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We test whether the support one holds about an event is influenced by other hypotheses. We addressed this by examining context effects in subjective probabilities (SPs) when forecasting NCAA men's basketball team rankings. A challenge in investigating context effects with naturalistic stimuli is the need to model the different representations of the options. To do so, we adapted the Spatial Arrangement method to capture individual representations and developed an algorithm to select stimuli. We asked participants steeped in basketball knowledge to create spatial maps for 50 teams. They were then presented with customized triplets of teams and asked to estimate their SP that one team would outrank the others. The study uncovered context effects in SPs, and moderators of the effects. Our findings suggest that similar cognitive processes may govern the construction of belief and preference and highlight the importance of modeling mental representations to understand forecasting scenarios.

Objective: To explore the detection methods and transfusion strategies of autoantibodies with specificity against Rh blood group system to provide timely and effective transfusion treatment for those patients. Methods: A case of a patient with autoantibodies with anti-Ce specificity was studied through serological tests, including ABO and Rh blood group identification, Coombs tests, antibody identification test and acid elution test. PCR-SSP was carried out to identify the Rh phenotype. The cross-matching test should avoid the specificity of anti-Ce autoantibody. The hemoglobin was measured pre- and post- the transfusion. Results: The results of the serological tests showed the blood group of the patient was AB type, RhD positive, and Rh blood group was CcEe before transfusion Direct antiglobulin test (DAT), and indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) were positive. According to the identification of antibodies, there were autoantibodies with anti-Ce specificity in the patient’s serum. The Rh antigen phenotyping was C+, c+, E+, e+ through the gene analysis. The results of the cross-matching were negative and the blood group of the red blood cell were AB, ccDEE. The hemoglobin of the patient increased from 48 g/L to 60 g/L and 58 g/L to 88 g/L rapidly after transfusion. Conclusions: In rare cases, autoantibodies can also show the characteristics of the complete antibodies rather than the pattern which could be agglutination with all the red blood cells for antibodies identification but there were strength differences. During blood transfusion treatment for those patients, we should try to avoid the specificity of autoantibodies, and carry out cross matching test before transfusion. After the titter of the autoantibodies decreased or disappeared, homotypic red blood cells for transfusion could be carried out.

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanism of AwB subtype by performing serological and gene detection in a Chinese individual. Methods: One case of AwB subtype was determined by ABO serology using standard serological method, and 7 exons of ABO gene and their flanks were amplified by PCR, and then cloned and sequenced. Glycosyl Transferase A (GTA) mutants were constructed by Chimera software, and was mapped and analyzed by PyMOL software. Results: Serological identification showed that this individual had AwB subtype. DNA cloning and gene sequen-cing analysis showed that the A gene from the proband was A cis-expressed allele of A1.02 and A3.03, and the genotype was ABO*Avar/B.01. In the ISBT database, the A allele of this variant should be a novel allele, with missense mutations in c. 467C>T and c. 838C>T, which could result in p.P.156L and p.L.280F amino acid replacement in GTA. Analysis of the spatial structure of GTA showed, p.L280F resulted in the phenotypes, and did not lead to changes in the overall structure of GTA proteins, which altered the hydrogen bond network between amino acid 280 and surrounding amino acid residues, resulting in local conformation changes. Conclusions: AwB subtype caused by a novel A allele-is reported for the first time. The formation mechanism may be as follows: p.L280F mutations in glycosyltransferases encoded by the A1.02 allele alter the interactions between adjacent amino acids, resulting in reduced activity of the A enzyme,and AwB subtype occurs when co-expressing with the B allele.

Background: Fruquintinib has demonstrated significant improvement in overall survival (OS) among previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. However, the utilization of fruquintinib has been constrained by various toxicities, such as hand‐foot skin reaction (HFSR) and hypertension, particularly in elderly patients with reduced tolerance to the standard dosage. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib dose‐escalation strategy for elderly refractory mCRC patients. Patients and Methods: This open‐label, single‐arm, phase II trial included patients aged 65 years or over with mCRC who had progressed after two or more lines of chemotherapy. Fruquintinib was administered for 21 consecutive days of a 28‐day treatment cycle. The starting dose of fruquintinib was 3 mg/day and escalated to 4 mg/day in Week 2 and 5 mg/day in Week 3 if no significant drug‐related toxicity was observed. The highest tolerated dose from Cycle 1 would be administered in Cycle 2 and all subsequent cycles. Before commencing treatment, all enrolled patients underwent a G8 questionnaire and comprehensive geriatric assessments. The primary endpoint of the study was progression‐free survival (PFS). Results: A total of 29 patients were enrolled and all started fruquintinib at 3 mg/day. Fifteen patients (51.7%) were subsequently escalated to 4 mg/day and 4 (13.8%) to 5 mg/day. Only four (13.8%) patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events (AEs). The median PFS was 3.8 months (95% CI, 2.7–4.9), and the median OS was 7.6 months (95% CI, 6.5–8.7). Treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) were observed in all 29 patients (100%). The most frequently occurring (>10%) TRAEs greater than Grade 3 were HFSR (20.7%), hypertension (20.7%), and diarrhea (10.3%). Conclusion: Our study indicated that a dose of 4 mg/day was well tolerated by most elderly patients, suggesting that fruquintinib dose‐escalation strategy during the first cycle could serve as a viable alternative to the standard 5 mg/day dosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical knowledge graph can provide new auxiliary information for recommendation system because of its structural semantic knowledge characteristics. The combination of recommendation system and medical knowledge graph can not only effectively alleviate the problem of sparse data, but also enhance the accuracy and interpretability of recommendation results, thus realizing personalized recommendation of medical information. Aiming at the characteristics of strong professional barriers and various conceptual terms in the medical field, the medical knowledge graph structure is systematically sorted out. This paper summarizes the traditional recommendation algorithms and compares their advantages and disadvantages. It summarizes and introduces the recommendation systems based on path, embedding and fusion respectively, focusing on the research results of combining medical practice and their advantages and disadvantages. The existing problems and challenges in current research are analyzed, and the feasible future research direction is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: ABO antigens are produced from H antigen by the activity of glycosyltransferase enzyme encoded by the ABO gene. Variants in the ABO gene can produce a weak ABO phenotype. In this study, we identify a novel ABO*BW allele and investigate the underlying mechanism leading to the Bweak phenotype. Materials and Methods: The ABO phenotype and genotype of the sample were determined using serological and direct DNA sequencing methods. We assessed the impact of the novel variant by three‐dimensional modelling to predict protein stability changes (ΔΔG), and carried out an in vitro expression assay. The total glycosyltransferase transfer capacity in the supernatant of transfected cells was also examined. Results: Serological analysis confirmed the Bweak phenotype in the subject, and gene sequencing identified a novel variant c.761C>T (p.A254V) on the ABO*B.01 allele, resulting in a BW‐var/O.01.02 genotype. In silico analysis suggested that the p.A254V variant on the B allele may reduce the stability of glycosyltransferase B (GTB), as indicated by the ΔΔG values. In vitro expression studies showed that the variant p.A254V impaired H to B antigen conversion, although it did not affect the expression of GTB. Conclusion: We identified a novel BW allele and demonstrated that the variant c.761C>T (p.A254V) can cause the Bweak phenotype by reducing the stability of GTB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an experimental study on the double K-shell ionization of argon in single collisions with the Xe54+ ion at 197 MeV/u. The X-ray spectra of multi-ionized argon are measured at the observation angles of 90° and 145° with respect to the projectile beam. The target K X-ray satellite and hypersatellite lines are analyzed with a fitting model and the cross-section ratio of double to single K-shell ionization is derived. The experimental results are compared to the relativistic time-dependent, two-center calculations, and a reasonable agreement is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The chimaerism phenomenon constitutes a significant mechanism underlying ABO phenotype discrepancies; however, its detection has technical challenges. In the current study, we explored different techniques to establish the chimaeric status of ABO blood types. Materials and Methods: Fifteen individuals with possible chimaeric ABO blood type, as suggested by standard tube or column agglutination method and RBC adsorption‐elution test, were enrolled in the study. The red blood cells from 11 investigated subjects showed mix‐field agglutination with anti‐A or anti‐B in blood typing; weak A or B antigens on the other four individuals' RBCs were detected by adsorption‐elution tests. The genetic study was conducted with PCR‐SSP genotype, DNA sequencing of the ABO gene, STR analysis and ddPCR. Results: The genetic chimaeric status was confirmed in four (27%) individuals by SSP test alone. The ABO gene sequencing identified an additional ABO allele and enabled chimaerism detection in 10 (67%) subjects. The STR analyses established the chimaerism status in 13 (87%) individuals. In the two cases where neither of the tests mentioned above had positive findings, the ddPCR was adopted, and microchimaerism, with an extremely low degree of chimaerism (0.77% and 0.12%), was revealed. The ddPCR revealed the unequal haplotypes (29.5% B vs. 70.5% O) in one subject and distinguished this B/O‐O/O chimaera from certain B subgroups (B/O genotype without any mutation) like B3. Conclusion: The ABO blood type chimaerism can be genetically established by comprehensive molecular methods, including PCR‐SSP/DNA sequencing, STR and ddPCR, which is particularly sensitive for the detection of microchimaerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video question answering (Video-QA) is a subject undergoing intense study in Artificial Intelligence, which is one of the tasks which can evaluate such AI abilities. In this paper, we propose a Modality Attention Fusion framework with Hybrid Multi-head Self-attention (MAF-HMS). MAF-HMS focuses on the task of answering multiple-choice questions regarding a video-subtitle-QA representation by fusion of attention and self-attention between each modality. We use BERT to extract text features, and use Faster R-CNN to ex-tract visual features to provide a useful input representation for our model to answer questions. In addition, we have constructed a Modality Attention Fusion (MAF) framework for the attention fusion matrix from different modalities (video, subtitles, QA), and use a Hybrid Multi-headed Self-attention (HMS) to further determine the correct answer. Experiments on three separate scene datasets show our overall model outperforms the baseline methods by a large margin. Finally, we conducted extensive ablation studies to verify the various components of the network and demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of our method over existing methods through question type and required modality experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), typically characterized by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), is associated with neurocognitive dysfunction in children. Sulforaphane (SFN), an activator of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), has been demonstrated to protect against oxidative stress in various diseases. However, the effect of SFN on OSAHS remains elusive. In this research, we investigated the neuroprotective role of SFN in CIH-induced cognitive dysfunction and underlying mechanisms of regulation of Nrf2 signaling pathway and autophagy. CIH exposures for 4 weeks in mice, modeling OSAHS, contributed to neurocognitive dysfunction, manifested as increased working memory errors (WMEs), reference memory errors (RMEs) and total memory errors (TEs) in the 8-arm radial maze test. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with SFN (0.5 mg/kg) 30 min before CIH exposure everyday. SFN treatment ameliorated neurocognitive dysfunction in CIH mice, which demonstrates less RME, WME, and TE. Also, SFN effectively alleviated apoptosis of hippocampal neurons following CIH by decreased TUNEL-positive cells, downregulated cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase 3, and upregulated Bcl-2. SFN protects hippocampal tissue from CIH-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, we found that SFN enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation to hold an antioxidative function on CIH-induced neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus. Meanwhile, SFN promoted autophagy activation, as shown by increased Beclin1, ATG5, and LC3II/LC3I. Overall, our findings indicated that SFN reduced the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons through antioxidant effect of Nrf2 and autophagy in CIH-induced brain damage, which highlights the potential of SFN as a novel therapy for OSAHS-related neurocognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]