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In 1948, the United States military government (OMGUS) played a crucial but invisible role in helping Germans in the western zones of occupation celebrate the centennial of the German Revolution of 1848. American officials viewed these celebrations as an important component in the democratization of Germany and as a means of demonstrating German-American cultural reconciliation in a highly public manner. Caught in an ambiguous, transitional period between punitive occupation and full civilian control, OMGUS pursued cultural diplomacy in the hopes that concretizing an ideological and cultural relationship based on history and shared values would help reorient German democracy and create a stable partner in central Europe, thereby serving long-term strategic goals in the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Marshall Plan is mostly remembered for its allegedly stimulating impact on the economic recovery of Western Europe following World War II. While scholars have questioned this aspect, the effects of soft power, however, cannot be overestimated for a young generation of Europeans. European complicity in producing, disseminating, and circulating iconic images helped to create the myth of the Marshall Plan, whose repercussions are still evident today. Renewed calls for new Marshall plans to solve major crises from COVID-19 to climate change and most recently the recovery of war-torn Ukraine abound. In the following article, I will take a close look at a special dimension of the Marshall Plan propaganda that has often been pushed to the margins: the visual grammar of animation films. Examining six short, animated films aimed at young audiences in Germany, collectively called “Hugo at the Circus” by Toonder Studios, about the German caricature Hugo and his self-inflated ego, I will investigate these as interpictorial clusters in the sense theorized by Udo Hebel and propose that they are part of a grammar of graphics employed in the films that also is based on the rich corpus of visual sources of the Marshall Plan information campaigns between 1948 and 1952. Contrary to the assumption that Marshall Plan filmmakers in the European Recovery Project countries had a lot of freedom in framing their stories of inter-European collaboration, the case of the Hugo films shows how Americans intervened in and shaped the animation sequences created in Toonder’s Dutch animation studio. By uncovering the strategies behind the animation program and mapping the European-American imagery to educate West German audiences, this article will reveal the carefully constructed use of soft power across different media to exert influence on and redirect German self-interest towards transnational goals.

Copyright of Trans/Form/Ação is the property of Trans/Form/Acao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Few countries have advanced their culture globally as China has done in the last two decades with its culture 'going out' strategy. Promoting cultural goods and services overseas and fostering cultural exchanges, the strategy is also part of the country's efforts to advance its soft power abroad. Broadly, there are two contrasting perspectives on the strategy's performance. Because of its stability and financial muscle, local analysts generally praise it, while the overarching official involvement provokes suspicion in some international contexts. This article provides a neutral assessment of the implementation, achievements, and impact of China's culture 'going out' strategy, investigating its successes and shortfalls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the responses of the Finnish and Scandinavian writers’ associations to a National Socialist cultural diplomatic initiative, namely the German-Nordic Writers’ House. Doing so, it engages the interplay between popular culture and foreign politics, as Nordic writers negotiated how to respond to the Third Reich’s quest for European cultural hegemony. Using the Writers’ House as a case study, the article discusses the nebulous nature of cultural diplomacy and reflects on how responses to the Writers’ House, especially in Finland, elucidate the limits of National Socialist cultural diplomacy in its engagement with the conflict-ridden Nordic cultural fields in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the role that cultural diplomacy has played as a tool of nation-building for sub-state public entities led by movements representing stateless nations. It exemplifies this with the case of Catalonia's search for recognition in Germany, 1901–1939. The analysis highlights the ambivalence that characterized the actions of the Catalan sub-state public entities, between resigning themselves to their status as regional actors and aspirations for a different political constitution. We argue that this ambivalence was a strategy to maximize the effectiveness of their cultural diplomacy policies considering state and international contexts reluctant to recognize sub-state entities as political actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reconstructs the story of the "Chinese Painting Exhibition" in the USSR, brought to Moscow and Leningrad in 1934 by the prominent Chinese artist Xu Beihong. The exhibition covered a period from the Han dynasty up to the 1930s, and, for the first time, presented Chinese art to the Soviet audience. Before arriving in the USSR, the show toured Europe, where it was extremely popular and considered the first successful attempt to present Chinese art in the West. In contrast, the exhibition's perception in the Soviet Union was rather contradictory. The reasons for that could be found in the ongoing Soviet artistic discourse and preconceived vision of Chinese art. Based on archival materials, this study reveals the process of the exhibition's organization and focuses on the image of China and Chinese art constructed by its curators. Additionally, this article examines the reception of the show by both professional and mass Soviet audiences in conjunction with the Soviet ideology towards fine art, foreign art exhibitions of the 1930s, and existing narratives on China, which shaped the optic of Soviet visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the official exhibition of Austrian art held in May 1930 at The Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Warsaw. Showcasing 474 artworks by 100 artists, the exhibition spanned the years 1918–1930, a period marked by Austria's efforts to overcome post-war political isolation. The article examines the exhibition's rhetoric and its critical reception in Warsaw within the broader context of Polish–Austrian diplomatic relations, influenced by Austria's challenging political and economic situation and the priorities of the Second Polish Republic. The introductory essay in the exhibition catalogue, authored by Hans Tietze, emphasized Vienna's seminal role as a cultural center at the crossroads of European artistic trends. This approach aligned with the cultural diplomacy of Johannes Schober's government, which aimed to underscore a rhetoric of openness to the cultures of other nations, particularly the successors of the Habsburg Empire. This contrasted with the later identity policy of the Bundesstaat Österreich, which elevated Tyrol as emblematic of the core German–Austrian identity constructed in the new state. The analysis reveals that the exhibition represented the peak of Polish–Austrian cultural relations during the interwar years, suggesting the potential for broader engagement. However, this potential was short-lived, ultimately thwarted by the Anschluss of Austria to Germany in 1938. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horticultural Expos are second-tier expositions sanctioned by the Bureau International Des Expositions (BIE) and the latest event was held in Doha, Qatar from October 2023 to March 2024. Organized around the theme of “Green Desert, Better Environment,” Expo 2023 included pavilions from about 80 countries and organizations, and aimed to entice 3 million visitors to Qatar. Although Horticultural Expos are smaller and receive less attention than top-tier World’s Fairs, they are nonetheless important sites for host countries to engage in cultural diplomacy. Drawing from an event ethnography at the Expo in December 2023, this article shows how the Qatari hosts adapted nationalist scripts about the desert and local identity – to cement the state-led storyline that Qatar is committed to a sustainable and globally-engaged path to future development – in crafting its cultural diplomacy discourse for the event. Though cultural diplomacy works differently at second-tier global events, the case of Qatar’s Expo 2023 still has concrete effects that must be understood and evaluated on their own terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay will examine critical discourses regarding Peter Tchaikovsky as a symbolic figurehead of high-brow Russian music in the two most widely circulated Austrian newspapers of the Allied occupation period: the Wiener Kurier (WK) and the Salzburger Nachrichten (SN), both affiliated with the US administration. In the context of Austria’s (problematic) denazification, post-war reconstruction, nation-building and reorientation towards the West, the reception of Tchaikovsky serves as a litmus test of negotiations concerning questions of cultural capital, habitus, musical canon, and nationalism (Otherness), Austria’s position as Europe’s Musikland, and a composer’s branding. Influential critics evaded a clear positioning within the Cold War ‘East–West’ context by appropriating Tchaikovsky for constructing an Austrian, European identity from a position of cultural power. This led to the coexistence of several musical ‘Russias’ in the Austrian public space: Soviet cultural diplomacy, US promotion of musical modernity (Stravinsky) and Austrians’ own, and self-interested, reconstruction of a Russian ‘national’ canon. Wiener Kurier and Salzburger Nachrichten columnists display a significant degree of middle-term continuity, while developing remarkable independence from and agency vis-à-vis the hard power presence of both the United States and the USSR, by subverting the superpowers’ cultural offensives, engaging in Austrian prestige politics, and affirming their interpretative sovereignty and knowledge-power within the re-emerging Austrian musical field. The music critics’ robust judgment, combined with the relative popularity that Tchaikovsky enjoyed, affirmed the considerable autonomy of the cultural field, and the discursive pre-eminence of musical conservatives and their knowledge-power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Cultural Cold War, China and the Soviet Union jointly established the Asia-Africa Film Festival (AAFF) as a response to the conflict between the socialist camps and the US-led capitalist camp. Chinese and Soviet conceptions of film exchange and political cooperation changed as the festival progressed, and the manner and scale of China's participation in the three AAFFs were completely different. Based on primary sources, this article discusses the AAFF with an in-depth analysis of the complex political dynamics behind China's participation in three editions, thereby providing a fresh perspective on the cultural Cold War in the 1950s and 1960s as well as a deeper understanding of the multifaceted aspects of cultural diplomacy in socialist countries. This article argues that despite being in the cultural sphere, the AAFF serves a more political role by responding to the multiple forces' conflicts and balances in the context of national interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a series of communications between two scholars, Dr. Carol A. Hess and Dr. Jennifer L. Campbell, regarding a book review. Dr. Campbell accuses Dr. Hess of failing to acknowledge her work in her book on Aaron Copland in Latin America. Dr. Hess disputes this claim, stating that she cited Dr. Campbell's work multiple times in her book and included her insights. Dr. Campbell argues that her contributions were not fully recognized and raises concerns about the ethical responsibility of senior scholars towards their junior counterparts. The article also includes a correction to a previous review in the journal. [Extracted from the article]

This research highlights the crucial role of design in tracing cultural transformation and its implications for national identity, particularly in the context of Indonesia-China bilateral relations. Design, as a reflection of culture, embodies the values, beliefs, and aesthetics of a nation. The objectives of this research are to (1) explore the role of design in cultural transformation, (2) analyze the influence of bilateral relations on design, (3) assess national identity in design, (4) identify design innovations for cultural diplomacy, and (5) investigate cultural dissemination through design. This study employs a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected through literature review, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with design experts, cultural scholars, and government officials from Indonesia and China. The results reveal that bilateral relations between Indonesia and China have led to significant cultural transformations in design. Cultural exchange and design collaboration have produced innovative works that incorporate elements from both countries. This transformation has influenced the national identities of both countries by strengthening the sense of unity, increasing tolerance and intercultural understanding, and creating new opportunities for cultural diplomacy and bilateral cooperation. The conclusion of this research is that design is not only a tool to reflect culture but also a bridge to strengthen cooperation and understanding between cultures. In the context of Indonesia-China relations, design holds great potential to build a more harmonious and inclusive future for both nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the choreographer Martha Graham, the personal became politicised because she used Jungian psychology and its archetypes to reveal and make 'universal' what she and Cold Warriors called 'the soul of mankind'. Graham thereby became useful as pro-Western, and particularly pro-United States (US), propaganda as she and her company toured Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Post-World War II (WWII) networks shared a Jungian approach to psychology seeded by Carl Jung, the first president of the International Psychiatric Association in 1907. During WWII, the US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in Switzerland under Allen Dulles relied on Jung's work. During the postwar period, Graham entered therapy with Jung's American protégée, Frances Wickes. Dulles became the first civilian director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Because the post-WWII fight against the Soviet Union was ideological, and utilised psychwar strategies, 'total warfare' included the consistent US government deployment of psychwar and Martha Graham. Graham's highly profound, personal works about the inner working of mankind through the Jungian use of archetypes became politicised when they were staged internationally by the US government between 1955 and 1987. The article uses Graham's letters to Wickes to support the argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review introduces the collection of the archival documents covering cultural ties between the USSR and PRC from 1949 to 1960. The published materials are stored in seven Russian and two Chinese archives. The major part of the documents is published for the first time, which confirms the particular value of this publication as a result of the joint effort of the Russian and Chinese experts. The book addresses the history of the formation of relations between the USSR and China in the 1950s by means of cultural diplomacy. The archival materials display the mechanisms and results of the exchanges of Soviet and Chinese delegations of writers, artists, musicians, athletes, actors and scientists. The publication is aimed at researchers, students, academics and all those interested in Russian history, history of international relations, Oriental studies and Sinology. The review argues that the materials introduced in the volume provide new sources for the in-depth study of cultural diplomacy as a part of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as the cultural history of the PRC in the early period.

Analysing DC’s role in preventing and countering internal or external extremism is not an easy task, despite the natural link between diplomacy, aimed at mutual knowledge, balance, consensus and negotiation and countering extremism. Transmitting a cultural experience stimulates a culture of understanding and empathy and respect for different ways of thinking, thus a culture of reconciliation. The definition of extremism itself, as sets of attitudes, contents, actions, in its multitude of forms of manifestation, is a difficult approach. The subject itself of external representation through institutionalized or non-institutionalized public diplomacy, aspects related to branding, intercultural communication, cultural diplomacy in general and public diplomacy, external communication, in particular, is relatively recent, firstly approached around two decades ago and still unsettled.

The essay aims to examine the impact of the first Italian Book Exhibition, held in Buenos Aires in 1927, on the Argentinian cultural environment of the time. Through the analysis of several archival documents and a variety of articles published in the local press and Italian journals and newspapers, the research reconstructs the stages of the events’ organization and realization, highlighting the context in which the different actors involved worked for its success. The documentary materials give the opportunity to outline, in an accurate manner, the press assessments of the initiative. The study makes use of primary sources, secondary sources, archival materials and scholarly bibliography.

In addition to the massive arms race, the Cold War was psychological in winning over and attracting foreign individuals, groups, and governments. This study analyzes the very important role of cultural diplomacy in the Cold War, a period marked by intense geopolitical tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Taking into account the catastrophic consequences of a possible direct military conflict between the two superpowers, cultural diplomacy and the concept of projecting soft power to achieve national interests was of crucial importance. Focusing on the interplay between the two superpowers, this study analyzes the mechanisms and influence of cultural diplomacy on international relations during the Cold War. Moreover, it analyzes the approach of the United States and the Soviet Union to this concept and provides insight into the key strategic differences in the use of cultural diplomacy in foreign policy of the period.

Indonesia, recognized for its substantial tourism potential, has leveraged the iconic Borobudur Temple, a premier cultural heritage site, to bolster its international cultural diplomacy and marketing efforts. This study examines the impact of the Twin World Heritage cooperation program implemented by the Indonesian government through PT. Taman Wisata Candi, on visitor numbers at Borobudur Temple during 2018-2019. The program epitomizes a strategic approach to enhancing cultural relations by facilitating cross-border collaborations and the exchange of expertise in cultural preservation and promotion. Situated in Magelang, Central Java, the Twin World Heritage Program at Borobudur Temple has not only elevated the temple's global profile but has also served as a pivotal instrument in strengthening international cultural ties and fostering mutual appreciation and understanding across nations. The empirical data from this study reveal a notable increase in visitor attendance: domestic visitor figures rose from 3,663,054 in 2018 to 3,747,757 in 2019, while foreign visitor numbers increased from 192,231 to 242,082 over the same period. These findings affirm the program's efficacy in harnessing Borobudur's potential and generating significant socio-economic benefits across multiple sectors.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the cultural diplomacy of the two blocs began to focus on countries emerging from the process of decolonisation. The aim was to establish economic relations and influence their future development. Sport remained a privileged field for this cultural diplomacy, especially for the Hungarian People's Republic. Nevertheless, Hungarian cultural diplomacy had clear obstacles, product of the limitations Hungary had at the time: little coordination with the other countries of the Eastern Bloc and and extremely limited spending capacity.

The present article is part of a larger research that investigates the public/cultural diplomacy through branding, how to build external prestige, what are and how are constructed the "identity markers" that individualize a nation, how they have evolved and how they adapt today to the new realities, the way in which Romanianness, Hungarianness, Finishness, Sweedisnes, are transposed into recognizable identity markers. Brands operate as effective cultural agents. Most of the brands are technological products that can be associated with the act of culture in the conditions where culture includes material and immaterial values (gastronomy, technological culture, design, the lifestyle attached to the use of certain products, etc.)

Narges Bajoghli, Vali Nasr, Djavad Salehi-Isfahani, Ali Vaez, How sanctions work: Iran and the impact of economic warfare (Cum funcționează sancțiunile: Iran și impactul războiului economic), Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press, 2024, 197 pp. (Ioana Constantin-Bercean) • Carmen Stratone, Propagandă și diplomație culturală în România comunistă. Institutul Român pentru Relațiile Culturale cu Străinătatea. O istorie inedită, București, Institutul Național Pentru Studiul Totalitarismului, Academia Română, 2023, 280 pp. (Carmen Burcea) • Valentin Naumescu, Raluca Moldovan (coordonatori), Războiul. Consecințele invaziei rusești în Ucraina la nivel global, european și românesc, Cluj-Napoca, Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2023, 390 pp. (Sanda Cincă)

The introduction to this special issue on "the English-language press abroad" builds on the different case studies to theoretically reflect on this rather neglected press category. The label applies to titles published in English in a country that did/does not have English as (one of) its de jure or de facto language(s) and that was not part of the British (formal) Empire. By situating those titles in a broader historical canvas that stretches back to the first-ever English-language serial abroad (1620, in the Netherlands), the introduction proposes three categories of (potentially overlapping) functions: titles that act as cultural brokers (including for an expat community), titles that act as agents of cultural diplomacy and/or informal imperialism and titles that use English as a lingua franca to conjure up cosmopolitan and supranational realities. The introduction argues that any discussion of such titles needs to connect scales, but can barely do away with the national. This also applies to issues of heritage and preservation, while the digital age creates manifold possibilities for rediscovering these titles in a critical manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Mexican ambassador to Brazil between 1930 and 1936, Alfonso Reyes deployed a remarkable diplomatic activity that has been studied from different political angles. However, we know less about other strategies, especially cultural diplomacy, employed by the Mexican writer. In this article, I show how during his residence in Rio de Janeiro, Reyes used elements representative of Mexican nature, such as the amapola and peyote, or the donation of the statue of the god Xochipilli to the Botanical Garden of that city, to foster rapprochement between the two nations. In three phases, this article proposes first to review the history of the diplomatic relationship between Mexico and Brazil before the arrival of Reyes; subsequently, to show his interest in nature as a formative element of both nations, and finally, to analyze his strategies to use that knowledge through cultural diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the prolific film production in the nascent People's Republic of China (PRC) during the 'Seventeen Years' from 1949 to 1966, Maoist cinema received limited critical analysis. While recent scholarly attention has shifted towards examining Chinese film production and exchange within the socialist bloc, a notable gap remains in the literature concerning Sino-Arab film collaboration during this period. This paper seeks to address this gap by utilizing textual analysis and archival studies to explore the practice of Sino-Arab film weeks through the lens of cultural diplomacy. Building upon the framework of the three schools of thought on cultural diplomacy, this study posits that Sino-Arab film collaboration from the 1950s to 1960s operated within the realm of people's diplomacy. This term denotes cultural diplomacy with distinctively Chinese attributes within the Cold War context. This paper also complements the third trend that focuses on the transcendental realm of the state by exploring the little-studied interactions between film screenings and reality in Sino-Arab film weeks. Under the common goal of anti-imperialism and nation-building, people's diplomacy deviates from the conventional paradigm of bipolar rivalry and embodies the spirit of internationalist solidarity among Third World countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization policy in higher education facilitates a nation's economic growth and demonstrates generosity to other nations. This study investigates the impact of the International Higher Education Scholarship Program of the International Cooperation and Development Fund on recipients' perceptions of and experiences in Taiwan. Based on the management, education, medical science, and engineering programs of four case study universities, it finds attitudinal changes, increased intercultural competence, and signs of institution transfer and knowledge network formation. Socialization has fostered scholarship holders' cultural affinity and shared identity with Taiwan. As higher education institutions promote knowledge sharing and cultural diffusion, international students are also a nexus of cultural diplomacy, the attractions of which are more conspicuous than knowledge diplomacy's benefits. The empirical evidence of this study helps delineate theoretical frameworks of diplomacy in international higher education. Its longitudinal observation of alumni career trajectories can enrich cross-sectional evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eurovision Song Contest is officially a non-political event but has nevertheless been a useful tool for participating nations' public and cultural diplomacy strategies. While Eurovision's diplomatic utility for states is subject to much scholarly attention, little attention has been paid to how fans and audiences participate actively in these processes as political agents and actors. Drawing upon the frameworks of public diplomacy and participatory culture, this article puts forth the portmanteau concept of 'participatory diplomacy' to explain and explore how Eurovision illuminates a particular intersection of public diplomacy and participatory culture wherein the audience actively participates in its cultural platform to shape its political message and meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this case study is to characterize how younger people and future generations can understand Korean Culture from historic information, vestiges, buildings and icons present in the city of Mérida in Yucatán, México to maintain diplomatic relations over time. Internationalization is a process of integrating an international dimension to enhance the quality of education. This educational process requires that certain initiatives are implemented to secure inclusive and equitable quality education but also the development of Cultural Diplomacy. A concept that has allowed the inclusion of Korean immigrants' descendants, and the inhabitants of Mérida to thrive together after the signing of an agreement as international partners at official levels. This case study was carried out using the documentary review, literature review, and participant observation techniques. The findings show that several activities and initiatives are carried out to foster Cultural Diplomacy which in turn has helped maintain diplomatic tides, between the two countries over the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Collegium Hungaricum in Rome, in Paris and in Vienna continued to operate after the Second World War, the Collegium Hungaricum in Berlin was unable to resume its activities. After the creation of the two German states, Hungary, as part of the Soviet bloc, had to rethink its cultural activities in Germany. As part of the cultural relations between Hungary and the GDR, which had been developing since the early 1950s and were not without conflict, the GDR operated a cultural institute in Budapest from 1960 and Hungary operated a cultural institute in East Berlin from the beginning of 1973. This paper examines the initial activities of the House of Hungarian Culture in the context of political aspirations and circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the role of artwork in the diplomatic practice of international organizations and how this relates to the foreign policy of the member states. Although the relationship between artwork and diplomacy has received some scholarly attention, the specific relationship between artwork and international organizations has rarely been covered in academic literature. To that end, the article will analyze the art collection located in the Dutch delegation at NATO headquarters. It attempts to establish how the individual artworks in this collection collectively form a narrative, and how this narrative reflects Dutch foreign policy in relation to NATO. The article will conclude that the collection reflects, and – through the discursive power of the artworks – comments on, Dutch foreign policy in relation to NATO by (over-) emphasizing notions of "neutrality" and anti-militarism, as well as Dutch contributions to the NATO-led ISAF in Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study delves into Indian cuisine in Thailand, using data from online sources that focus on content related to Indian cuisine, restaurants and grocery stores. The study applies content analysis to explore identity and the linguistic landscapes in Indian culinary practices. Indian cuisine is gaining popularity among Thais, becoming a part of their cultural heritage and showcased on digital platforms. Restaurants and grocery stores feature Indian dishes, ingredients and packaged foods, and their online platforms facilitate easy access to this cuisine. In the linguistic landscape of Indian restaurant names, bilingual names are the most prevalent, followed by monolingual names, with trilingual and quadrilingual names being less common. The potential of Indian cuisine in Thailand is evident through its introduction in convenience stores and the importation of Indian ingredients, enhancing India's soft power and influencing economic and social dynamics in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has five main objectives. Firstly, it aims to identify the concept of culture and explore its relationship with international relations beyond politics. Secondly, it aims to study the theory of cultural diplomacy. Thirdly, the study will discuss the most important global conflicts in general, with a particular focus on cultural conflicts. Fourthly, it aims to investigate globalization and cultural identity. Lastly, the study will compare the cultures and international relations of five different countries. A multi-methodological approach was used to complete these objectives. The first conclusion was that Diversity plays a pivotal role in international relations as culture and identity heavily influence human interactions. Encouraging language learning and cultural diplomacy can help build bridges across cultural divides, foster mutual respect and collaboration, and unlock the creative potential of a wide array of viewpoints and experiences. To truly understand the dynamics of international relations, it is essential to appreciate how our cultural heritage shapes our behavior, values, and beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effectiveness of the European Union's (EU) cultural diplomacy in promoting its shared values. The research analyzes the mechanisms of the cultural sector in EU foreign policy, utilizing methods such as documentary research, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, and abstract-logical processes. The findings demonstrate that EU cultural diplomacy is an integral part of promoting shared EU values, employing both direct and indirect public diplomacy tools. The study concludes that a unified approach, including Ukraine's involvement, is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of promoting EU values. Further research should focus on analyzing the shared values of the EU and Ukraine to develop a standardized model for their promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of Turkey's gastronomy festivals within the context of event tourism by identifying and highlighting their significance. Design/methodology/approach: International gastronomy festivals in Turkey hold significant importance within the scope of event tourism. These festivals contribute both economically and culturally by promoting Turkey's rich and diverse culinary culture on a global scale. The importance of international gastronomy festivals in Turkey within event tourism also extends to cultural diplomacy and international promotion. These festivals enhance Turkey's touristic image and help reach a broader audience internationally by showcasing the country's cultural richness and hospitality. Bu baglamda bu çalisma, Türkiye'de gastronomi festivallerinin önemini ve mevcut durumunu arastirmayi ve etkinlik turizminin gelisimi kapsaminda düzenlenen etkinlikleri belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadir. Findings: In this context, this study aims to investigate the importance and current status of gastronomy festivals in Turkey and to identify events organized within the scope of the development of event tourism. Research limitations/implications: The study provides information about international gastronomy festivals nourished by Turkey's rich culinary culture. However, local gastronomy festivals are not included. Practical implications: Develop Comprehensive Marketing Strategies: Promote gastronomy festivals through targeted marketing campaigns that highlight the unique culinary experiences and cultural attractions of each region. Utilize digital platforms and social media to reach a wider audience and engage potential visitors. Social implications: Enhance Collaboration Among Stakeholders: Foster collaboration between local governments, tourism organizations, culinary associations, and local businesses to ensure the successful planning and execution of gastronomy festivals. Encourage partnerships with international culinary institutions and chefs to enhance the prestige and appeal of these events. Originality/value: The importance of international gastronomy festivals in Turkey within event tourism also extends to cultural diplomacy and international promotion. These festivals enhance Turkey's touristic image and help reach a broader audience internationally by showcasing the country's cultural richness and hospitality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study I try to reveal and analyse less known sources for the term Cultural Diplomacy. Most bibliographic resources dealing with Cultural Diplomacy are coming from an Anglo-American source. According with this bibliography, the term Cultural Diplomacy would have been used for the first time in 1954 in New York Times, and in official documents in 1959 in US. However, in Hungary, the term Cultural Diplomacy has been used as such since the mid-1930s. In 1937, so two decades before the mention in the New York Times, the book The Basics of Cultural Diplomacy was written by János Hankiss. Due to the fact that by tradition in the interwar Romania cultural propaganda was often articulate with reference to the Hungarian cultural propaganda, this study exposes the ideas of János Hankiss "in the mirror" with the ideas exposed by his contemporary Romanian counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Erciyes Communication / Erciyes İletişim Dergisi is the property of Erciyes University, Faculty of Communication / Erciyes Universitesi Iletism Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the complex Sino-Myanmar connection and how local policies might promote cultural diversity. The mixed-methods research combines qualitative community, cultural, and policymaker interviews with quantitative policy data analysis. The comprehensive approach provides a deep understanding of cultural diversity, local regulations, and Sino-Myanmar relations. Based on this research, municipal policies can empower communities to freely and inclusively display their cultures. By valuing cultural diversity, genuine cultural interaction and contact between diverse groups can improve Sino-Myanmar relations. This study investigates cultural diversity through local policies and lived experiences to shed light on Sino-Myanmar relations and suggest strategies to improve cooperation. The research's practical implication affects policymakers, diplomats, and practitioners who manage international relations, especially between neighbors. Culture-oriented thinking considers cultural exchange programs diplomatic tools. Geographic closeness affects cultural contact; hence community is addressed. This highlights cultural exchange programs' diplomatic relevance. According to research, diplomatic endeavors should adapt to cultural changes during political and social change. Policymakers can stabilize domestic politics using cultural diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Built by the architect Louis Montoyer in Vienna between 1803 and 1808 for the Russian ambassador to Austria, Andrey Razumovsky, the famous Razumovsky Palace would become the centre of anti-Napoleonic diplomacy in the early nineteenth century and a fixture in Vienna's lively cultural scene. This article first discusses how the ambassador used his embassy as a meeting place for formal and informal diplomacy that contributed to Russia's positioning against Napoleon long before the Grande Armée invaded the empire. Secondly, the architectural outline of the Razumovsky Palace is linked to the different cultural functions of the embassy that underpinned and strengthened Razumovsky's diplomatic network. The final section of the article explores the role of the Razumovsky Palace as a determinant factor in the ambassador's decision to leave diplomatic service and remain in Vienna until his death in 1836. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on the origins and early developments of the University of Maryland's College of Special and Continuation Studies (CSCS), an academic program that offered US-style education to the American troops stationed abroad. The essay interprets the CSCS as one of the tools of American cultural transmission in Western Europe, highlighting the many opportunities of cultural cross-fertilization that it offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Instituto Cervantes and the government platform SPAIN arts & culture are two of the primary protagonists of Spanish cultural diplomacy abroad. Based on two corpora prepared with the cultural activities published by the Instituto Cervantes de Lisboa and the government platform SPAIN arts & culture on their websites, the main objective of this article is to portray Spanish cultural diplomacy in Portugal. The data obtained manually or semi-automatically suggest that Spanish cultural diplomacy is an unequivocal object of interest in Portugal, with Lisbon being its main geo-cultural hub. Moreover, the incorporation of other agents in what is termed cultural paradiplomacy is not a common practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile and China’s diplomatic relations converged within the figure of José Venturelli, who, in a pioneering manner, saw China as a model to follow. This fact contains relevant aspects since his figure, as an artist and intellectual, was controversial and invisibilized by virtue of his radical commitment to the Asian country. This article attempts to inquire about his trajectory as a muralist-painter; his radical compromise with the People’s Republic of China from the conceptual approach of cultural diplomacy; his political contacts with the Communist Party, and his role as a non-state actor with residences in Chile, China, Cuba and Sweden. The analysis is addressed from the perspective of cultural diplomacy and non-State actors, who intervene in constructing new spaces for discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptualisation and popularisation of soft power have spurred nation-states to establish and operate international institutions of cultural diplomacy (ICD) to exert global influence through cultural activities. The uniqueness of ICD lies in its many multiplicities: multi-national operation, multi-level coordination, and multi-actor participation. Such multiplicities challenge the understanding, policy design, and assessment of ICD. In response to this compounding challenge, this article constructs a transformational governance framework with a focus on the dynamic relationship between governing decisions (measured by the dimensions of structure and process) and institutional capacities including legitimacy, efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability. The utilities, benefits, and limitations of the framework as a policy and research tool are discussed through the case of the Chinese Confucius Institute (the CI). We argue that the CI's top-down decisions are shaped by international political discourse and target legitimacy as the institutional capacity, whereas the CI's street-level governance is largely driven by the considerations of efficiency and sustainability as the institutional capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 1971 and 2001, the Government of Canada supported the national fitness promotion organization, ParticipACTION. The federal government invested in ParticipACTION to bring Canadians together and reduce healthcare costs caused by a sedentary lifestyle by encouraging the public to participate in fitness activities. By funding ParticipACTION as an arm's length not-for-profit organization, the federal government deployed soft power instead of coercive manipulation to persuade the population to improve their fitness. However, ParticipACTION contributed toward creating a disciplined society by asking Canadians to make informed decisions to change their lifestyle habits. ParticipACTION's mandate was to advertise the benefits of healthy and active lifestyles for Canadians, young and old. It used a proactive strategy to educate, motivate, and guide Canadians along the path to healthy, active lifestyles as a form of preventive medicine. ParticipACTION developed creative public service announcements and community events to get Canadians moving in simple ways, such as walking, running, swimming, or biking in the workplace, school, home, or park. For thirty years, ParticipACTION's logo and message became widely recognizable across Canada and motivated millions to leave their homes to get active together. By 2001, ParticipACTION was forced to close after the federal government severely reduced its funding in favor of high-performance sports. This article analyzes the federal cultural and medical objectives to invest in ParticipACTION, the organization's creative marketing strategy, and the influence of the organization on a generation of Canadians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of martial arts in Japan's cultural diplomacy, as well as the history of Japanese martial arts in Norway, remain underexplored. Despite its peripheral status in Japan's cultural diplomacy, Japan actively influenced Norwegian judo from 1945 to 1980 by dispatching instructors and 'goodwill' judo delegations to Europe. These visits aimed not only to promote judo but also to align the international development of judo with Japan's own martial arts discourse and cultural diplomacy strategies. In 1965 and 1968 the delegations worked to cement judo's status as a modern Olympic sport while reinforcing the image of 'New Japan' – a nation that is peaceful, democratic and economically strong. In 1979 and 1980 similar delegations sought to secure a Japanese presidency in the International Judo Federation, while highlighting judo's traditional cultural roots as a form of self-defence and character development. This discursive shift paralleled Japan's economic rise and the growth of nihonjinron – a discourse affirming Japan's unique culture. The Norwegian judo community adopted the sports discourse, but largely rejected the orientalised nihonjinron discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakın Dönem Türkiye Araştırmaları is the property of Recent Period Turkish Studies / Yakin Donem Turkiye Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antik Tanulmanyok is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)