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Abstract Whether SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccines confer exposure-dependent (“leaky”) protection against infection remains unknown. We examined the effect of prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity on infection risk among residents of Connecticut correctional facilities during periods of predominant Omicron and Delta transmission. Residents with cell, cellblock, and no documented exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infected residents were matched by facility and date. During the Omicron period, prior infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity reduced the infection risk of residents without a documented exposure (HR: 0.36 [0.25–0.54]; 0.57 [0.42–0.78]; 0.24 [0.15–0.39]; respectively) and with cellblock exposures (0.61 [0.49–0.75]; 0.69 [0.58–0.83]; 0.41 [0.31–0.55]; respectively) but not with cell exposures (0.89 [0.58–1.35]; 0.96 [0.64–1.46]; 0.80 [0.46–1.39]; respectively). Associations were similar during the Delta period and when analyses were restricted to tested residents. Although associations may not have been thoroughly adjusted due to dataset limitations, the findings suggest that prior infection and vaccination may be leaky, highlighting the potential benefits of pairing vaccination with non-pharmaceutical interventions in crowded settings.

Abstract Background Vaccine hesitancy is common among incarcerated populations and, despite vaccination programs, vaccine acceptance within residents remains low, especially within jails. With the goal of assessing the Connecticut DOC’s COVID-19 vaccine program within jails we examined if residents of DOC operated jails were more likely to become vaccinated following incarceration than in the community. Specifically, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis among people who spent at least one night in a DOC-operated jail between February 2 and November 8, 2021, and were eligible for vaccination at the time of incarceration (intake). We compared the vaccination rates before and after incarceration using an age-adjusted survival analysis with a time-varying exposure of incarceration and an outcome of vaccination. Results During the study period, 3,716 people spent at least one night in jail and were eligible for vaccination at intake. Of these residents, 136 were vaccinated prior to incarceration, 2,265 had a recorded vaccine offer, and 479 were vaccinated while incarcerated. The age-adjusted hazard of vaccination following incarceration was significantly higher than prior to incarceration (12.5; 95% Confidence Intervals: 10.2–15.3). Conclusions We found that residents were more likely to become vaccinated in jail than in the community. Though these findings highlight the utility of vaccination programs within jails, the low level of vaccination in this population speaks to the need for additional program development within jails and the community.

One of the leading trends in the modern tissue engineering is the development of new effective methods of decellularization aimed at the removal of cellular components from a donor tissue, reducing its immunogenicity and the risk of rejection. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2)-assisted processing has been proposed to improve the outcome of decellularization, reduce contamination and time costs. The resulting products can serve as personalized tools for tissue-engineering therapy of various somatic pathologies. However, the decellularization of heterogeneous 3D structures, such as the aortic root, requires optimization of the parameters, including preconditioning medium composition, the type of co-solvent, values of pressure and temperature inside the scCO2 reactor, etc. In our work, using an ovine aortic root model, we performed a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of decellularization approaches based on various combinations of these parameters. The protocols were based on the combinations of treatments in alkaline, ethanol or detergent solutions with scCO2-assisted processing at different modes. Histological analysis demonstrated favorable effects of the preconditioning in a detergent solution. Following processing in scCO2 medium provided a high decellularization degree, reduced cytotoxicity, and increased ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the aortic valve leaflets, while the integrity of the extracellular matrix was preserved.

In late October 2011, the Monroe County Department of Public Health (MCDPH) was notified of a suspected case of meningitis in a 9-year old girl from Monroe County, NY. Laboratory testing at the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) Wadsworth Center confirmed the identification of Haemophilus influenzae serotype e (Hie) isolated from the patient’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The universal immunization of infants with conjugate H. influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease, including meningitis, one of the most serious complications for infected children. Not surprisingly, as the epidemiology of invasive H. influenzae continues to change, non-Hib serotypes will likely become more common. The findings reported here underscore the importance for clinicians, public health officials, and laboratory staff to consider non-Hib pathogens in pediatric cases of meningitis, especially when initial investigations are inconclusive.

It's a great time to be an early-stage life sciences company. Significant funding continues to roll into this sector, driven by legacy venture capital (VC) funds bringing in new dollars, [...]

Abstract The pace at which Next Generation Sequence data is being produced continues to accelerate as technology improves. As a result, such data are increasingly becoming accessible to biologists outside of the field of bioinformatics. In contrast, access to training in the methods of genome assembly and annotation are not growing at a similar rate. In this issue, we report on a Genome Assembly Workshop for Mycologists that was held at the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI) at the University of Pretoria, South Africa and make available the 12 draft genome sequences emanating from the event. With the aim of making the process of genome assembly and annotation more accessible to biologists, we provide a step-by-step guide to both genome assembly and annotation, intended to encourage and empower mycologists to use genome data in their research.

The polarized wave electromagnetic shielding (EM SE) of nanocomposites containing 10 vol% of carbon nanomodifiers in a semicrystalline matrix is reported. Heat-treated carbon nanofibers, Pyrograf® III PR-19 heat treatment (HT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) HT were dispersed in a linear low-density polyethylene matrix to produce flow-induced orientation of the nanomodifiers in the spun microfilaments. Consequently, the electrical conductivity of the resulting nanocomposites exhibited anisotropic behavior due to the nanomodifier orientation. The in-plane conductivity in the longitudinal direction (PR-19 HT comp.: ~0.02 S/m; MWNT HT comp.: ~3 S/m) was at least an order of magnitude higher than that along the transverse direction. As measured with a rectangular waveguide (WR510, 1.45-2.2 GHz), the PR-19 HT- and MWNT HT-oriented nanocomposites (1-mm thick) displayed EM SE values of 0.7 dB and 3.0 dB, respectively, when the nanomodifiers were transversely oriented with the polarized electric field. In contrast, when the orientation of the nanomodifiers was parallel with the field, EM SE values of 3.2 and 9.0 dB were obtained, respectively. The higher EM SE values are consistent with high conductivities observed in the direction of preferred orientation Of the modifiers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:299-307, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers, INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic shielding is important for protecting susceptible electronics from electromagnetic interference [1, 2]. For radiated emissions from digital devices, frequencies from 30 MHz to 3 GHz are of particular [...]

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends serial rapid antigen assay collection within congregate facilities. Although modeling and observational studies from communities and long-term care facilities have shown serial collection provides adequate sensitivity and specificity, the accuracy within correctional facilities remains unknown. Methods Using Connecticut Department of Correction data from 21 November 2020 to 15 June 2021, we estimated the accuracy of a rapid assay, BinaxNOW (Abbott), under 3 collection strategies: single test collection and serial collection of 2 and 3 tests separated by 1–4 days. The sensitivity and specificity of the first (including single), second, and third serially collected BinaxNOW tests were estimated relative to RT-PCRs collected ≤1 day of the BinaxNOW test. The accuracy metrics of the testing strategies were then estimated as the sum (sensitivity) and product (specificity) of tests in each strategy. Results Of the 13 112 residents who contributed ≥1 BinaxNOW test during the study period, 3825 contributed ≥1 RT-PCR paired BinaxNOW test. In relation to RT-PCR, the 3-rapid-antigen-test strategy had a sensitivity of 95.9% (95% CI: 93.6–97.5%) and specificity of 98.3% (95% CI: 96.7–99.1%). The sensitivities of the 2- and 1-rapid-antigen-test strategies were 88.8% and 66.8%, and the specificities were 98.5% and 99.4%, respectively. The sensitivity was higher among symptomatic residents and when RT-PCRs were collected before BinaxNOW tests. Conclusions We found serial antigen test collection resulted in high diagnostic accuracy. These findings support serial collection for outbreak investigation, screening, and when rapid detection is required (such as intakes or transfers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Is there a statistically significant association between preoperative epidural steroid injections (ESI) and postoperative cervical and lumbar spinal surgery infections (SSI)? Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was completed of patients 18 years or older who underwent elective cervical or lumbar spinal surgery. Those who underwent surgery with preoperative ESI were compared to those without. We assessed for differences in postoperative SSI incidence. Electronic literature databases were searched through October 2022. Peer-reviewed publications that included raw data regarding epidural exposure and non-exposure were included. Case reports, case series, abstracts, editorials, or publications that did not include raw data were excluded. Odd's ratios (OR) were calculated from the raw data collected. Meta-analysis was done using RevMan v5 with a fixed effects model. Results: We identified 16 articles for inclusion. When not controlling for the type of surgery and time from ESI to surgery, there was a statistically significant OR between preoperative ESI and postoperative SSI. The association persisted when the ESI was performed within 30 days or 31-90 days of the surgery. No association was discovered when evaluating only cervical spine surgeries. The evidence is assigned a “moderate” GRADE rating. Conclusions: Our analysis shows a small, time-dependent, statistically significant association between preoperative ESI and postoperative lumbar SSI may exist. However, the OR produced, while statistically significant, are close enough to 1.0 that clinically, the effect size is “small.” The number needed to treat for an ESI in the appropriate clinical setting is, at worst, 3. The number needed to harm, meaning the number of patients who undergo an ESI at any time before their spine surgery and then develop a SSI, is 111 patients. Ultimately, the surgical sparing potential from an ESI outweighs the SSI risk based on our findings.

The continuous extrusion of micro-textured isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) film and its tribological properties are reported. As analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, a rectangular-semicircular micro-patterned die successfully produced extruded cast-films with hill-like micro-texture. Such films displayed static and kinetic coefficients of friction ([COF.sub.s] and COF|J values of 0.247 ± 0.028 and 0.245 ± 0.003, respectively, for a steel fixture sliding along the micro-texture of the film. The equivalent [COF.sub.s] and [COF.sub.k] values for non-textured (NT) films were 0.369 ± 0.036 and 0.340 ± 0.024, respectively, confirming that textured films displayed a reduction in COF of about 30%. For textured and NT films sliding on textured films, the [COF.sub.k] values were even lower at 0.161 ±0.013 and 0.113 ± 0.004, which represents about 20-40% reduction as compared with that for the NT-NT counterparts. Films coated with a silicone lubricant displayed [COF.sub.s] and [COF.sub.k] values of 0.334 ± 0.042 and 0.099 ±0.012, respectively, for NT films sliding over lubricated NT films, and 0.426 ± 0.031 and 0.063 ± 0.006, respectively, for textured films sliding over lubricated textured films. The [COF.sub.k] values for textured/non-lubricated films approach those of NT/lubricated films, indicating that micro-textured polypropylene films may be used in environmentally sensitive applications where lubricants and fluorinated additives may not be used for reducing friction., INTRODUCTION Numerous applications of polymeric films require low sliding friction surfaces, such as high-speed packaging equipment and low-friction tape wraps [1-4]. Conventional methods of reducing the sliding friction of polymeric [...]

The electrical properties and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EM SE) of nanocomposites consisting of heat-treated carbon nanofibers (Pyrograf® III PR-19, CNF) in a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) matrix were assessed. Heat treatment (HT) of carbon nanofibers at 2500 °C significantly improved their graphitic crystallinity and intrinsic transport properties, thereby increasing the EM SE of the nanocomposites. Nanocomposites containing 11 vol% (20 wt%) PR-19 HT displayed a DC electrical conductivity of about 1.0 ± 0.1 x 101 S/m (n 4), about 10 orders of magnitude better than that of as-received PR-19 CNF nanocompo-sites. Over a frequency range of 30 MHz to 1.5 GHz, nanocomposites (2.5 mm thick) containing PR-19 HT displayed EM SE average values of about 14 ±- 2 dB (n = 4). Absorption was determined to be the main EM SE mechanism for the heat-treated CNF nanocomposites. The nanocomposites possessed a modulus of 632 ± 36 MPa (n = 6) (nominally twice that of pure LLDPE) and a strain-to-failure of 180 ± 98% (n = 6), indicating that a significant ductility is retained in the nanocomposites. Such nanocomposites display potential as absorptive electromagnetic interference shielding materials for thin films and micromolding. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:417-423, 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers, INTRODUCTION Because of the miniaturization and increased operating frequencies of electronic devices, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become a significant challenge for product design engineers and manufacturers. Hence, steps must be [...]

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo definir un Ciclo Típico de Conducción (TDC) de un taxi eléctrico en Loja, Ecuador, una ciudad andina intermedia, considerando la unidad en servicio. En primera instancia, la velocidad, posición del taxi, corriente y voltaje de la batería se adquieren en tiempo real a través del puerto OBDII del KIA SOUL EV, utilizando un dispositivo registrador de datos a una frecuencia de muestreo de 1 Hz. Las variables se leen y almacenan utilizando un código de programa desarrollado en Labview. Además, se registran el inicio y el final de los viajes. Se realiza el monitoreo del taxi durante un mes, y se registra la masa variable de la unidad en servicio; se consideran los efectos del perfil de pendiente. Aplicando la teoría fundamental de la dinámica vehicular se obtiene, en Matlab Simulink, el consumo de energía de tracción del taxi; el TDC se define aplicando las Diferencias Mínimas Ponderadas, cuyos parámetros característicos son las energías de las diferentes fuerzas que se oponen al movimiento del vehículo. El taxi realizó 660 viajes en todo el mes, lo que equivale a un promedio del 54% de la energía de tracción; el resto de la energía, el taxi circuló sin usuarios. El TDC corresponde al viaje 5, del día 11, con un consumo de energía de tracción de 0.57 kWh, donde el 49.48% está asociado a la resistencia por inercia.