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The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was set up in the aftermath of World War II with the mandate of safeguarding global peace by promoting international intellectual cooperation across national boundaries. UNESCO's first flagship educational initiative, launched in 1946, was the Fundamental Education programme, which ran until 1958. This article traces the role of China in the history of this UNESCO project, both in terms of inspiring the initial concept and in terms of piloting it. The author maps out a transnational network of concepts, ideas, people, institutions, funds, etc. that shaped the programme. Informed by scientific experimental methodology, the design of UNESCO's ambitious Fundamental Education initiative was to implement long-term, systematic and comprehensive schemes addressing illiteracy, public health, civil education and livelihood, etc. While the actors collaborating in this project shared some beliefs, their group as a whole reflected a divergent ideational spectrum, represented multiple interest groups, and was intertwined with both local and international politics. In the case of the interventions designed for piloting in China, these circumstances, as well as the multiple challenges of post-World War II reconstruction, the Chinese civil war and the Cold War had the effect of reducing the original concept to a small snapshot pilot project, limited to a specific subject ("the healthy village"). The article concludes with a consideration of the historical legacy of the cooperation between UNESCO and China in later decades.

Objective To study the comprehensive survey results of the cognitive status and management status of stress-related disorders among nursing staff in the burn unit of the hospital. Methods From January 2020 to June 2020, 103 nursing staff in burn unit of tertiary grade A general hospital were selected as the research objects by convenient sampling method. Baseline data, management status and cognition of all subjects were evaluated by the questionnaire on the cognitive status of stress-related disorders for nursing staff in the burn department. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to identify the cognitive factors of the subjects. Results Among 103 nursing staff with mental disorders, 59. 22% would invite professional psychologists or psychiatrists for consultation, 28. 16% would not necessarily, 12. 62% would not; 84 nursing staff indicated that there was no stress related disorder assessment tool in their department, accounting for 81. 55%; 74 nursing staff showed no stress related disorder nursing routine, accounting for 71. 84%; 60 nursing staff had not received trauma related psychological nursing training, accounting for 58. 25%; 49 nursing staff said that the department carried out psychological nursing unconditionally, accounting for 47. 57%. The univariate analysis showed that age, professional title, employment form and training were closely related to the cognitive status of stress-related disorders of nursing staff in hospital burn department (P < 0. 05). However, the working years and educational level were not related to the cognitive status of stress-related disorders of nursing staff in hospital burn department (P＞0. 05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the professional title and the training were the influencing factors of the nursing staff's cognition of stress-related disorders (P < 0. 05). Conclusion The cognitive status of nurses in hospital burn department is not optimistic, and the management status needs to be improved. Professional title and the training experience were the influencing factors of the nursing staff's cognition of stress-related disorders, which are worthy of clinical attention. (目的 调查医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知情况及管理现状。方法 2020年1月—6月通过便利抽样法选取三级甲等综合医院烧伤科103例护理人员作为研究对象。通过烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍认知情况问卷调查表对所有受试者的基线资料、管理现状以及认知情况进行评估。并通过单因素、多因素多元线性回归分析明确研究对象对应激相关障碍的认知影响因素。结果 103例护理人员中遇到精神障碍患者会邀请专业心理医生或精神科医生会诊占比59. 22%(61/103), 不一定占比28. 16%(29/103), 不会占比12. 62%(13/103); 84例护理人员表示所在科室无应激相关障碍的评估工具, 占比81. 55%; 74例护理人员表示所在科室无应激相关障碍护理常规, 占比71. 84%; 60例护理人员表示未接受过创伤相关心理护理培训, 占比58. 25%; 49例护理人员表示科室无条件开展心理护理, 占比47. 57%。单因素分析显示, 年龄、职称、聘用形式及接受过培训与否均和医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知情况密切相关(P＜0. 05); 而工作年限、文化程度均和医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知情况无关(P＞0. 05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示, 职称及接受过培训与否均是医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知影响因素(P＜0. 05)。结论 医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知情况不容乐观, 且管理现状有待提高。职称及接受过培训与否均是医院烧伤科护理人员对应激相关障碍的认知影响因素, 值得临床重点关注。)

With the development of the electronics industry, the requirements for chips are getting higher and higher, and thinner and thinner wafers are needed to meet the processing of chips. In this study, a model of the adhesion state of semiconductor wafers in the stacking–clamping process based on microarray adsorption was established, the composition adhesion was discussed, the microarrays of different materials and pressures were experimentally studied, and a molecular dynamics model was established. The molecular dynamics analysis showed that the adhesion force was only related to the type of atom, and the applied pressure did not change the adhesion force. According to the simulation results, the tangential adhesion between the metal and the wafer is greater than that between the ceramic and the wafer, the adsorption force between the aluminum–magnesium alloy and the silicon wafer is shown in the normal direction, and the repulsion force between other materials and the silicon wafer is shown in the normal direction. During the pressure process, the metal is in the elastic deformation stage between the metal and the wafer, the wafer is plastically deformed in the silicon carbide ceramic and wafer, and the wafer is elastically deformed in the alumina ceramic and wafer. In this paper, the adhesion between the substrate and the wafer is studied, a method of constructing microarrays to enhance adhesion is proposed, and the tangential deformation of the array unit under pressure is studied, which provides theoretical support for increasing the adhesion by constructing microarrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core component of supercapacitors (SCs), the electrode material plays a decisive role in performance. Among electrode materials, carbon materials are the most widely used due to high porosity and specific surface area (SSA, 1000–3000 m2 g−1). Biomass carbon stands out in carbon materials because of its wide source, low cost, and less pollution. This work reviews the recent advances on carbon materials derived from biomass waste for SCs and explores the effects of different biomass sources including plant, animal, and aquatic organism waste on the performance of biomass waste‐derived carbon materials (BWDCs). Because of its high conductivity (1.25 × 103 ≈ 3 × 105 S m−1), power density (>10 kW kg−1), and extended cycle life (>10 000 cycles), BWDCs are advancing quickly in energy storage. It also discusses different methods and optimization pathways of BWDCs thoroughly. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for BWDCs are summarized. Overall, this critical will help researchers to gain a better understanding of source selection, structural classification, and research strategies for BWDCs, thereby promoting the application of BWDCs in electrochemistry and resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multi‐objective hybrid evolutionary search algorithm to simultaneously optimize the number of workstations, the idle index and the quantity of the production equipment required for the parallel production line balancing problem including disassembly and assembly tasks. The proposed algorithm uses the crossover operation and the mutation operation to generate neighborhood individuals of the current evolutionary population. Based on the mixed population composed of the current evolutionary population and the newly generated neighborhood population, a novel population update method is developed. The individuals of the new generation population are composed of Pareto dominant individuals filtered from the mixed population and several individuals randomly selected from the dominated individuals. Then the local search strategy based on simulated annealing operation is applied to the new generation of population individuals to overcome the defect of premature convergence of the proposed algorithm. By solving test examples of different scales and comparing them with a variety of classical algorithms, the advantages in the aspects of the diversity, the convergence, and the distribution of the solution results of the proposed algorithm are proved. Finally, the established mathematical model and the developed algorithm are applied to the parallel production line designed for the bogie remanufacturing production line of a railway freight car maintenance company. The advantages of the parallel production line in improving the production efficiency and reducing the production cost are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive video resources satisfy the interests of users on online video platforms but have led to the problem of the "explosion" of video resources. Meanwhile, some problems will also occur such as the sparse data, difficulty in extracting deep features and dynamic changes in user interests in video recommendation. Aiming at the problems, a video recommendation method is proposed based on the deep learning of group evaluation behavior. Using the Word2Vec word vector model, a video is mapped into a high-dimensional feature vector in an evaluation behavior sequence, a video feature vector library is generated, and a feature vector model of the video sequence is established. The convolutional neural networks (CNN), residual networks, and attention mechanisms are integrated to learn the deep connections between video feature vectors and to predict the candidate video sets. The candidate set is expanded by cosine similarity, and a dynamic interest model is established to filter and sort it. Experiments on the Movie-1M dataset show that this method can effectively improve the accuracy and recall rate of video recommendation, which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-power laser melting deposition (HP-LMD) device with a maximum output of 5 kW was developed to enhance the production efficiency of fabricating large-scale titanium components. In this study, the medium–high temperature annealing strategy was proposed, wherein the effects of holding temperature and holding time on the residual stress, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of the fabricated block were evaluated. The results showed that the residual stress on the surface of the fabricated blocks reduced significantly after annealing treatment. The microstructure of as-deposited Ti-6Al-4V alloy mainly consisted of α' martensite and basket-weave microstructure, and the aspect ratio of the martensite decreased from 22 to 6 with the increases in annealing temperature and holding time. In addition, the annealing treatments had a favorable benefit on the microhardness and tensile performance of the HP-LMD fabricated Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimum annealing treatment was 650 °C/2 h followed by furnace cooling. The tensile samples processed by the optimum annealing treatment exhibited excellent properties with a yield strength of 912 MPa and an elongation of 11.48%, which far exceeded the Chinese aviation standard. In addition, the results of the statistical analysis revealed that the tensile properties of heat-treated samples were superior to as-deposited samples when the aspect ratio of martensite was in the range of 9–14. The fracture mode of both the as-deposited samples and annealed samples was ductile fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively solve the problem of relatively large errors in individual positioning strategies in indoor environments, this paper applies the genetic optimization neural network algorithm to indoor location based on multi-source information fusion. The range of the geomagnetic fitness is constrained based on the results obtained by using the wireless WiFi positioning for combination and matching, which can reduce the value of the matching error effectively. Subsequently, the global optimal value of the indoor network is calculated based on the genetic algorithm, which can optimize the initial value and threshold of the neural network after genetic optimization so as to improve the accuracy of the network to the greatest extent possible while accelerating the convergence speed at the same time. After the optimization processing is completed, fusion training can be performed on the coordinates of the actual positions based on the obtained combination positioning situation and the predicted positioning result in the indoor network. Finally, the optimal positioning result can be obtained accordingly. Through the analysis of practical cases, it can be known that the mean square error predicted based on the genetic optimization neural network calculated by using the genetic algorithm can be effectively reduced by 76%, and the accuracy of the fusion positioning can be increased by 48% on average compared with the accuracy of a single positioning strategy. Hence, the method put forward in this paper has effectively improved the positioning accuracy, which suggests that its positioning performance is superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's highly competitive global economy, many companies are enhancing their enterprise information systems that include enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM). In this study, we report some preliminary results of integrating customer satisfaction index into knowledge management in a commercial bank in Shanghai, China. The result of the study indicates that the most influential factors that affect corporate customers' satisfaction are customer relationship and service process. Both factors are served as inputs to knowledge management which generates some new ideas for improving customer services. CRM is a component of enterprise information systems. The study can be a reference to other commercial banks to improve their competence of CRM and knowledge management. Keywords knowledge management; ERP; enterprise information systems; CRM; management information systems; customer satisfaction index; service industry; financial sector, INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, the scope of enterprise information systems is enlarging and includes ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), and SCM (Supply Chain Management). ERP II [...]

In response to the problems in the signal identification of radiation sources during the communication process, the bispectral quadratic feature model is applied to the identification algorithm for communication signals. According to the signal eigenvalues obtained from the bispectrum of the diagonal slices in the radiation source signals, the eigenvalues of the bispectrum diagonal slices can be extended from the frequency domain to the complex plane through the chirp-z operation in this paper, and the relevant data are obtained based on the bispectrum quadratic feature model of the signals by using the separation rules corresponding to the extended Babbitt distance. The bispectral quadratic feature model method is used to establish a sparse observation model, and the communication signal processing problem can be transformed into an estimation problem of signal motion parameters through the construction of a parametric database. At the same time, the high-resolution distance of communication signals is tested, and the communication signals are estimated by using the variational inference method. Finally, practical cases are analyzed, and the results indicate that the algorithm proposed in this paper can be used to identify different types of communication signals in accordance with simulated and measured data in the processing of communication signals in various environments, which has the certain anti-interference capacity to noise, can improve the identification rate of communication signals, and has verified the effectiveness and practicality of the algorithm proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: There is still inconsistent evidence over the protective effect of total bilirubin on the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between bilirubin in population subtypes and the risks of CHD between different gender and menstruation subgroups.Methods and Results: In this prospective cohort study, 29,750 participants free of CHD with an average age of 47 ± 14 years were recruited at baseline; of these, 720 CHD first-attack cases were collected after 7-years of follow up. The covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of CHD with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The serum bilirubin concentration was quarterly stratified based on the distribution of healthy population without CHD onset. The HRs of incident CHD decreased with elevated bilirubin in females (ρ trend<0.05), but not males. In postmenopausal females, compared with the lowest quartile of total bilirubin, the adjusted HRs for the third and fourth quartiles were 0.64 (95% CI: 0.45, 0.93) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.86), the adjusted HRs in the third and fourth quartiles of direct bilirubin were 0.56 (0.39, 0.82) and 0.56 (0.38, 0.81), and for indirect bilirubin, corresponding HR in the highest quartile was 0.56 (0.38, 0.83).Conclusion: Elevated serum bilirubin was inversely associated with adjusted HRs of CHD in females, especially postmenopausal females. The relationship between elevated direct bilirubin and reduced HRs of CHD may be closer than indirect bilirubin in postmenopausal females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing productivity and efficiency in factories with make-to-order (MTO) production systems have attracted growing interest of academia and industry. In MTO companies, efficient order release and schedule are essential for succeeding in today's marketplace. However, dynamic demand of customers and constrained resources make it difficult to achieve, as well as limiting the profits. Thus, to overcome the problem of order releasing and multi-item scheduling considering the capacity constrained resources investigated, a heuristic approach is proposed based on the drum-buffer-rope (DBR) method. The proposed heuristic is tested on different types of problems based on due date tightness and demand of products. The performance of the proposed heuristic is compared with other famous heuristic methods in literature. End results indicate that the proposed heuristic based on the DBR method outperforms against the other competitors, and it gives more significant results when optimal buffer size is adopted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single-machine scheduling problem with fixed periodic preventive maintenance, in which preventive maintenance is implemented periodically to maintain good machine operational status and decrease the cost caused by sudden machine failure, is studied in this paper. The adopted objective function is to minimise the total weighted completion time, which is representative of the minimisation of the global holding/inventory cost in the system. This problem is proven to be NP-hard; a position-based mixed integer programming model and an efficient heuristic algorithm with local improvement strategy are developed for the total weighted completion time problem. To evaluate the performances of the proposed heuristic algorithms, two new lower bounds are further developed. Computational experiments show that the proposed heuristic can rapidly achieve optimal results for small-sized problems and obtain near-optimal solutions with tight average relative percentage deviation for large-sized problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic lotsizing and scheduling on multiple lines to meet the customer due dates is significant in multi-line production environments. Therefore, this study investigates dynamic lotsizing and scheduling problems in multiple flexible machining lines considering mixed products. In addition, uncertainty in demand and machine failure is considered. A mathematical model is proposed for the considered problem with an aim to maximize the probability of completion of product models from different customer orders. A constructive heuristic method (CHLP) is proposed to solve the current problem. The proposed heuristic involves the steps to distribute different customer order demands among multiple lines and schedule them considering balancing of makespan between the lines. The performance of CHLP is measured with famous heuristics from the literature, based on the test problem instances. Results indicate that CHLP gives better results in terms of quality of results as compared to other famous literature heuristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of surveillance colonoscopy has long been established: it reduces both the incidence and the mortality of colorectal cancer. We aimed to assess the optimal colonoscopy surveillance interval period for the adenoma patients who underwent an adequate polypectomy at baseline colonoscopy to avoid overuse or underuse of colonoscopy. A retrospective study was carried out on the baseline adenoma patients who had had at least two completed colonoscopy examinations during the years 2000-2013 in the Digestive Endoscopy Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. All the patients had a complete polypectomy of adenomas at baseline. Data on the patients' demographics and colorectal findings were extracted from a specially designed colonoscopy database. The end point was the finding of adenoma during the subsequent surveillance colonoscopy; an analysis was carried out to identify recurrence factors and the optimal colonoscopy surveillance interval period. A total of 765 (463 men, 302 women, average age 56.51±11.95) eligible patients were included in the study. Three hundred and twelve patients had adenoma and 453 had no adenoma after surveillance colonoscopies (the frequency of repeat colonoscopy is 1-10, average 1.73±1.24). The diameter of adenomas found on the follow-up colonoscopy was 0.2-3.0 cm (average 0.54±0.30 cm). The number of adenomas was 1-11 (2.21±1.53) and the surveillance adenoma interval period was 0.5-13 years (2.64±2.36 years). A total of 576 patients had baseline nonadvanced adenomas. Male sex, age older than 50 years, and more than two different intestine segment adenomas were the risk factors for recurrence. The optimal colonoscopy surveillance interval period is 2.85 years (95% confidence interval: 2.53-3.17) according to the recurrence rate of 5% adenomas. One hundred and eighty-nine patients had baseline advanced adenomas. Male sex, diameter of adenomas less than 1.0 cm, and adenomas in the right colon or the whole colon were the risk factors for recurrence. The optimal colonoscopy surveillance interval period is 2.06 years (95% confidence interval: 1.71-2.45) according to the recurrence rate of 5% adenomas. The optimal colonoscopy surveillance interval period is 3 years or so for the adenoma patients who had an adequate polypectomy at baseline colonoscopy. Male sex, age older than 50 years, less than 1.0 cm adenomas diameter and the right colon, or multisegment intestine adenomas were the risk factors for recurrence. This has significance for guiding the follow-up colonoscopy interval time of the patients with intestine adenomas.