNA haplogroup variants mediate not only energy production and cell growth, but also cell signaling for major molecular pathways. These data support the hypothesis that mtDNA variants play important roles in numerous cellular functions and disease processes, including AMD.

In-line digital holography is a powerful tool widely used for microscopic object imaging. Usually, in-line and out-line configurations are used to implement holographic systems, but in-line-based set-ups are preferable as they are less sensitive to mechanical vibrations and refraction index variations. However, non-desired blurred conjugate images are superposed to the reconstructed object image by using in-line systems. One strategy to remove the conjugate image contribution is to include a double-sideband filter at the Fourier plane of the system. After using the filter, data obtained at the CCD are processed to retrieve the magnitude and phase (hologram) of the diffracted wavefront while removing the conjugated image. Afterwards, a diffraction integral equation is used to digitally propagate the hologram. Despite the above-mentioned factors, there is not a thorough analysis in the literature of magnification parameters associated with the final reconstructed image, this aspect being crucial for the experimental application of the above-stated approach. Under this scenario, a theoretical analysis of the longitudinal and transverse magnifications of the reconstructed images is provided in this work. The method is validated through the simulation and experimental results of different microscopic objects: glass microspheres, a micrometric reticle, and a resolution test chart USAF 1951. The obtained results provide that the combination of magnification relations with methods for hologram propagation and optimal focused image identification is effective for object position determination. This approach could be useful for 3D microparticle localization and monitoring with optimized magnification within real-time applications.

Este artículo busca ser un punto de partida en cuanto a la revaloración del estudio de los villancicos de negro (también llamados guineos o negrillas). Para tal propósito se tomaron cuatro ejemplos de guineos del manuscrito conocido como Cancionero musical de Gaspar Fernandes, documento del cual el musicólogo Aurelio Tello realizó un estudio y posterior edición crítica (en la cual se basa este trabajo). No obstante, previamente a abordar el análisis de los villancicos guineos, este texto busca enmarcar este repertorio con su contexto poético-musical (villancicos de remedo) e histórico (siglos XVI-XVII: Siglo de Oro español). Esta aproximación histórica, social, y musicológica al tema es necesaria para dar una explicación al fenómeno musical de los villancicos guineos en la Nueva España. Por lo tanto, se busca reflexionar sobre la siguiente propuesta: dentro del repertorio sacro católico en lengua vulgar (villancicos), encontramos elementos musicales e identitarios de los individuos de origen africano del Imperio español con énfasis en el virreinato de la Nueva España.

Differences in the common aortic arch branching pattern arise from abnormal embryological development. Aberrant origin of the right subclavian artery is the most common of these anomalies. We report the case of a 47-year-old female with progressive dysphagia, found to have an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) running posterior to the esophagus on computed tomography angiography. She was managed successfully with a hybrid procedure involving a right supraclavicular incision for ARSA ligation and subclavian to carotid transposition followed by endovascular closure of the ARSA origin.

Abstract Background Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have a major impact on public health worldwide. Particularly, hospital surfaces contaminated with bacterial pathogens are often the origin of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of HAIs. It has been demonstrated that copper surfaces reduce the microbial burden of high touch surfaces in the hospital environment. Here we report the antimicrobial characterization of a novel composite coating with embedded copper particles, named Copper Armour™. Methods The Copper Armour™ bactericidal activity was evaluated in in vitro assays against several bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties were also evaluated in a pilot study over a nine-week period at an adult intensive care unit. For this, four high touch surfaces, including bed rails, overbed table, bedside table and IV Pole, were coated with Cooper Armour™, and its microbial burden was determined over a nine-week period. Results Copper Armour™ coated samples showed an in vitro reduction in bacterial burden of > 99.9% compared to control samples. Moreover, pilot study results indicate that Copper Armour™ significantly reduces the level of microbial contamination on high-touch surfaces in the hospital environment, as compared with standard surfaces. Conclusions Based on its antimicrobial properties, Copper Armour™ is a novel self-sanitizing coating that exhibits bactericidal activity against important human pathogens and significantly reduces the microbial burden of hospital surfaces. This composite could be used as a self-sanitizing coating to complement infection control strategies in healthcare facilities.

En este trabajo se revisa algunos discursos historiográficos en torno a la historia de la música en América Latina, para reflexionar sobre cómo se construyeron dichas narraciones y cómo estas fueron utilizadas para la consolidación y legitimación de identidades y tradiciones que encuentran puntos en común en los países seleccionados. Para tal fin se tomaron como muestra cuatro países: Cuba, Colombia, Chile y México. Los puntos en común en los relatos elegidos permiten percibir las semejanzas de las aproximaciones metodológicas y discursivas en cuanto al estudio de la música en los países seleccionados, en el periodo que parte de finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX, cuando el positivismo era el hilo conductor del pensamiento científico. Se propone una perspectiva diferente para dichas narrativas, uniéndolas con enfoques metodológicos actuales con el propósito de replantear los mismos de cara a un nuevo “metarrelato” musical en Latinoamérica.

A doscientos años del natalicio de Karl Marx, vale tocar esa realidad en la que transitó como sujeto de su época en el espacio llamado educación. Acercarse a la vivencia concretas de las etapas de mortalidad de Marx es, acercarse a ese personaje e carne y hueso que en estos tiempos sigue siendo polémico sobre todo por las interpretaciones que se han dado de él sin mirar las condicionantes de una y otra orilla.

En honor a la franqueza, difícilmente podríamos no discutir algún asunto–con y desde Marx– si se quiere ir más allá de las apariencias de la realidad. Puede decirse que, sus ya juveniles aportes son de carácter universal, de ahí en adelante pondrá en sus aportes su interés socio-histórico por las mujeres, los hombres y los niños de carne y hueso sujetos a las inclemencias de un sistema disfrazado, pero a la vez, actores potenciales de su propia liberación. Más que el personaje mismo, son los asuntos por él abordados en su tiempo, que han variado poco en esencia desde su partida física en 1883. Las herramientas críticas y propositivas marxianas para abordar este contradictorio siglo XXI, hacen que pueda seguirse transitando con él.

Esta colaboración tiene el propósito de presentar una panorámica histórica del desarrollo de la tradición poética en Yucatán. Primero se aborda el desarrollo lírico peninsular heredado del Siglo de Oro español y cómo este es compartido por otras tradiciones populares caribeñas, representadas en Yucatán por las vaquerías y las bombas yucatecas. Subsecuentemente se revisa el cambio en el gusto yucateco del siglo XIX hacia las corrientes romántica y modernista, y cómo estas serán las bases de lo que en el siglo XX se llamará trova yucateca y de la tradición del bolero. This article seeks to present a panoramic view of the development of the literary tradition in Yucatán throughout its history. First, the discussion focuses on the heritage of so-called Siglo de Oro (Golden Age) Spanish in the peninsula and how this heritage is shared with other popular traditions in the Caribbean, represented in Yucatán by the vaquerías and the bombas yucatecas. It then goes on to explore the changing tastes of Yucatecan society during the XIX century, including the turn toward first romantic and later modernist styles. Finally, it shows how these two esthetics together would become in the XX century the base of the trova yucateca and the bolero tradition.

Esta colaboración tiene como objetivo una revaloración de la música de habaneras, dados sus antecedentes históricos y su influencia. Fomenta también la discusión en torno a los elementos amalgamados en el género de habaneras, buscando saber si este fue el detonante creativo de los pueblos hispanoamericanos decimonónicos o se fusionó con elementos musicales ya existentes en éstos.

RESUMENEl pensamiento mirandino se erige como posibilidad en el contexto actual, en la medida en que, las necesidades de integración real se hagan evidentes. Hablar de Francisco de Miranda es hablar del hombre y su tiempo, es más, es hablar del hombre y proyección a futuro. Quién mejor que Miranda, tan olvidado en ciertos escenarios regionales, para ser referente de la filosofía en su teorética y praxis. Este venezolano universal, o mejor, este colombiano ilustrado conocedor de lo autóctono,además de su defensor, conoció directamente las fuentes del pensamiento moderno en diferentes lugares fuera de Sudamérica y, hasta los leyó en sus lenguas vernáculas, de hecho se codeó conpersonajes destacados de la época de las diversas esferas político-filosóficas, define sus propios objetivos en diferentes ámbitos relacionados con la libertad del continente. Su meta era propiciar la unidad y la unión de la región, reunir a todos los pueblos de Hispanoamérica en su proyecto, en su Colombia. Su ejemplo de vida, de acción, lo va a marcar como ferviente libertario de la causaantiimperialista para la posteridad así como referente obligado en la historia de las ideas de esta parte del mundo. La utopía desde Miranda será oportunidad, sinónimo de esperanza y causante de la mirada más allá de la simple integración tradicionalmente conocida.Finalmente, se recrea mediante la historia de las ideas nuevas posiciones intelectuales llevadas a cabo con una rigurosidad académica que exige mantener la mente abierta para entender nuestro sercomo entes identitariamente emancipados, defendiendo y propagando el sentido mirandino de ser colombiano como telos de la Patria Grande.Palabras claveUnión, Unidad, Colombia mirandina, Utopía, Integración, Integralidad, Emancipación, Independencia.ABSTRACTThe Miranda’s thought stands as a possibility in the current context, to the extent that actual integration needs become evident. Talk of Francisco de Miranda is speaking of man and his time, indeed,is to speak of man and future projection. Who is better than Miranda, so forgotten in some regional scenarios to be benchmark in his theoretical philosophy and praxis. This universal Venezuelan, or rather this Colombian enlightened connoisseur of the native as well as his counsel, approached directly the sources of modern thought in different locations outside of South America, to read in their native languages , in fact rubbed shoulders with leading from the time of the various philosophicaland political spheres, defines its own goals in different areas related to freedom of the continent. His goal was to foster the unity and togetherness of the region, bringing together all the peoples of Latin America in the project, in Colombia. His example of life, of action, it will flag as fervent imperialist libertarian causes for posterity and of reference in the history of ideas in this part of the world. The utopia from Miranda will be opportunity, synonymous with hope and causing the eyes beyond simply integrating traditionally known. Finally, history is recreated with new ideas intellectual positions held with academic rigor required to keep an open mind to understand ourselves as beings emancipated identitarian, defending and spreading the sense of being Colombian mirandino as telos of the Patria Grande.KeywordsUnion, Unity, Colombia mirandina, Utopia, Integration, Comprehensiveness, Emancipation, Independence.

Works within Critical Discourse Analysis tend to concentrate on the analysis of institutionally reproduced power by dominant groups in society. Furthermore, focusing on negative or exceptionally serious social or political events results in the transition of the object of inquiry from the use of power to the abuse of power or at least its socially negative consequences. Therefore, and despite the explicit aim of siding with non-dominant groups in society, Critical Discourse Analysis focuses solely on the discourse of dominant groups, paradoxically leaving the discourse on non-dominant groups underexposed. Borrowing from French and Argumentative Discourse Analysis, the article proposes the co-optation of the concept of ethos in order to alleviate this problem. Specifically, ‘solidarity in discourse’ is presented as a useful approach to ethos within a Critical Discourse Analysis framework. As an illustration of the concept of ‘solidarity’ in discourse, the article presents an analysis of two texts from a very different interdiscursive tradition: a military statement by the Zapatista guerrilla (EZLN) and a newspaper column by the late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.

RESUMENEs interesante conocer otras concepciones sobre la fi losofía de la historia, acudiendo a versionesparticulares que buscan, como es propio de la fi losofía, otras posturas que a su vez logran complementarla visión que el pensamiento humano brinda para comprender cosas y fenómenos como lo ha venido haciendo desde tiempos remotos. Así las cosas, las siguientes líneas establecerán los aspectos más generales del sustento del fi lósofo español Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983), quien abordó diversos temas fi losófi cos desde su óptica peculiar, en materia de lo que toca a la historia, no como disciplina científi ca teoréticamente conformada, sino de las formas como se ha venido pensando este ámbito tan propio del ser humano.Para esto se recurrirá a los conceptos claves de Zubiri, planteamientos sobre situaciones específi cas, sustentos de teóricos y fi lósofos destacados en esta dimensión, al tiempo que lo signifi cativo de su aporte intelectual en la comprensión de lo que es la historia como proceso de capacitación.Palabras claveAnimal de realidades, Tradente, Inteligencia sentiente, Posibilidad, Refl uencia, Etáneo, Coetáneo, Continuante, Progrediente.ABSTRACTIt is interesting to know other views on the philosophy of history, turning to particular versions looking, as it is typical of philosophy, other positions which manage to complement the vision that human thinking provides to understand things and phenomena as it has been doing since ancient times. So, the following essay establishes the broader aspects that support the position of theSpanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri (1898-1983), who played various philosophical issues, when it comes to his peculiar perspective regarding history, not as a scientifi c discipline theoretically formed, but the ways in which this area has been thought.For this we will use the key concepts of Zubiri, approaches to specifi c situations, support from theorist and philosophers distinguished in this dimension, while their intellectual contribution helps understanding what is history, as a training process.KeywordsAnimal of realities, Assignor, Sentient intelligence, Possibility, Refl uencia, Etaneo, Contemporary, Continuant, Progrediente.

El presente texto gira alrededor de un interés en hacer un recorrido por el pensamiento filosófico analítico de Wittgenstein, quien es considerado por muchos como el más importante filósofo de la época contemporánea y modelo a seguir en La filosofía del lenguaje. La consideración central que explica su obra no sólo se encuentra dentro del denominado: paradigma del lenguaje en la filosofía, sino que en sumo grado se constituye en el núcleo del movimiento de una versión formalista. Con estudios como los mencionados anteriormente, se puede llegar a ser, según lo quería Kant y se lee en Hegel, autoconscientes de nuestra condición. Los propósitos de este texto son, entonces, analizar e interpretar de forma concreta e ilustrativa las posturas del autor austriaco. No está de más en este artículo, la realización de una contextualización acerca de la filosofía del lenguaje, que se divide en la filosofía del lenguaje como rama de la filosofía y como paradigma filosófico instaurado en el siglo XX. Además, se sintetizan aquí los aspectos más destacados de la conocida Filosofía del lenguaje de Wittgenstein con sus respectivas afirmaciones, propuestas y estudios.

Digital holography (DH) methods are of interest in a large number of applications. Recently, the double sideband (DSB) technique was proposed, which is a DH based method that, by using double filtering, provides reconstructed images without distortions and is free of twin images by using an in-line configuration. In this work, we implement a method for the investigation of the mobility of particles based on the DSB technique. Particle holographic images obtained using the DSB method are processed with digital picture recognition methods, allowing us to accurately track the spatial position of particles. The dynamic nature of the method is achieved experimentally by using a spatial light modulator. The suitability of the proposed tracking method is validated by determining the trajectory and velocity described by glass microspheres in movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]