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Daqu, a crucial fermentation starter in the production of various Chinese fermented foods, plays a pivotal role in shaping complex enzyme profiles and diverse flavour precursors. This review aims to elucidate the microbial communities within Daqu, focusing on their functionalities in the context of flavour development. We delve into the detection methods of microorganisms and flavour substances in Daqu, employing advanced technologies including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, pseudo-targeted metabolomics, and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This review explores high throughput sequencing technologies, including pyrosequencing, clonal library sequencing, metaproteomic, and metagenomics, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the intricate microbial dynamics. Additionally, we discuss the metabolic pathways involved in flavour substance production within Daqu. By synthesizing information on Daqu types, microorganisms present, detection methodologies, and flavour substance metabolic pathways, this review contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricate processes underpinning the Flavors of Chinese fermented foods. [Display omitted] • Crucial role of Daqu in enzyme profiles and flavor precursors in Chinese foods. • Microbial communities in Daqu and their role in flavor development. • High throughput sequencing: pyrosequencing, clonal library sequencing, metaproteomic, metagenomics. • Comprehensive synthesis of Daqu types, microorganisms, and metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Baijiu is a famous fermented alcoholic beverage in China. Interactions between key microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have recently been reported at specific temperatures. However, empirical evidence of their interactions at various temperatures during fermentation is lacking. The results of this study demonstrated that S. cerevisiae significantly suppressed the viability and lactic acid yield of L. plantarum when they were cocultured above 15 °C. On the other hand, L. plantarum had no pronounced effect on the growth and ethanol yield of S. cerevisiae in coculture systems. S. cerevisiae was the main reducing sugar consumer. Inhibition of lactic acid production was also observed when elevated cell density of L. plantarum was introduced into the coculture system. A proteomic analysis indicated that the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase, and proteins related to phosphoribosyl diphosphate, ribosome, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis in L. plantarum were less abundant in the coculture system. Collectively, our data demonstrated the antagonistic effect of S. cerevisiae on L. plantarum and provided insights for effective process management in light-flavor Baijiu fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chinese Baijiu industry is undergoing industrial modernization. However, the key processes including Daqu processing are directly modified based on empirical knowledge, and the lack of engineering mechanisms lead to the inability of rational design. Here, this study quantitatively analyzed the heat generation and flow during Daqu solid-state fermentation, tracked and recorded the parameters during Daqu processing, simplified the biochemical reactions of the fermentation process, and built a Daqu heat balance model. Through the model, the heat generated during the whole fermentation process was transferred outside of the system through three ways: Water evaporation (54. 22% ), conduction of wall and air flow (42. 00% ), and air temperature rising ( < 1% ). The remaining heat (3. 77% ) was the cumulative heat, which was positively correlated with the temperature rise of the Daqu ( R² =0.85). It was verified that the average error of the model for the temperature change of dacquoise was 5. 05% with R² = 0. 94. Based on the model, the effect of regulating moisture parameters on the temperature of Daqu was explored, which showed the importance of moisture control for regulating the temperature during Daqu preparation. Through the preliminary exploration of the feasibility of regulating and optimizing the future production of Daqu from the perspective of mathematical modeling, the results of the study can provide theoretical support for the construction of modern fermentation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fermentation process of Chinese Baijiu's fermented grains involves the intricate succession and metabolism of microbial communities, collectively shaping the Baijiu's quality. Understanding the composition and succession of these living microbial communities within fermented grains is crucial for comprehending fermentation and flavor formation mechanisms. However, conducting high-throughput analysis of living microbial communities within the complex microbial system of fermented grains poses significant challenges. Thus, this study addressed this challenge by devising a high-throughput analysis framework using light-flavor Baijiu as a model. This framework combined propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment technology with amplicon sequencing techniques. Optimal PMA treatment parameters, including a concentration of 50 μM and incubation in darkness for 5 min followed by an exposure incubation period of 5 min, were identified. Utilizing this protocol, viable microorganism biomass ranging from 8.71 × 106 to 1.47 × 108 copies/μL was successfully detected in fermented grain samples. Subsequent amplicon sequencing analysis revealed distinct microbial community structures between untreated and PMA-treated groups, with notable differences in relative abundance compositions, particularly in dominant species such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Saccharomycopsis, Issatchenkia and Pichia, as identified by LEfSe analysis. The results of this study confirmed the efficacy of PMA-amplicon sequencing technology for analyzing living microbial communities in fermented grains and furnished a methodological framework for investigating living microbial communities in diverse traditional fermented foods. This technical framework holds considerable significance for advancing our understanding of the fermentation mechanisms intrinsic to traditional fermented foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the changes of phenolic metabolite during different grains fermentation stages of Chinse Baijiu, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied to identify and analyze the different phenolic metabolites, combined with principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Results indicated that significant differences in phenolic metabolites during different fermentation stages were found. Among the 231 phenolic metabolites detected, 36, 31, 19, 23, 14, and 50 differential phenolic metabolites were screened between different groups using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Twelve metabolic pathways with high correlation of differential phenolic metabolites and 23 main participating differential metabolites were identified through KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. The present study preliminarily revealed the differences of phenolic metabolites at different fermentation stages, and providing a theoretical basis for the further improving of the taste and quality of Chinese Baijiu.

The aging process is crucial for Chinese Baijiu production, significantly enhancing the spirit's flavor, aroma and quality. However, aging involves a complex interplay of numerous compounds, and the extensive duration required for aging leads to a scarcity of samples available for scientific research. These limitations pose a challenge in analyzing high-dimensional data with collinearity, complicating the understanding of the intricate chemical processes at play. In this article, a two-step framework was proposed that integrated Relaxed Lasso regression models with Lasso-selected predictors to address this issue. Baijiu samples subjected to various aging conditions were analyzed using direct GC-MS and HS-GC-MS, and the obtained data was processed by this approach. The results demonstrate significantly superior performance compared to other methods, including PLSR and Gradient Boosting. Analyses were also performed on a previously documented dataset, yielding enhanced results and underscoring the method's advantage in processing high dimensional data with multicollinearity. Moreover, this method proved effective in screening of potential indicative compounds, highlighting its utility in Baijiu aging research.

In this study, a novel fluorescent probe DZ was designed by derivatizing from naphthaldehyde and benzoyl hydrazine. The probe exhibited a low detection limit of 1.75×10−8 mol/L for Zn2+ in ethanol systems. Due to its typical aggregation‐induced emission phenomenon, DZ showed exceptional efficacy in detecting the alcoholic strength of Chinese Baijiu, allowing for accurate differentiation between beverages with various alcohol contents in water/ethanol mixtures. In addition, DZ had been successfully utilized for the detection of Zn2+ in both test paper and environmental water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Baijiu is a famous fermented alcoholic beverage in China. Interactions between key microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, have recently been reported at specific temperatures. However, empirical evidence of their interactions at various temperatures during fermentation is lacking. The results of this study demonstrated that S. cerevisiae significantly suppressed the viability and lactic acid yield of L. plantarum when they were cocultured above 15 °C. On the other hand, L. plantarum had no pronounced effect on the growth and ethanol yield of S. cerevisiae in coculture systems. S. cerevisiae was the main reducing sugar consumer. Inhibition of lactic acid production was also observed when elevated cell density of L. plantarum was introduced into the coculture system. A proteomic analysis indicated that the enzymes involved in glycolysis, lactate dehydrogenase, and proteins related to phosphoribosyl diphosphate, ribosome, and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis in L. plantarum were less abundant in the coculture system. Collectively, our data demonstrated the antagonistic effect of S. cerevisiae on L. plantarum and provided insights for effective process management in light-flavor Baijiu fermentation.

The fermentation process of Chinese Baijiu’s fermented grains involves the intricate succession and metabolism of microbial communities, collectively shaping the Baijiu’s quality. Understanding the composition and succession of these living microbial communities within fermented grains is crucial for comprehending fermentation and flavor formation mechanisms. However, conducting high-throughput analysis of living microbial communities within the complex microbial system of fermented grains poses significant challenges. Thus, this study addressed this challenge by devising a high-throughput analysis framework using light-flavor Baijiu as a model. This framework combined propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment technology with amplicon sequencing techniques. Optimal PMA treatment parameters, including a concentration of 50 μM and incubation in darkness for 5 min followed by an exposure incubation period of 5 min, were identified. Utilizing this protocol, viable microorganism biomass ranging from 8.71 × 106 to 1.47 × 108 copies/μL was successfully detected in fermented grain samples. Subsequent amplicon sequencing analysis revealed distinct microbial community structures between untreated and PMA-treated groups, with notable differences in relative abundance compositions, particularly in dominant species such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Saccharomycopsis, Issatchenkia and Pichia, as identified by LEfSe analysis. The results of this study confirmed the efficacy of PMA-amplicon sequencing technology for analyzing living microbial communities in fermented grains and furnished a methodological framework for investigating living microbial communities in diverse traditional fermented foods. This technical framework holds considerable significance for advancing our understanding of the fermentation mechanisms intrinsic to traditional fermented foods.

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric (UPLC-HRMS) method was developed, optimized and applied to analyze the bitter compound trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid in Chinese baijiu. The samples were diluted and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane before analysis. Acetonitrile was selected as the organic phase and 0.1% formic acid as the aqueous phase with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min and an injection volume of 2 μL. The analyte was separated on a Hypersic Gold (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) column by gradient elution, and qualitative analysis was achieved by comparison of secondary daughter ions and theoretical simulation of molecular ion fragment structures using the Mass Frontier 8.0 software, which could avoid false positive results. This method had the advantages of simple pretreatment, fast analysis, low detection limit (0.2 ng/mL) and high accuracy, and could meet the requirements for the detection of baijiu samples. This method was used to study the change in the content of trihydroxyoctaenoic acid during the production process of Maotai-flavor baijiu. The results showed that with the prolongation of fermentation time, a large amount of linoleic acid in the raw materials was likely to be oxidized and decomposed into trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid, and then transferred into the base liquor by distillation. The content of trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid in the base liquor did not obviously change during storage, indicating that it was affected little by storage time. The content of trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid in Maotai-flavor base liquor was lowest among the three typical bodies of Maotai-flavor baijiu, so Maotai-flavor base liquor could be used as one of the major base liquors for packaged products.

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Ethyl carbamate (EC), a 2A carcinogen produced during the fermentation of foods and beverages, primarily occurs in distilled spirits. Currently, most studies focus on strategies for EC mitigation. In the present research, we aimed to screen strains that can degrade EC directly. Here, we report two Candida ethanolica strains (J1 and J116), isolated from fermented grains, which can reduce EC concentrations directly. These two yeasts were grown using EC as the sole carbon source, and they grew well on different carbon sources. Notably, after immobilization with chitosan, the two strains degraded EC in Chinese Baijiu by 42.27% and 27.91% in 24 h (from 253.03 ± 9.89 to 146.07 ± 1.67 and 182.42 ± 5.05 μg/L, respectively), which was better than the performance of the non-immobilized strains. Furthermore, the volatile organic compound content, investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, did not affect the main flavor substances in Chinese Baijiu. Thus, the yeasts J1 and J116 may be potentially used for the treatment and commercialization of Chinese Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baijiu is a traditional spirit with high reputation in the Chinese community, and whisky, on the other hand, is a renowned spirit in Western culture, with both contributing a major proportion to the consumption and revenue in the global spirit market. Interestingly, starting with similar raw materials, such as grains, diverse production methods lead to different organoleptic profiles. In addition, such enormous attention they attract renders them as a crucial part in food and the related industry. Therefore, great efforts are made in improving product quality and optimizing production processes, such as flavor enhancement, facility development, and deep utilization of byproducts. Given the huge impacts and great involvements of these spirits in the general food industry, research focusing on either spirit is of referential significance for other relevant fields. With the aim of facilitating such collaboration, this review discusses the current research status, in a comparative manner, of both spirits in respect to key production processes-oriented sensory and flavor analysis, deep utilization of byproducts, and spirit-derived functional food investigations. Finally, the internal correlations based on the abovementioned criteria are identified, with research prospects proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel fingerprinting platform for multiplex detection of flavor molecules in Baijiu was developed by using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanosensor array in combination with machine learning. The SERS sensors were constructed by core–shell Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles modified with molecules carrying end-groups of hydroxyl, pyridyl, methyl, and amino, respectively, which interacted with flavors and led to changes in the sensors' spectra. All the Raman spectra acquired from the nanosensor array contacting with the sample were concatenated into a single SERS super-spectrum, representing the flavor fingerprint which was recognized through machine learning. Principal component analysis, support vector machine, and partial least squares were utilized to build classification and quantitation models for predictive analyses. The SERS nanosensor array was successfully used for fingerprinting ten typical flavors in Baijiu including four esters, three alcohols, and three acids, with an accuracy of 100%, linear detection ranges over two orders of magnitude, and limits of detection ranging from 3.45 × 10−3 mg/L of phenylethyl acetate to 1.21 × 10−2 mg/L of ethyl hexanoate. It was also demonstrated that satisfactory accuracies (recoveries) ranging from 96.2 to 104% and relative standard deviations ranging from 0.65 to 2.78% were obtained for the simultaneous quantification of 3-methylbutyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate in eighteen Baijiu samples of three flavor types including sauce flavor, strong flavor, and light flavor. Compared with the existing detection techniques, this chemical fingerprinting platform is easy to use, highly sensitive, and can perform multiplex detection, which has great potential for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly summarized the research status of relevant detection technology in automatic liquor picking since the industrial revolution in China, and prospected its research and application. At the same time, the related research results of influencing liquor quality were summarized.

Antioxidant peptides have been widely reported. However, only a few reports have been published examining the antioxidant peptides derived from Chinese baijiu. In this study, 6 novel peptides derived from Chinese baijiu were identified successfully using high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS) with a concentration of 0.835–24.540 µg/L. The underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated, and their cytoprotective effects were examined against 2,2’-azobis (2-methylpropanimidamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The results showed that these peptides exerted protective effects by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, preventing malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and upregulating cellular antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) in a dose-dependent manner. Further experiments proved that these peptides exerted antioxidant effects via Nrf2/ARE-mediated signaling pathway by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation, inhibiting ubiquitination, and enhancing transcription capacity of Nrf2 in HepG2 cells. These findings provide the molecular basis for the effects of antioxidant peptides derived from Chinese baijiu, which is important for a deeper understanding of the relationship between human health and moderate drinking.

BACKGROUND: In industrial production of suancai, baijiu is commonly used to inhibit the spoilage bacteria and enhance the flavor. However, the effects of baijiu on the microbial diversity and metabolic pathways of suancai are rarely reported in the literature. This study aimed to explore the microbial community, its predicted functional roles, and the metabolites formed during fermentation of Chinese Dongbei suancai fermented using a mixed starter with Chinese baijiu as supplementary material. RESULTS: Results showed that Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Leuconostoc were the major bacterial genera in the Dongbei suancai fermented by adding baijiu. Linear discriminant analysis effect size indicated that Leuconostoc was the major biomarker in the early stage of fermentation, whereas Lactococcus, Weissella, and Lactobacillus plantarum were biomarkers in the middle and later stages of fermentation. A total of 638 metabolites were detected in suancai fermented by adding baijiu. However, the principal component analysis showed that baijiu significantly affected the metabolites of suancai in the early and later stages of fermentation. Furthermore, 58, 22, and 26 significantly differential metabolites (P < 0.01) were found on day 0, day 2, and day 30 of fermentation respectively. Moreover, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Enterobacter had positive correlations with amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, alcohols, and esters. Functional analysis implied that carbohydrate, amino acid, energy, and nucleotide metabolism were the major determinants of the characteristics of suancai fermented with baijiu as supplementary material. CONCLUSION: Baijiu changed the metabolites of inoculated fermented Dongbei suancai. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chinese baijiu, an ancient fermented alcoholic beverage, contains ethanol and a variety of compounds. One of the most popular types of Chinese baijiu is Jiang-flavor baijiu. To investigate the effects of Jiang-flavor baijiu on organ function and gut microbiota, we developed a moderate drinking mouse model and studied its effects on the liver, kidney biomarkers, memory function, and gut microbiota. The results showed that ethanol caused more hepatic steatosis, liver and kidney damage, and memory impairment than Jiang-flavour baijiu consumption. Furthermore, Jiang-flavor baijiu altered the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of beneficial taxa such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia , whereas ethanol increased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Prevotella and Mucispirillum. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that moderate dose Jiang-flavor baijiu regulates gut microbiota and organ function and provide a theoretical foundation for future research on the positive health effects of particular varieties of Chinese baijiu. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial koji has been increasingly used in Chinese Baijiu brewing; however, there are only few studies comparing different koji and their relationship with key components of Chinese Baijiu such as ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and higher alcohols. Here, we studied six commercially available koji and showed that the microbial communities in the individual koji varied in composition, with Rhizopus, Aspergillus, and Bacillus primarily associated with starch hydrolysis and Saccharomyces mainly associated with alcohol production. In the brewing processes using the six koji, Saccharomyces was undoubtedly the most abundant fungus and Weissella, Bacillus, and Acinetobacter were the predominant bacterial groups. The levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and higher alcohols in all brewing processes using the koji exhibited rapid increase in the early stages of fermentation, which stabilized in the later stages, followed by substantial increase after distillation. The results of metagenomic and redundancy analyses of samples taken during the brewing processes indicated that Saccharomyces from the koji was closely related to the production of ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and higher alcohols. This study provides a basis for the quality improvement and application of commercial koji.

Loquat is a high-value fruit tree with medicine and fruit homology. Loquat flowers with special fragrance, strong cold resistance and rich in various bioactive components, are valuable agricultural auxiliary products and have been widely used for making floral teas and beverages in recent years. In this study, we found the concentration of active components increased from the floral buds to initial flowers along with flower development, the bioactives of initial flowers were the richest in four flowering stages, and loquat flowers contained major volatile components such as alcohols, aldehydes and esters, which are the source of fragrance. When extract with hot water, the most efficient method was 80 °C for 30 min or boiling water within 2 h. For Baijiu (56% Vol), the best solid-to-liquid ratio was 3:100 (Dry flower: Baijiu) in 6–12 h. Baijiu achieved higher bioactive content than water extraction, the amygdalin concentration in Baijiu reached 0.3 mg/mL.

BACKGROUND: The saccharification function of daqu is usually characterized by two indicators: saccharification power and liquefaction power. Daqu provides diverse microbial saccharifying enzymes for hydrolyzing carbohydrate in Baijiu fermenting grain. Obviously, the composition of microbial communities and enzymatic genes in different types of daqu cultured at varied temperatures is different. However, these differences in saccharification function are not fully understood. RESULTS: The findings suggested that the saccharification power and liquefaction power of jiangxiangxing daqu were lower than those of nongxiangxing daqu throughout the production process. We employed metagenomics to find evidence that a mode of multiple saccharifying enzymes involving amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase originating from various microbes exists in daqu. Moreover, a totality of 541 related differential genes were obtained, some of which, annotated to genera of Aspergillus, Lactobacillus and Weissella, were significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in nongxiangxing daqu, while others, annotated to thermophilic genera of Virgibacillus, Bacillus, Kroppenstedtia and Saccharopolyspora, showed a higher relative abundance in jiangxiangxing daqu (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Various microbial communities of daqu showed diverse saccharification capacity during cultivation of different parameters. These findings are helpful in comprehending the saccharification functional genes of daqu. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional Chinese Baijiu (white wine) brewing factory, most processes were usually done manually. In order to promote industrial automation in liquor brewing industry and alleviate highly repetitive manual labor, an industrial robot operating system equipped with machine vision was designed to accomplish caldron feeding process during the distillation of Chinese Baijiu. Firstly, Modified D-H method was used to establish robot kinematics model. Shovel actuators and peripheral devices were designed to spread and transport grains during caldron feeding process. After that, an online detection system based on machine vision and master computer were designed to control key parameters of caldron feeding process, including grains height, caldron pressure, robot speed and waiting time, etc. Finally, multiple brewing experiments were carried out on crushed grains and spent grains. The experimental results showed that robot system maximum working space was 3.15 m, which could feed 3 caldrons at the same time. During Chinese Baijiu distillation, air pressure average error in caldron was 8.28 %. High proportion of first-class liquor and second-class liquor was obtained, which met engineering production requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetaldehyde (AH) is defined as a carcinogen, the widely existence in alcoholic beverages has led its determination an essential aspect related to human health. Fluorine doped carbon dots (dF-CDs) is developed, which process light-activated oxidase-mimic property and high stability at acidic condition. Under the UV irradiation, dF-CDs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to oxidize o -phenylenediamine (OPD) into 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP), showing absorption peak at 450 nm and strong emission at 577 nm, meanwhile, the produced DAP quenches the original emission of dF-CDs at 455 nm via an inner filter effect (IFE). However, the introduction of AH inhibits such processes efficiently, thereby establishing a colorimetry and ratiometric fluorescence method for AH determination. Of note, this dual-responsive method has been used for the accurate AH determination in Chinese Baijiu. Therefore, the developed method not only provide a dual-sensing platform to determine AH, but also extends the applications of CDs in food analysis. [Display omitted] • Fluorine-containing CDs (dF-CDs) with light-activated oxidase property is reported. • dF-CDs are more stable and highly resistant to acidity than OPD-CDs. • dF-CDs show colorimetric & ratiometric emission responses to aldehyde in Baijiu. • A portable UV lamp enables precise control of the reaction degree. • The method is universal for acetaldehyde determination in various aroma Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive review on the effect and mechanism of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grain composition on the quality of Chinese baijiu. Sorghum has emerged as the fifth largest cereal crop worldwide due to its agricultural advantages, such as drought and barren tolerance. Moreover, it can be processed and utilized in various ways, thus playing a crucial role in ensuring food security. Chinese baijiu, which is mainly brewed from sorghum grain, has gained immense popularity among Chinese consumers owing to its distinctive flavor. Previous studies have indicated that the quality of sorghum baijiu is significantly influenced by the quality of raw material, with key determinants including starch, protein, tannin, fat, and other components in sorghum grain. Understanding the mechanism of these constituents on affecting baijiu quality is of paramount importance in enhancing and developing flavors that cater to diverse consumer preferences. This paper provided a comprehensive summary on the parameters of sorghum grain quality, in association with baijiu quality, and also highlighted the potential areas for future research in the sorghum baijiu industry. • Research advances on Chinese sorghum liquor were comprehensively summarized. • Integrate and visualize the production flow of Chinese liquor's three major flavors. • Drawbacks of past students and perspectives for future research were discussed. • Hundreds of articles were referenced with 33 % of them were published in 2019–2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharifying activity of starter culture plays a key role on the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Chinese baijiu fermentation. However, the regulation of alcoholic fermentation by Daqu starter or saccharifying enzymes still remains unclear in the baijiu fermentation. In this study, we identified 13 proteins, affiliated to 4 saccharifying enzymes (including alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, glucoamylase and beta-glucosidase) as the key saccharifying enzymes in Daqu by metaproteomic and culture-dependent analysis. These enzymes were metabolized from plant substrate (13.4%) and microbial metabolism (86.6%), and especially alpha-amylase and glucoamylase from Aspergillus and Rhizopus were dominant in Daqu bio-system. Furthermore, we observed the dynamic of saccharifying activity of Daqu (from 241 to 395 U) was driven by the combinations of isolated saccharifying microbes responsible for key enzymes releasing, indicating AR7 group (with a ration of Rhizopus oryzae : Aspergillus oryzae in 10:1) presented the highest saccharifying activity (395 U) in a simulative Daqu production. However, the highest ethanol production (80.5 mg/g) was obtained from the fermentation driven by AR8 group (with a ration of Rhizopus oryzae : Aspergillus oryzae in 50:1) with the saccharifying activity of 389 U. These results indicated that a proper combination of saccharifying microbes could enhance the saccharifying activity of Daqu and then promote ethanol production in baijiu fermentation, as it did not always exhibit a positive correlativity between saccharifying activity and alcoholic fermentation. Our findings should provide a potential approach to regulate the alcoholic fermentation by optimizing the saccharifying microbes or enzymes of starter cultures for baijiu and other fermented food. [Display omitted] • We identified four key saccharifying enzymes in Daqu. • Optimization of microbial proportions improved saccharifying activity. • A proper saccharifying activity promoted alcoholic fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular mechanisms underlying the aging of Chinese Baijiu remained elusive. This study proposed the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules dominated by hydrogen bonds in Chinese Baijiu for the first time. The self-assembly degree of amphiphilic clusters gradually intensifies with the prolonged storage time of Baijiu, comprehensively characterized at both micro and macro levels. The results indicated that the blue-shift of the Raman hydrogen bond vibrational peak (about 11 cm−1 and 7 cm−1, respectively), the increase in viscosity (5.71% and 2.22%, respectively), and the rise in dielectric constant (95.63% and 94.99%, respectively) during the 17-year cellaring process of Strong-flavor Baijiu and Jiang-flavor Baijiu were consistent with the evolutionary trends observed in molecular dynamics simulations. The essential driving factors of cluster structure alteration of amphiphilic aroma substances in Chinese Baijiu during cellaring were demonstrated from molecular level. This study provided a research approach to comprehending the aging mechanism of Chinese Baijiu from the micro level. [Display omitted] • The self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules driving the formation of hydrogen bonds in Chinese Baijiu is proposed for the first time. • The self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic molecules in Baijiu was comprehensively characterized at both micro and macro levels. • The unidirectional gradient variation observed in the impedance spectrum of aged Baijiu recorded by EIS serve as a powerful tool for elucidating the detailed molecular mechanism of self-assembly during the aging process of Chinese Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc depletion is associated with alcohol-associated liver injury. We tested the hypothesis that increasing zinc availability along with alcohol consumption prevents alcohol-associated liver injury. Zinc-glutathione (ZnGSH) was synthesized and directly added to Chinese Baijiu. Mice were administered a single gastric dose of 6 g/kg ethanol in Chinese Baijiu with or without ZnGSH. ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu did not change the likeness of the drinkers but significantly reduced the recovery time from drunkenness along with elimination of high-dose mortality. ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu decreased serum AST and ALT, suppressed steatosis and necrosis, and increased zinc and GSH concentrations in the liver. It also increased alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, stomach, and intestine and reduced acetaldehyde in the liver. Thus, ZnGSH in Chinese Baijiu prevents alcohol-associated liver injury by increasing alcohol metabolism timely with alcohol consumption, providing an alternative approach to the management of alcohol-associated drinking.

Changes in the content and morphology of residual starch in Zaopei during strong‐flavor Baijiu fermentation are investigated. The results show that the residual starch content increases through the Baijiu production and that the residual starch content of distiller's grains (DGS) is the highest (76.35%). The crystalline structure of starch changes from A‐type (raw grain starch) to B + V‐type (Zaopei, Hongzao, Mianzao, DGS). The upper Zaopei starch has the typical diffraction peaks of B + V‐type (7.4°, 12.8°, 14.9°, 19.7°, 19.6°, 26.6°) and retains the typical diffraction peaks of A‐type (17.0°, 22.2°). The intermediate and bottom Zaopei starch has the typical diffraction peaks of B + V‐type (7.4°, 12.8°, 16.9°, 19.7°, 20.7°, 26.6°) and loses the typical diffraction peaks of A‐type. With the progression of Baijiu production, the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of starch increase, while the water‐holding capacity, freeze‐thaw stability, solubility, and swelling power decrease. The above results show that the starch complex is the primary form of residual starch in strong‐flavor Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55–74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries. Results The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24–0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.54, P = 0.008). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one’s general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse.

Carboxyl compounds have a significant influence on the flavor of Chinese Baijiu. However, because of the structural diversity and low concentration, the deep profiling of carboxyl compounds in Chinese Baijiu is still challenging. In this work, a systematic method for comprehensive analysis of carboxyl compounds in Chinese Baijiu was established. After derivatized under optimized conditions, 197 p-dimethylaminophenacyl bromide-derived carboxylic compounds were annotated by multidimensional information including accurate mass, predicted tR, in-silico MS/MS, and diagnostic ions for the first time. In addition, 48 of the 197 carboxyl compounds were positively identified, and three of them were newly identified in Chinese Baijiu. Moreover, we found the number and the concentration of carboxyl compounds in sauce-flavor Baijiu were more abundant than in strong-flavor Baijiu. This work provides a novel method for the analysis of carboxyl compounds in Baijiu and other complex samples.

Traditional Chinese fermented baijiu is one of the six major distilled spirits consumed worldwide. It plays an important role in people's daily life and social interactions because of its taste, nutritional value, and various health functions. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), also known as ligustrazine, is not only an important compound related to the flavor of Chinese baijiu but also has special pharmacological effects. It gives the baijiu a nutty and baked aroma and provides baijiu with important health benefits. Recently, the nutritional, drinking, and health aspects of baijiu have attracted significant attention. Therefore, the study of TMP in baijiu is an important aspect of baijiu health research. This mini novel review summarizes the formation mechanism of TMP, along with the current research progress, analytical methods used, and regulation strategies associated with TMP in Chinese baijiu in recent years.

Ethyl carbamate (EC), a 2A carcinogen produced during the fermentation of foods and beverages, primarily occurs in distilled spirits. Currently, most studies focus on strategies for EC mitigation. In the present research, we aimed to screen strains that can degrade EC directly. Here, we report two Candida ethanolica strains (J1 and J116), isolated from fermented grains, which can reduce EC concentrations directly. These two yeasts were grown using EC as the sole carbon source, and they grew well on different carbon sources. Notably, after immobilization with chitosan, the two strains degraded EC in Chinese Baijiu by 42.27% and 27.91% in 24 h (from 253.03 ± 9.89 to 146.07 ± 1.67 and 182.42 ± 5.05 μg/L, respectively), which was better than the performance of the non-immobilized strains. Furthermore, the volatile organic compound content, investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, did not affect the main flavor substances in Chinese Baijiu. Thus, the yeasts J1 and J116 may be potentially used for the treatment and commercialization of Chinese Baijiu.

Baijiu is a traditional spirit with high reputation in the Chinese community, and whisky, on the other hand, is a renowned spirit in Western culture, with both contributing a major proportion to the consumption and revenue in the global spirit market. Interestingly, starting with similar raw materials, such as grains, diverse production methods lead to different organoleptic profiles. In addition, such enormous attention they attract renders them as a crucial part in food and the related industry. Therefore, great efforts are made in improving product quality and optimizing production processes, such as flavor enhancement, facility development, and deep utilization of byproducts. Given the huge impacts and great involvements of these spirits in the general food industry, research focusing on either spirit is of referential significance for other relevant fields. With the aim of facilitating such collaboration, this review discusses the current research status, in a comparative manner, of both spirits in respect to key production processes-oriented sensory and flavor analysis, deep utilization of byproducts, and spirit-derived functional food investigations. Finally, the internal correlations based on the abovementioned criteria are identified, with research prospects proposed.

Summary: Daqu provides hydrolytic enzymes that saccharifying the macromolecular carbohydrate in fermenting grains. The process of saccharification is the premise of Baijiu production. But little is known about the protein composition associated with the activity of saccharifying enzymes in daqu. This study investigated related proteins between nongxiangxing daqu and jiangxiangxing daqu by metaproteomics. We present that the amylase system (α‐amylase, glucoamylase and α‐glucosidase) and cellulase system (cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanase and β‐glucosidase) are regarded as the main saccharifying enzymes. Combined with protein‐based taxonomic annotation, the key proteins involving in amylase system were mainly from Kroppenstedtia, Lichtheimia, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, while Thermoascu contributed the most to cellulase system. Moreover, it was found that the up‐regulated amylase proteins at thermophilic fermentation period in jiangxiangxing daqu in comparison with nongxiangxing daqu were affiliated to Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, along with Thermoascu contributing to cellulase system. These findings will provide clues for improving saccharification efficiency in Baijiu production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese Baijiu is one of the famous distilled liquor series with unique flavors in the world. Under the open environment, Chinese Baijiu was produced by two solid-state fermentation processes: jiuqu making and baijiu making. Chinese Baijiu can be divided into different types according to the production area, production process, starter type, and product flavor. Chinese Baijiu contains rich flavor components, such as esters and organic acids. The formation of these flavor substances is inseparable from the metabolism and interaction of different microorganisms, and thus, microorganisms play a leading role in the fermentation process of Chinese Baijiu. Bacteria, yeasts, and molds are the microorganisms involved in the brewing process of Chinese Baijiu, and they originate from various sources, such as the production environment, production workers, and jiuqu. This article reviews the typical flavor substances of different types of Chinese Baijiu, the types of microorganisms involved in the brewing process, and their functions. Methods that use microbial technology to enhance the flavor of baijiu, and for detecting flavor substances in baijiu were also introduced. This review systematically summarizes the role and application of Chinese Baijiu flavor components and microorganisms in baijiu brewing and provides data support for understanding Chinese Baijiu and further improving its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese baijiu brewing is an open, complex, and synergetic functional microbiota fermentation process. Microbial interaction is pivotal for the regulation of microbial structure and function in the brewing microecosystem, consequently affecting the flavor and quality of baijiu. This article mainly summarizes the effect of microbial interactions among functional microbiota on the growth performance, flavor formation, and safe quality of baijiu fermentation process. In addition, the review specifically emphasizes on the microbial interactions for the regulation of “Ethyl Caproate-Increasing and Ethyl Lactate-Decreasing” in Chinese strong-flavor baijiu. Furthermore, the construction of synthetic microbiota by metabolic characteristics of the functional microbes and their interactions for regulating and controlling flavor quality of Chinese baijiu is also reviewed and prospected.

Chinese Baijiu is one of the famous distilled liquor series with unique flavors in the world. Under the open environment, Chinese Baijiu was produced by two solid-state fermentation processes: jiuqu making and baijiu making. Chinese Baijiu can be divided into different types according to the production area, production process, starter type, and product flavor. Chinese Baijiu contains rich flavor components, such as esters and organic acids. The formation of these flavor substances is inseparable from the metabolism and interaction of different microorganisms, and thus, microorganisms play a leading role in the fermentation process of Chinese Baijiu. Bacteria, yeasts, and molds are the microorganisms involved in the brewing process of Chinese Baijiu, and they originate from various sources, such as the production environment, production workers, and jiuqu. This article reviews the typical flavor substances of different types of Chinese Baijiu, the types of microorganisms involved in the brewing process, and their functions. Methods that use microbial technology to enhance the flavor of baijiu, and for detecting flavor substances in baijiu were also introduced. This review systematically summarizes the role and application of Chinese Baijiu flavor components and microorganisms in baijiu brewing and provides data support for understanding Chinese Baijiu and further improving its quality.

Chinese Baijiu (Liquor) is a popular alcoholic beverage, and the ethanol content in Baijiu is closely related to its quality; therefore, it is of great significance to explore a facile, sensitive, and rapid method to detect ethanol content in Baijiu. Hydrophobic carbon quantum dots (H-CQDs) with bright red fluorescence (24.14 %) were fabricated by hydrothermal method using o -phenylenediamine, p -aminobenzoic acid, manganese chloride, and hydrochloric acid as reaction precursors. After the introduction of ultrapure water into the ethanol solution dissolved with H-CQDs, the aggregated H-CQDs resulted in significant changes in fluorescence intensity and absorbance. On this basis, a sensor for detecting ethanol by optical dual-mode and smartphone imaging was constructed. More importantly, the sensor can be used for detecting ethanol content in Chinese Baijiu with satisfactory results. This sensing platform has great potential for quality identification in Chinese Baijiu, broadening the application scope of CQDs in food safety detection. [Display omitted] • A hydrophobic carbon quantum dots (H-CQDs) co-doped with Mn, Cl, and N. • H-CQDs-based optical dual-mode and smartphone imaging for detecting ethanol content. • The sensor with high selectivity and excellent anti-interference capability. • H-CQDs was successfully applied for detecting ethanol content in Chinese Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daqu is a crucial saccharifying and fermenting agent in the production of Baijiu, with GuaYi referring to the white fungal colonies on Daqu's surface, serving as a critical indicator for sensory evaluation. However, the correlation between distinct GuaYi and the consequent internal modifications in Daqu remains to be elucidated. Our investigation delineates that Heavy GuaYi Daqu (HGY), distinguished by an elevated prevalence of white microflora (notably Saccharomycopsis), sustains enhanced moisture levels internally. This environment is conducive to the proliferation of Aspergillus and Kroppenstedtia , resulting in significant increases of 50.95% and 40.75% in the concentrations of alcohols and pyrazines, respectively. Conversely, Light GuaYi Daqu (LGY) creates a comparatively arid environment, favoring Thermoascus and Staphylococcus growth, which is instrumental in the decomposition of complex biomolecules such as starch, reducing sugars, and proteins. These insights elucidate the nuanced interplay between GuaYi and Daqu's quality and stylistic attributes, providing an invaluable theoretical framework for the refinement of sensory evaluation standards for Daqu. [Display omitted] • Confirmed that the GuaYi phenomenon on the surface of Daqu is primarily caused by the enrichment of Saccharomycopsis. • Varying degrees of GuaYi lead to notable changes in the abundance of five microbial genera in Daqu. • Moisture is the primary driver of microflora variation in Daqu at varying GuaYi levels. • Microbes enriched in light GuaYi Daqu (LGY) enhance the substrate degradation capacity of Daqu. • Microbes enriched in heavy GuaYi Daqu (HGY) results in a higher production of flavor compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caproic acid can be used as spices, preservatives, animal feed additives, and biofuels. At the same time, caproic acid plays an important role in Chinese Baijiu. It is the precursor substance for the synthesis of ethyl caproate, which directly affects the quality of Chinese Baijiu. Caproic acid-producing bacteria are the main microorganisms that synthesize caproic acid in Chinese Baijiu, and the most common strain is Clostridium kluyveri. Caproic acid-producing bacteria synthesize n-caproic acid through reverse β-oxidation to extend the carboxylic acid chain. This method mainly uses ethanol and lactic acid as substrates. Ethanol and lactic acid are converted into acetyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA undergoes a series of condensation, dehydrogenation, dehydration, and reduction to extend the carboxylic acid chain. This review addresses the important issues of caproic acid-producing bacteria in the brewing process of Baijiu: the common caproic acid-producing bacteria that have been reported metabolic pathways, factors affecting acid production, biological competition pathways, and the effect of mixed bacteria fermentation on acid production. It is hoped that this will provide new ideas for the study of caproic acid-producing bacteria in Chinese Baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Packaging & Food Machinery is the property of Packaging & Food Machinery Magazine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Caproic acid can be used as spices, preservatives, animal feed additives, and biofuels. At the same time, caproic acid plays an important role in Chinese Baijiu. It is the precursor substance for the synthesis of ethyl caproate, which directly affects the quality of Chinese Baijiu. Caproic acid-producing bacteria are the main microorganisms that synthesize caproic acid in Chinese Baijiu, and the most common strain is Clostridium kluyveri. Caproic acid-producing bacteria synthesize n-caproic acid through reverse β-oxidation to extend the carboxylic acid chain. This method mainly uses ethanol and lactic acid as substrates. Ethanol and lactic acid are converted into acetyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA undergoes a series of condensation, dehydrogenation, dehydration, and reduction to extend the carboxylic acid chain. This review addresses the important issues of caproic acid-producing bacteria in the brewing process of Baijiu: the common caproic acid-producing bacteria that have been reported metabolic pathways, factors affecting acid production, biological competition pathways, and the effect of mixed bacteria fermentation on acid production. It is hoped that this will provide new ideas for the study of caproic acid-producing bacteria in Chinese Baijiu.

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We have investigated the effect of light-to-moderate baijiu consumption on serum lipid metabolism and liver function in vivo. To this end, six groups of rats received increasing dosage of baijiu (0.5–5.0mL/kg) for 8 weeks and multiple markers of lipid metabolism and liver function were evaluated. Compared to that of the blank control, at the baijiu dosage of 3.0mL/kg, the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity increased significantly (P<0.05), whereas malondialdehyde level decreased (P<0.05). In comparison to the pure ethanol groups, with baijiu groups at the same level of alcohol revealed that baijiu had noticeably positive impact in ameliorating the changes in the values of all parameters examined. In summary, regular consumption of light-to-moderate amount of baijiu may significantly enhance the metabolism of serum lipids and enhance liver function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging process is crucial for Chinese Baijiu production, significantly enhancing the spirit's flavor, aroma and quality. However, aging involves a complex interplay of numerous compounds, and the extensive duration required for aging leads to a scarcity of samples available for scientific research. These limitations pose a challenge in analyzing high-dimensional data with collinearity, complicating the understanding of the intricate chemical processes at play. In this article, a two-step framework was proposed that integrated Relaxed Lasso regression models with Lasso-selected predictors to address this issue. Baijiu samples subjected to various aging conditions were analyzed using direct GC-MS and HS-GC-MS, and the obtained data was processed by this approach. The results demonstrate significantly superior performance compared to other methods, including PLSR and Gradient Boosting. Analyses were also performed on a previously documented dataset, yielding enhanced results and underscoring the method's advantage in processing high dimensional data with multicollinearity. Moreover, this method proved effective in screening of potential indicative compounds, highlighting its utility in Baijiu aging research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

To investigate the changes of phenolic metabolite during different grains fermentation stages of Chinse Baijiu, the ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) was applied to identify and analyze the different phenolic metabolites, combined with principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. Results indicated that significant differences in phenolic metabolites during different fermentation stages were found. Among the 231 phenolic metabolites detected, 36, 31, 19, 23, 14, and 50 differential phenolic metabolites were screened between different groups using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Twelve metabolic pathways with high correlation of differential phenolic metabolites and 23 main participating differential metabolites were identified through KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. The present study preliminarily revealed the differences of phenolic metabolites at different fermentation stages, and providing a theoretical basis for the further improving of the taste and quality of Chinese Baijiu., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing personal interest and financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)