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In mammals, eight aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) and three AARS-interacting multifunctional proteins (AIMPs) form a multi-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). MSC components possess extension peptides for MSC assembly and specific functions. Human cytosolic methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS) has appended peptides at both termini of the catalytic main body. The N-terminal extension includes a glutathione transferase (GST) domain responsible for interacting with AIMP3, and a long linker peptide between the GST and catalytic domains. Herein, we determined crystal structures of the human MRS catalytic main body, and the complex of the GST domain and AIMP3. The structures reveal human-specific structural details of the MRS, and provide a dynamic model for MRS at the level of domain orientation. A movement of zinc knuckles inserted in the catalytic domain is required for MRS catalytic activity. Depending on the position of the GST domain relative to the catalytic main body, MRS can either block or present its tRNA binding site. Since MRS is part of a huge MSC, we propose a dynamic switching between two possible MRS conformations; a closed conformation in which the catalytic domain is compactly attached to the MSC, and an open conformation with a free catalytic domain dissociated from other MSC components.

Summary: In response to the growing interest in plant‐based alternatives and vegan diets, this study aimed to develop novel sweet potato‐based vegan protein bars enriched with rice protein (RP) as an alternative protein source. The vegan protein bars (VPBs) formulated with varying RP content (0–32 g) were evaluated for nutritional, textural, microstructural and sensory properties. Nutritional analysis revealed a proportional increase in protein content (8.94%–21.77%) and energy value (310.29–353.32 kcal/100 g) with increasing RP content. The progressive inclusion of RP significantly (P < 0.05) improved the textural properties of VPBs, notably increasing cohesiveness (0.07%–0.60%), chewiness (8.71–105.02 g) and firmness (1453.80–3444.03 kg cm−2), with all VPBs receiving favourable sensory evaluation scores. Importantly, all VPBs received favourable sensory scores. Microstructural analysis revealed the mechanism for textural enhancement in enriched VPBs, indicating a positive correlation between higher RP content and the number and size of surface clumps. Amino acid profiling indicated over 50% increases in valine content and essential amino acid scores in enriched VPBs compared to those without RP. Moreover, protein‐enriched VPBs exhibited superior antioxidant activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of sweet potato and RP in developing VPBs, highlighting the value of plant‐based ingredients in vegan food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise control of gene expression plays fundamental roles in brain development, but the roles of chromatin regulators in neuronal connectivity have remained poorly understood. We report that depletion of the NuRD complex by in vivo RNAi and conditional knockout of the core NuRD subunit Chd4 profoundly impairs the establishment of granule neuron parallel fiber/Purkinje cell synapses in the rodent cerebellar cortex in vivo. By interfacing genome-wide sequencing of transcripts and ChIP-seq analyses, we uncover a network of repressed genes and distinct histone modifications at target gene promoters that are developmentally regulated by the NuRD complex in the cerebellum in vivo. Finally, in a targeted in vivo RNAi screen of NuRD target genes, we identify a program of NuRD-repressed genes that operate as critical regulators of presynaptic differentiation in the cerebellar cortex. Our findings define NuRD-dependent promoter decommissioning as a developmentally regulated programming mechanism that drives synaptic connectivity in the mammalian brain.

Summary: This study investigated the feasibility of preparing muffins using egg solution alternatives comprising super mealworm protein isolate (MW; 2.3% and 4.3%) and carrageenan (C; 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) to improve eggless muffin quality. Physical and nutritional assessments of the developed eggless muffins, including texture profile, protein content and digestibility, were evaluated and compared with muffins containing egg solution. The result revealed that eggless muffins containing 4.3% MW (MW4C0.5, MW4C1.0 and MW4C2.0) showed comparable protein content (7.19%–7.55%) and springiness (103.00%–110.00%) as egg muffins. Higher concentrations of carrageenan in egg solution alternatives increased the chewiness and cohesiveness of eggless muffins. Eggless muffins also exhibited higher protein digestibility (83.92% ± 1.75%) than egg muffins (36.79% ± 5.37%). Sensory evaluation results revealed that all eggless muffins were acceptable to consumers. Our results suggest that egg solution alternatives of super mealworm protein and carrageenan are potential substitutes for preparing eggless muffins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the usefulness of the BiofireFilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (FA ME) panel and identify factors associated with positive FA ME panel results. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 129 patients (45 children, 84 adults) with central nervous system infections and FA ME panel test results. We compared the results of the FA ME panel and the diagnostic yield between pediatric and adult patients with positive and negative FA ME panel results. Positive FA ME panel results were compared with conventional microbiological testing. Results: Forty-three patients (33.3%) had positive results on the FA ME panel. The detected pathogens were enterovirus (n=17, 39.5%), varicella zoster virus (n=10, 23.3%), herpes simplex virus-2 (n=2, 16.3%), herpes simplex virus-1 (n=2, 4.7%), human parechoviruses (n=2), Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii (n=2), Streptococcus agalactiae (n=1, 2.3%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=1), and Haemophilus influenzae (n=1). The time to detection of the FA ME panel (4.9±6.6 hours) was significantly shorter than that of conventional culture (77.4±48.2 hours) (P=0.005). Fever was more common in the positive FA ME group than in the negative FA ME group (81.4% vs. 41.9%) and in pediatric patients than in the adult patients (93.3% vs. 34.5%) (P<0.001 for both). The detection rate of the FA ME panel was higher in pediatric patients than in adult patients (55.8% vs. 22.6%, P<0.001). Conclusion: The FA ME panel improves the diagnostic rate in patients with suspected central nervous system infections, with potential favorable implications for the quality of management and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political apologies have been theorized to play an important role in healing and reconciliation processes in post‐conflict settings. Whether they actually fulfil this function, however, remains unclear as the voices and perspectives of victim communities have largely been underrepresented in research. To address this, we examined the role of apologies that were offered for the El Mozote massacre (El Salvador), the Jeju 4.3 massacres (Republic of Korea) and Bloody Sunday (United Kingdom), according to members of these communities and the broader public. Although we anticipated that victim community members should find the apology more valuable and meaningful and should, therefore, be more positive about its role in healing and reconciliation processes, we found that this varies across countries. This variation could be explained by people's trust in the country's institutions. Across the samples, we found that the apology was seen as a relatively important gesture. For the apology to be perceived as impactful, however, it had to be seen as a meaningful (i.e. sincere) gesture. Our findings suggest that apologies have a role to play in the aftermath of human rights violations, but that it is essential to take the broader context into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart displays have been integrated into our daily life, providing new concepts of interconnections between humans and interactivity with close collaboration between users. As a centerpiece of this integration, textile displays that can be worn like clothes are being intensively developed and are poised to provide a more intimate and closer connection. Among various light sources that have been used in the field of textile displays, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted considerable attention as one of the promising candidates for realizing truly wearable textile displays (i.e., wearing displays) in that they have shown the highest level of technical maturity, including high optoelectronic performance and flexibility, which can provide not only clear visual information and versatility regardless of the surrounding environment but have also been industrially proven. This review introduces the recent progress in OLED‐based textile displays and related technologies, with the discussion of challenges and limitations of the fiber‐ and fabric‐based approaches. Additionally, specific opinions are provided on research opportunities for organic light‐emitting textile displays, which can contribute to realizing truly wearable textile displays with a complete platform in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report aimed to describe the long-term effects of craniofacial growth modification treatment on sleep and breathing functions in a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with skeletal Class III malocclusion and sleep-disordered breathing. Based on the flowchart of orthodontic intervention protocol that we proposed for phenotype-based patient selection and skeletal target-based treatment selection for pediatric patients with sleep-disordered breathing, a 2-phase treatment targeting the nasomaxillary complex was performed. Posttreatment 3-dimensional changes in the skeletal structure and upper airway were evaluated in association with functional assessment using a validated pediatric sleep questionnaire and home sleep test. Esthetic improvement and obstructive sleep apnea cure were achieved without skeletal surgery. The 2-year retention records showed stable occlusion and improved facial profile with normal breathing and sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate a 3-dimensional (3D) U-Net-based convolutional neural networks model for the fully automatic segmentation of regional pharyngeal volume of interests (VOIs) in cone-beam computed tomography scans to compare the accuracy of the model performance across different skeletal patterns presenting with various pharyngeal dimensions.Methods: Two-hundred sixteen cone-beam computed tomography scans of adult patients were randomly divided into training (n = 100), validation (n = 16), and test (n = 100) datasets. We trained the 3D U-Net model for fully automatic segmentation of pharyngeal VOIs and their measurements: nasopharyngeal, velopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal sections as well as total pharyngeal airway space (PAS). The test datasets were subdivided according to the sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns. The segmentation performance was assessed by dice similarity coefficient, volumetric similarity, precision, and recall values, compared with the ground truth created by 1 expert's manual processing using semiautomatic software.Results: The proposed model achieved highly accurate performance, showing a mean dice similarity coefficient of 0.928 ± 0.023, the volumetric similarity of 0.928 ± 0.023, precision of 0.925 ± 0.030, and recall of 0.921 ± 0.029 for total PAS segmentation. The performance showed region-specific differences, revealing lower accuracy in the glossopharyngeal and hypopharyngeal sections than in the upper sections (P <0.001). However, the accuracy of model performance at each pharyngeal VOI showed no significant difference according to sagittal or vertical skeletal patterns.Conclusions: The 3D-convolutional neural network performance for region-specific PAS analysis is promising to substitute for laborious and time-consuming manual analysis in every skeletal and pharyngeal pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DevS histidine kinase of Mycobacterium smegmatis contains tandem GAF domains (GAF-A and GAF-B) in its N-terminal sensory domain. The heme iron of DevS is in the ferrous state when purified and is resistant to autooxidation from a ferrous to a ferric state in the presence of [O.sub.2]. The redox property of the heme and the results of sequence comparison analysis indicate that DevS of M. smegmatis is more closely related to DosT of Mycobacterium tuberculosis than DevS of M. tuberculosis. The binding of [O.sub.2] to the deoxyferrous heme led to a decrease in the autokinase activity of DevS, whereas NO binding did not. The regulation of DevS autokinase activity in response to [O.sub.2] and NO was not observed in the DevS derivatives lacking its heme, indicating that the ligand-binding state of the heme plays an important role in the regulation of DevS kinase activity. The redox state of the quinone/quinol pool of the respiratory electron transport chain appears not to be implicated in the regulation of DevS activity. Neither cyclic GMP (cGMP) nor cAMP affected DevS autokinase activity, excluding the possibility that the cyclic nucleotides serve as the effector molecules to modulate DevS kinase activity. The three-dimensional structure of the putative GAF-B domain revealed that it has a GAF folding structure without cyclic nucleotide binding capacity.

Introduction: The detection of malignant cells in body fluids (BF) with an automated hematology analyzer has been proposed as an alternative to morphological examination owing to its various advantages; however, its limitations have also been highlighted. In this study, we devised a practical algorithm to screen for malignant cells in BFs using an automated hematology analyzer. Methods: A total of 558 BF samples, including 232 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and 326 non‐CSF samples, were consecutively collected. Thereafter, the results obtained using the BF mode of Sysmex XN‐350 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan) were compared with the cytological diagnosis. A cutoff was also established to screen for malignant cells using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis based on the final clinical judgment. Results: The automated hematology analyzer showed a moderate correlation or good agreement with the existing cytological diagnosis. Further, of the ROC curves for detecting malignant cells, the absolute value of highly fluorescent cells on BF (HF‐BF) in total body fluids showed the highest area under the curve (0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.82–88], p <.0001, Youden index >7×106/L, sensitivity 93%, and specificity 65%). Conclusion: An automated hematology analyzer could function as a complement to cytological examination. We propose a practical and comprehensive algorithm for cytological examination that requires low‐ and high‐resolution microscopy based on the absolute value of HF‐BF in BF samples suspected of malignancy. This algorithm can more usefully detect malignant cells while taking advantage of the automated analyzer and cytological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate color‐tunable organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a red, green, and blue emission material deposited on an ultra‐thin textile platform. It secures similar performance to glass‐based OLEDs and proves the potential of a true wearable fashion display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]