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Summary: Cognitive involvement in beta‐thalassaemia is strikingly controversial and poorly studied in adulthood. This multicentre prospective study investigated 74 adult neurologically‐asymptomatic beta‐thalassaemia patients (mean‐age 34·5 ± 10·3 years; 53 transfusion‐dependent [TDT], 21 non‐transfusion dependent [NTDT]) and 45 healthy volunteers (mean‐age 33·9 ± 10·7 years). Participants underwent testing with Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐Fourth Edition (WAIS‐IV), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and multiparametric brain 3T‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for parenchymal, vascular and iron content evaluation. Patients had lower Full‐Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) than controls (75·5 ± 17·9 vs. 97·4 ± 18·1, P < 0·0001) even after correction for education level. Compared to TDT, NTDT showed a trend of higher FSIQ (P = 0·08) but a similar cognitive profile at WAIS‐subtests. FSIQ correlated with total and indirect bilirubin (P < 0·0001 and P = 0·002, respectively); no correlation was found with splenectomy, intracranial MRI/magnetic resonance‐angiography findings, brain tissue iron content or other disease‐related clinical/laboratory/treatment data. FSIQ did not correlate with BPRS scores, although the latter were higher among patients (28·74 ± 3·1 vs. 27·29 ± 4·8, P = 0·01) mainly because of increased depression and anxiety levels. Occupation rate was higher among controls (84·4% vs. 64·9%, P = 0·004) and correlated with higher FSIQ (P = 0·001) and education level (P = 0·001). In conclusion, Italian adult beta‐thalassaemia patients seem to present a characteristic cognitive profile impairment and an increased rate of psychological disorders with possible profound long‐term socio‐economic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Multi‐factorial causes jeopardize brain integrity in β‐thalassaemia. Intracranial parenchymal and vascular changes have been reported among young β‐thalassaemia patients but conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are contradictory making early MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)/venography monitoring a matter of debate. This study prospectively investigated 75 neurologically asymptomatic β‐thalassaemia patients (mean‐age 35·2 ± 10·7 years; 52/75 transfusion‐dependent; 41/75 splenectomised) using a 3T magnetic resonance scanner; clinical, laboratory and treatment data were also collected. White matter ischaemic‐like abnormalities, intracranial artery stenoses, aneurysms and sinus venous thrombosis were compared between patients and 56 healthy controls (mean‐age 33·9 ± 10·8 years). No patient or control showed silent territorial or lacunar strokes, intracranial artery stenoses or signs of sinus thrombosis. White matter lesions were found both in patients (35/75, 46·7%) and controls (28/56, 50·0%), without differences in terms of number (4·0 ± 10·6 vs. 4·6 ± 9·1, P = 0·63), size and Fazekas' Score. Intracranial aneurysms did not differ between patients and controls for incidence rate (7/75, 9·3% vs. 5/56, 8·9%), size and site. Vascular and parenchymal abnormality rate did not differ according to treatments or clinical phenotype. According to this study, asymptomatic β‐thalassaemia patients treated according to current guidelines do not seem to carry an increased risk of brain and intracranial vascular changes, thus weakening recommendations for regular brain MRI monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]