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Curcumin (CUR) is a natural compound recognized for stimulating the expression of antioxidant genes. This characteristic has been used to promote animal health and production in aquaculture settings. We hypothesized that supplementing embryos of Crassostrea gigas oysters with CUR would improve their antioxidant capacity, development, and resilience to stress. Embryos were exposed to CUR ranging from 0.03 to 30 µM for 24 h. Their development was assessed, along with measurements of glutathione levels, glutathione S-transferase activity, antioxidant capacity, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolic activity, and resistance to organic hydroperoxide and the antifouling compound dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT). Low curcumin concentrations (up to 1 μM) activated the d-larvae antioxidant system, with a significant threefold increase in glutathione levels and a 50 % decrease in ROS production. This enhancement in antioxidant defense improved the ability of larvae to detoxify organic hydroperoxide. It also resulted in larger larval size and increased survival rates, whether under normal conditions or exposure to peroxide or DCOIT. CUR shows great promise in supporting larval development, but high concentrations were toxic (EC 50 = 2.90 μM), probably due to excessive antioxidant activation. Our results indicate that the antioxidant system may play a role in controlling bivalve early development. Understanding how antioxidants influence redox balance and gene expression during early life can enhance our knowledge of stress response mechanisms in marine organisms, offering insights into how they cope with pollutants and environmental challenges. Integrating CUR and antioxidant defense pathway approaches into aquaculture practices could boost productivity and sustainability in oyster aquaculture., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Heloisa Barbara Gabe reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Rafael Trevisan reports financial support was provided by European Institute for Marine Studies. Heloisa Barbara Gabe reports financial support was provided by Coordination of Higher Education Personnel Improvement. Karine Amabile Taruhn reports financial support was provided by National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. Rafael Trevisan reports financial support was provided by Horizon Europe. Fernando Ramos Queiroga reports financial support was provided by Horizon Europe. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The carambola fruit fly Bactrocera carambolae Drew and Hancock (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an invasive fruit fly reported in North Brazil that threatens Brazilian fruit culture. Assessing the potential risk of establishing this pest is necessary to reduce the threat of B. carambolae dispersion to other countries and Brazilian regions and to avoid damage to the fruit trade. In this study, the CLIMEX model was used to understand the response of B. carambolae to climate change and to determine its potential global distribution with and without irrigation practices. Based on ecophysiological parameters, the model simulates factors limiting species distribution concerning the climate. To assess the seasonal variation in the density of B. carambolae, monitoring data in Uiramutã municipality, Roraima, from 2013 to 2019 was used. According to the CLIMEX forecast, large parts of America, Africa, and Asia, mainly in areas closest to the equator, are highly suitable for the survival of B. carambolae. Brazil is a good part of its territory with high suitability for B. carambolae, especially the North, South, and Southeast regions and the entire coastal area. The periods of the highest climatic suitability in the five Brazilian regions were January-May and October-December. The potential distribution area expands under irrigation and is highly suitable for most areas without cold stress. The CLIMEX model for B. carambolae generated in the present study provides important information for the Brazilian eradication program and other surveillance activities established in pest-free areas., (© 2023. Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil.)

To protect crops as well as human and animal health, the development of novel repellents based on biopolymers is critical for a growing world population. Here, novel aphid-repellent electrospun mats containing epoxidized ionic liquids (ILs) covalently bonded to the carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were designed to produce nonwoven mats. First, di-, tri-, and tetra-epoxidized imidazolium ILs were synthesized and incorporated in different weight fractions (3, 5, and 10 wt %) into the PLA solution. Then, the effect of ILs' microstructure, thermal properties, mechanical performance, and hydrophobic behavior were investigated. It was found that the incorporation of ILs resulted in a reduction of the fiber diameters while the mechanical properties of the mats, i.e., the three-dimensional fibrous porous structure, were maintained. Finally, the effect of these three ILs against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was evaluated for the first time, showing an attractive effect for the diepoxidized IL and a repellent effect for the tri- and tetra-epoxidized ILs. By exploiting the chemical nature of ILs, an environmentally friendly strategy can be developed to limit the need for chemical pesticides and petroleum-based polymers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Bacterial cell wall formation is essential for cellular survival and morphogenesis. The peptidoglycan (PG), a heteropolymer that surrounds the bacterial membrane, is a key component of the cell wall, and its multistep biosynthetic process is an attractive antibacterial development target. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are responsible for cross-linking PG stem peptides, and their central role in bacterial cell wall synthesis has made them the target of successful antibiotics, including β-lactams, that have been used worldwide for decades. Following the discovery of penicillin, several other compounds with antibiotic activity have been discovered and, since then, have saved millions of lives. However, since pathogens inevitably become resistant to antibiotics, the search for new active compounds is continuous. The present review highlights the ongoing development of inhibitors acting mainly in the transpeptidase domain of PBPs with potential therapeutic applications for the development of new antibiotic agents. Both the critical aspects of the strategy, design, and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are discussed, covering the main published articles over the last 10 years. Some of the molecules described display activities against main bacterial pathogens and could open avenues toward the development of new, efficient antibacterial drugs., Competing Interests: Declaration Of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a central component of the bacterial cell wall, and the disruption of its biosynthetic pathway has been a successful antibacterial strategy for decades. PG biosynthesis is initiated in the cytoplasm through sequential reactions catalyzed by Mur enzymes that have been suggested to associate into a multimembered complex. This idea is supported by the observation that in many eubacteria, mur genes are present in a single operon within the well conserved dcw cluster, and in some cases, pairs of mur genes are fused to encode a single, chimeric polypeptide. We performed a vast genomic analysis using >140 bacterial genomes and mapped Mur chimeras in numerous phyla, with Proteobacteria carrying the highest number. MurE-MurF, the most prevalent chimera, exists in forms that are either directly associated or separated by a linker. The crystal structure of the MurE-MurF chimera from Bordetella pertussis reveals a head-to-tail, elongated architecture supported by an interconnecting hydrophobic patch that stabilizes the positions of the two proteins. Fluorescence polarization assays reveal that MurE-MurF interacts with other Mur ligases via its central domains with K D s in the high nanomolar range, backing the existence of a Mur complex in the cytoplasm. These data support the idea of stronger evolutionary constraints on gene order when encoded proteins are intended for association, establish a link between Mur ligase interaction, complex assembly and genome evolution, and shed light on regulatory mechanisms of protein expression and stability in pathways of critical importance for bacterial survival.

Tuberculosis remains a global health threat with high morbidity. Dendritic cells (DCs) participate in the acute and chronic inflammatory responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by directing the adaptive immune response and are present in lung granulomas. In macrophages, the interaction of lipid droplets (LDs) with mycobacteria-containing phagosomes is central to host-pathogen interactions. However, the data available for DCs are still a matter of debate. Here, we reported that bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were susceptible to Mtb infection and replication at similar rate to macrophages. Unlike macrophages, the analysis of gene expression showed that Mtb infection induced a delayed increase in lipid droplet-related genes and proinflammatory response. Hence, LD accumulation has been observed by high-content imaging in late periods. Infection of BMDCs with killed H37Rv demonstrated that LD accumulation depends on Mtb viability. Moreover, infection with the attenuated strains H37Ra and Mycobacterium bovis-BCG induced only an early transient increase in LDs, whereas virulent Mtb also induced delayed LD accumulation. In addition, infection with the BCG strain with the reintroduced virulence RD1 locus induced higher LD accumulation and bacterial replication when compared to parental BCG. Collectively, our data suggest that delayed LD accumulation in DCs is dependent on mycobacterial viability and virulence., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Carotenoids over-producing yeast has become a focus of interest of the biorefineries, in which the integration of the bioproduction with the following downstream processing units for the recovery and purification of carotenoids and other value-added byproducts is crucial to improve the sustainability and profitability of the overall bioprocess. Aiming the future implementation of Phaffia rhodozyma-based biorefineries, in this work, an integrative process for fractionation of intracellular compounds from P. rhodozyma biomass using non-hazardous bio-based solvents was developed. After one-extraction step, the total amount of astaxanthin, β-carotene, lipids and proteins recovered was 63.11 µg/g DCW , 42.81 µg/g DCW , 53.75 mg/g DCW and 10.93 mg/g, respectively. The implementation of sequential back-extraction processes and integration with saponification and precipitation operations allowed the efficient fractionation and recovery (% w/w) of astaxanthin (∼72.5 %), β-carotene ∼90.17 %), proteins (21.04 %) and lipids (23.72 %). After fractionation, the manufacture of carotenoids-based products was demonstrated, through the mixture of carotenoids-rich extracts with bacterial cellulose to obtain biologically active bioplastics., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms involved at different stages of neurodegenerative diseases is key for the advance of preventive and disease-modifying treatments. Gene expression alterations in the diseased brain is a potential source of information about biological processes affected by pathology. In this work, we performed a systematic comparison of gene expression alterations in the brains of human patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) and animal models of amyloidopathy and tauopathy. Using a systems biology approach to uncover biological processes associated with gene expression alterations, we could pinpoint processes more strongly associated with tauopathy/PSP and amyloidopathy/AD. We show that gene expression alterations related to immune-inflammatory responses preponderate in younger, whereas those associated to synaptic transmission are mainly observed in older AD patients. In PSP, however, changes associated with immune-inflammatory responses and synaptic transmission overlap. These two different patterns observed in AD and PSP brains are fairly recapitulated in animal models of amyloidopathy and tauopathy, respectively. Moreover, in AD, but not PSP or animal models, gene expression alterations related to RNA splicing are highly prevalent, whereas those associated with myelination are enriched both in AD and PSP, but not in animal models. Finally, we identify 12 AD and 4 PSP genetic risk factors in cell-type specific co-expression modules, thus contributing to unveil the possible role of these genes to pathogenesis. Altogether, this work contributes to unravel the potential biological processes affected by amyloid versus tau pathology and how they could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD and PSP., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Bacteria of the genus Psychrobacter are known for their psychrophilic characteristics, being extremophilic organisms capable of surviving and reproducing in hostile environments of low temperature and high pressure. Among many of the genus characteristics, there is the ability to produce enzymes and molecules of industrial biotechnology importance, such as pigments and proteins related to heavy metal bioremediation. The bacterium strain Psychrobacter nivimaris LAMA 639 was isolated from sediments from the Walvis Ridge ocean crest at a depth of 4.400 m (33.40 S 2.35 E). It is a nonmotile, halotolerant, cream-colored gram-negative aerobic bacterium. Its cultivation was performed in marine agar plates and inoculated into test tubes with NaCl at an optimal temperature of 30 °C and with shaking at 100 rpm. Genome extraction was performed with the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit (QIAGEN®). Sequencing was performed by Macrogen using the NovaSeq® 6000 platform (Illumina) applying the whole genome shotgun (WGS) method. Thereafter, 14.712.526 reads of 151 bp were generated, totaling 2.2 G bp with a GC content of 42.9%. Assembly and mapping were performed with a CLC Genomics Workbench. The best assembly considered was the one with the lowest number of contigs and the highest base length pair. The assemblies were evaluated using QUAST, and the best resulting variant was selected for annotation. Genome annotation was performed with RAST and PATRIC; the antiSMASH tool was used for secondary metabolites; NaPDoS was used for domains; and three-dimensional structural prediction of relevant proteins was performed using Phyre2. Annotation with ClassicRAST generated 2,891 coding sequences (CDSs) distributed in 402 subsystems. Annotation with PATRIC generated 2,896 coding sequences, among them 776 hypothetical proteins. The antiSMASH tool visualized a beta-lactone cluster in contig 06. In the search for natural products with NaPDoS, two ketosynthase domains were identified. The search for relevant proteins was performed using the AMFEP list as a criterion. From these data, 34 possible enzymes with biotechnological potential were found. Finally, the organism is presented as a new reference regarding the potential of deep-sea marine bacteria, demonstrating that, from the annotated and cured genome, it is possible to find in its genetic repertory products of interest for biotechnological applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships which have or could be perceived to have influenced the work reported in this article., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Studies involving the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into high value-added chemical products have been intensively conducted in recent years. Its matrix is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, being, therefore, an abundant and renewable source for obtaining several platform molecules, with levoglucosan (LG) standing out. This anhydrous carbohydrate can be acylated to obtain carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAEs). Here, these compounds were obtained via enzymatic acylation of LG, commercially obtained (Start BioScience®), with different acyl donors in continuous flow. Through the experimental design using a model reaction, it was possible to optimize the reaction conditions, temperature and residence time, obtaining a maximum conversion at 61 °C and 77 min. In addition, there was a productivity gain of up to 100 times in all comparisons made with the batch system. Finally, CFAEs were applied in tests of interfacial tension and biological activity. For a mixture of 4- and 2- O -lauryl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONLAU), the minimum interfacial tension (IFT min ) obtained was 96 mN m -1 and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 50 mM. Similar values were obtained for a mixture of 4- and 2- O -palmitoyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONPAL), not yet reported in the literature, of 88 mN m -1 in 50 mM. For a mixture of 4- and 2- O -estearyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONEST) and 4- and 2- O -oleoyl-1,6-anhydroglucopyranose (MONOLE), CMC was higher than 60 mM and IFT min of 141 mN m -1 and 102 mN m -1 , respectively. Promising data were obtained for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of MONLAU against Staphylococcus aureus strains at 0.25 mM., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) Berliner, 1911 is widely used in the biological control of black fly and mosquito populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Bti on the black fly communities in streams in the Atlantic Forest domain. The study was carried out in eight streams of Serra do Mar, in the municipality of Ubatuba, São Paulo. Some parts of the streams in this locality have received applications of Bti fortnightly for more than 25 years by the sanitary agency of the region. In each stream, two sections were sampled, with and without application of Bti (June 2015 and 2016). Black flies were collected and identified to the species level in the laboratory with 1382 larvae being identified, distributed in six species. Of this total, 73% of the individuals were found in sections where Bti was not applied. There was a difference in the abundance of simulids between the sections with and without Bti application, being more abundant in the latter. We measured the head capsule of individuals of the most abundant species, Simulium pertinax Kollar 1832, using a stereoscopic microscope with millimeter lens. These measurements demonstrated that there was a difference between the sections regarding the age structure of Simuliidae populations. In the sections without Bti application, there was a higher proportion of larvae in the last instar, while in the Bti-treated sections, smaller instars were predominant, possibly due to constant recolonization processes.

As a consequence of intense industrialization in the last few decades, the amount of agro-industrial wastes has increasing, where new forms of valorization are crucial. In this work, five residual biomasses from Maranhão (Brazil) were investigated as supports for immobilization of lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL). The new biocatalysts BM-TLL (babaçu mesocarp) and RH-TLL (rice husk) showed immobilization efficiencies >98% and hydrolytic activities of 5.331 U g -1 and 4.608 U g -1 , respectively, against 142 U g -1 by Lipozyme ® TL IM. High esterification activities were also found, with 141.4 U g -1 and 396.4 U g -1 from BM-TLL and RH-TLL, respectively, against 113.5 U g -1 by TL IM. Results of porosimetry, SEM, and BET demonstrated BM and RH supports are mesoporous materials with large hydrophobic area, allowing a mixture of hydrophobic adsorption and confinement, resulting in hyperactivation of TLL. These biocatalysts were applied in the production of hexyl laurate, where RH-TLL was able to generate 94% conversion in 4 h. Desorption with Triton X-100 and NaCl confirmed that new biocatalysts were more efficient with 5 times less protein than commercial TL IM. All results demonstrated that residual biomass was able to produce robust and stable biocatalysts containing immobilized TLL with better results than commercial preparations.

This work deals with two new molecule-based materials, namely Ni II -complexes of general formulae [Ni(L1) 2 ] (Ni1) and [Ni(L2) 2 ] (Ni2), where L1 = trans-cinnamaldehyde-N(4)-methyl thiosemicarbazone and L2 = trans-cinnamaldehyde-N(4)-ethyl thiosemicarbazone, as potential antitumor agents. Both compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity and spectroscopic techniques (FTIR and NMR). Their molecular structures were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Each one crystallizes in a monoclinic space group P 2 1 /c, also the asymmetric unit comprises of one Ni II ion located on an inversion centre and one anionic ligand, which acts as a κ 2 N,S-donor affording a five-membered metallaring. The compounds were screened against two selected tumour cell lines (MCF-7 and A549) and non-tumour fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5) via MTT assays. In both tumour cells, all compounds exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the control drug (cisplatin). The IC 50 values ranges of 3.70 - 41.37 μM and 1.06 - 14.91 μM were found for MCF-7 and A549, respectively. Importantly, all of them were less toxicity than cisplatin in MRC-5 with SI values ranged at 11.80 - 86.60. The red blood cell (RBC) assay revealed Ni2 as non-toxic due to its reduced haemolytic effect (0--9% at 1--10 μM). The DNA binding was investigated through a combination of spectrophotometric absorption and emission titrations, electrophoresis, and circular dichroism experiments. As a result, these metal complexes were not able to strongly binding to DNA (K b values ~10 4  mol L - -1 ) but suggesting groove-binding interactions. The scavenging ability of them towards 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical was also evaluated in this work, but no important antioxidant behaviour was detected. Further, the interaction of Ni1 and Ni2 to human serum albumin (HSA) was explored by quenching of tryptophan emission, warfarin competitive assay, and molecular docking protocols. The HSA binding analyses indicated good affinity of both complexes to Sudlow site I (K b values ⁓10 3  mol L -1 )., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The recent advances of novel methodologies such as non-targeted and suspect screening based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have paved the way to a new paradigm for exposure assessment. These methodologies allow to profile simultaneously thousands of small unknown molecules present in environmental and biological samples, and therefore hold great promises in order to identify more efficiently hazardous contaminants potentially associated with increased risks of developing adverse health outcomes. In order to further explore the potential of these methodologies and push the transition from research applications towards regulatory purposes, robust harmonized quality standards have to be implemented. Here, we discuss the feasibility of using ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 as a guideline to implement non-targeted and suspect screening methodologies in laboratories, whether it is for accreditation purposes or not. More specifically, we identified and then discussed how specificities of non-targeted HRMS methodology can be accounted for in order to comply with the specific items of ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. We also discussed other specificities of HRMS methodologies (e.g., need for digital storage capacity) that are so far not included in the ISO/IEC 17025 requirements but should be considered. This works aims to fuel and expand the discussion in order to subsidize new opportunities of harmonization for non-targeted and suspect screening.

The COVID-19 pandemic is the defying crisis of our time. Since mass vaccination has not yet been established, countries still have been facing many issues due to the viral spread. Even in cities with high seroprevalence, intense resurgent waves of COVID-19 have been registered, possibly due to viral variants with greater transmission rates. Accordingly, we develop a new Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework that is able to determine social distancing guidelines and altogether provide estimates for the future epidemiological characteristic of the contagion. For such, the viral dynamics are represented through a Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) version of the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Deceased (SIRD) model. The solution of the LPV MPC problem is based on a Sequential Quadratic Program (SQP). This SQP provides convergent estimates of the future LPV scheduling parameters. We use real data to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method to mitigate this contagion while vaccination is ongoing., (© 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd.)

Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) is a biomolecule with intense and natural fluorescence, with biological and medical applications. Although widely used as a biomarker in research, its application as a biosensor is limited by the lack of in-depth knowledge regarding its structure and behavior in adverse conditions. This study is focused on addressing this need by evaluating EGFP activity and structure at different pH using three-dimensional fluorescence, circular dichroism and small-angle X-ray scattering. The focus was on the reversibility of the process to gain insights for the development of biocompatible pH-biosensors. EGFP was highly stable at alkaline pH and quenched from neutral-to-acidic pH. Above pH 6.0, the fluorescence loss was almost completely reversible on return to neutral pH, but only partially reversible from pH 5.0 to 2.0. This work updates the knowledge regarding EGFP behavior in pH by accounting for the recent data on its structure. Hence, it is evident that EGFP presents the required properties for use as natural, biocompatible and environmentally friendly neutral to acidic pH-biosensors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest There are no conflicts of interest in this work., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aminodextran (AMD) coated magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles are synthesized via electrostatic adsorption of aminodextran onto magnetic nanoparticles and their potential theranostic application is evaluated. The uncoated and aminodextran-coated nanoparticles are characterized to determine their hydrodynamic size, morphology, chemical composition, zeta potential and magnetization. The aminodextran containing cobalt ferrite nanoparticles of nanometer size are positively charged in the pH range from 3 to 9 and exhibit saturation magnetization of 50 emu/g. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicates capability for diagnostics and a reduction in intensity with an increase in nanoparticle amount. The hyperthermia capability of the prepared particles shows their potential to generate suitable local heat for therapeutic purposes. There is a rise of 7 °C and 9 °C at 327 kHz and 981 kHz respectively and specific absorption rates (SAR) of aminodextran-coated nanoparticles are calculated to be 259 W/g and 518 W/g at the given frequencies larger than uncoated nanoparticles (0.02 W/g). The development of novel aminodextran coated magnetic cobalt ferrite nanoparticles has significant potential to enable and improve personalized therapy regimens, targeted cancer therapies and ultimately to overcome the prevalence of nonessential and overdosing of healthy tissues and organs.

Erythrinian alkaloids ((+)-erythravine and (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine) have been pointed as the main responsible agents for the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties of Erythrina mulungu Mart ex Benth. The present work provides a new set of information about the mode of action of these alkaloids by the use of a complementary approach of neurochemical and electrophysiological assays. We propose here that the antiepileptic and anxiolytic properties exhibited by both alkaloids appear not to be related to the inhibition of glutamate binding or GABA uptake, or even to the increase of glutamate uptake or GABA binding, as investigated here by the use of rat cortical synaptosomes. Similarly, and even in a high concentration, (+)-erythravine and (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine did not modulate the main sodium and potassium channel isoforms checked by the use of voltage-clamp studies on Xenopus laevis oocytes. However, unlike (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine, which presented a little effect, it was possible to observe that the (+)-erythravine alkaloid produced a significant inhibitory modulation on α 4 β 2, α 4 β 4 and α 7 isoforms of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors also checked by the use of voltage-clamp studies, which could explain at least partially its anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties. Since (+)-11-α-hydroxy-erythravine and (+)-erythravine modulated nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to different extents, it is possible to reinforce that small differences between the chemical structure of these alkaloids can affect the selectivity and affinity of target-ligand interactions, conferring distinct potency and/or pharmacological properties to them, as previously suggested by differential experimental comparison between different erythrinian alkaloids., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The endo-β-1,4-mannanase from the hyperthermostable bacterium Thermotoga petrophila (TpMan) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of mannan and heteromannan polysaccharides. Of the three domains that comprise TpMan, the N-terminal GH5 catalytic domain and the C-terminal carbohydrate-binding domain are connected through a central ancillary domain of unknown structure and function. In this study, we report the partial crystal structure of the TpMan at 1.45 Å resolution, so far, the first modular hyperthermostable endo-β-1,4-mannanase structure determined. The structure exhibits two domains, a (β/α) 8 -barrel GH5 catalytic domain connected via a linker to the central domain with an immunoglobulin-like β-sandwich fold formed of seven β-strands. Functional analysis showed that whereas the immunoglobulin-like domain does not have the carbohydrate-binding function, it stacks on the GH5 catalytic domain acting as a thermostabilizing domain and allowing operation at hyperthermophilic conditions. The carbohydrate-binding domain is absent in the crystal structure most likely due to its high flexibility around the immunoglobulin-like domain which may act also as a pivot. These results represent new structural and functional information useful on biotechnological applications for biofuel and food industries., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Enterococci are gram-positive, widespread nosocomial pathogens that in recent years have developed resistance to various commonly employed antibiotics. Since finding new infection-control agents based on secondary metabolites from organisms has proved successful for decades, natural products are potentially useful sources of compounds with activity against enterococci. Herein are reported the results of a natural product library screening based on a whole-cell assay against a gram-positive model organism, which led to the isolation of a series of anacardic acids identified by analysis of their spectroscopic data and by chemical derivatizations. Merulinic acid C was identified as the most active anacardic acid derivative obtained against antibiotic-resistant enterococci. Fluorescence microscopy analyses showed that merulinic acid C targets the bacterial membrane without affecting the peptidoglycan and causes rapid cellular ATP leakage from cells. Merulinic acid C was shown to be synergistic with gentamicin against Enterococcus faecium, indicating that this compound could inspire the development of new antibiotic combinations effective against drug-resistant pathogens., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A facile hydrothermal method to synthesize water-soluble copper indium sulfide (CIS) nanocrystals (NCs) at 150 °C is presented. The obtained samples exhibited three distinct photoluminescence peaks in the red, green and blue spectral regions, corresponding to three size fractions, which could be separated by means of size-selective precipitation. While the red and green emitting fractions consist of 4.5 and 2.5 nm CIS NCs, the blue fraction was identified as in situ formed carbon nanodots showing excitation wavelength dependent emission. When used as light absorbers in quantum dot sensitized solar cells, the individual green and red fractions yielded power conversion efficiencies of 2.9% and 2.6%, respectively. With the unfractionated samples, the efficiency values approaching 5% were obtained. This improvement was mainly due to a significantly enhanced photocurrent arising from complementary panchromatic absorption., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Green propolis presents a potential source of bioactive compounds, responsible for its antioxidant capacity. The effects of ethanol concentration, solid-solvent ratio, and extraction time were evaluated in regard to the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity of the extracts by the use of central composite rotatable designs. Optimum extraction conditions lead to significant reduction of extraction time compared to conventional extraction methods. Under optimum conditions, extracts were composed of 1614.80 mg GAE. g -1 and 807 mg artepillin C. g -1 . Extracts were effective in retarding the oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions subjected to accelerated tests. Green propolis extracts (up to 200 mg.kg -1 ) did not increase Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell damage after 4 h of exposure, indicating its antioxidant effect and potential innocuity. Results demonstrated the antioxidant properties of the propolis extract was similar or better than the ones from synthetic antioxidants and warrant further investigation to determine its potential industrial application., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2019 The Authors.)

Peptidoglycan is one of the major components of the bacterial cell wall, being responsible for shape and stability. Due to its essential nature, its biosynthetic pathway is the target for major antibiotics, and proteins involved in its biosynthesis continue to be targeted for inhibitor studies. The biosynthesis of its major building block, Lipid II, is initiated in the bacterial cytoplasm with the sequential reactions catalyzed by Mur enzymes, which have been suggested to form a multiprotein complex to facilitate shuttling of the building blocks toward the inner membrane. In this work, we purified MurC, MurD, MurE, MurF, and MurG from the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae and characterized their interactions using chemical cross-linking, mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and microscale thermophoresis. Mur ligases interact strongly as binary complexes, with interaction regions mapping mostly to loop regions. Interestingly, MurC, MurD, and MurE display 10-fold higher affinity for each other than for MurF and MurG, suggesting that Mur ligases that catalyze the initial reactions in the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway could form a subcomplex that could be important to facilitate Lipid II biosynthesis. The interface between Mur proteins could represent a yet unexplored target for new inhibitor studies that could lead to the development of novel antimicrobials.

Materials and surfaces developed for dental implants need to withstand degradation processes that take place in the oral cavity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the topographical, mechanical, chemical, electrochemical and biological properties of Ti-xZr alloys (x = 5, 10, and 15 wt%) with two surface features (machined and double acid etched). Commercially pure titanium (cpTi) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were used as controls. Surface characterization was performed using dispersive energy spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, profilometry and surface energy. The mechanical properties were assessed using Vickers microhardness, elastic modulus and stiffness. The electrochemical behavior analysis was conducted in a body fluid solution (pH 7.4). In addition, MC3T3-E1 cells were used to determine the impact of material and surface treatment on cell morphology by SEM analysis. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Ti-Zr alloys showed lower surface roughness, elastic modulus and stiffness, as well as higher hardness and surface energy when compared to cpTi. Ti-Zr system increased the polarization resistance values and significantly decreased the capacitance, corrosion current density (i corr ), and passivation current density (i pass ) values. The acid treatment increased the resistance and corrosion potential of the oxide layer. SEM data analysis demonstrated that Ti-Zr alloys displayed normal cell attachment/spreading and slightly changed cell morphology in the double etched surface. In conclusion, Zr addition and surface treatment altered surface, mechanical, biological and electrochemical properties of Ti material., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Telocytes are recently categorised CD34-positive interstitial cells that comprise the cells which were previously called interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs). These were detected in the stroma of various organs such as the prostate, lungs, mammary glands, liver, gallbladder, and jejunum, among others. Several functions have been proposed for telocytes, such as a supportive role in smooth muscle contraction and immune function in adult organs, and tissue organisation and paracrine signalling during development, as well as others. In the jejunum, little is known about the function of telocytes in the adult organ, or is there any information about when these cells develop or if they could have an auxiliary role in the development of the jejunum. The present study employed histological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques on histological sections of the jejunum of Mongolian gerbil pups on two different days of postnatal development of the jejunum, covering the maturation period of the organ. By immunolabelling for CD34, it was observed that telocytes are already present in the jejunum during the first week of postnatal life and exist in close association with the developing muscularis mucosae, which are therefore TGFβ1-positive. The telocytes are still present at the end of the first month of life, and a portion of them present co-localisation with c-Kit. Fibroblast-like cells, which are exclusively c-Kit-positive, are also observed, which may indicate the presence of interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs). Finally, it can be hypothesised that a portion of the telocytes may give rise to ICCs, which are c-Kit-positive but CD34 negative., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism and its dysregulation have been related to cardiometabolic disorders (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension, as well as to chronic kidney diseases (CKD). The implication of the gut microbiota on systemic disorders has been associated with changes in its composition (dysbiosis) as a result of the oxidative unbalance in the body. This alteration may be the result of the adoption of unhealthy lifestyle behavior, including lack of physical activity and fat- or sugar-rich diets, which are largely associated with increased incidence of CMD and CKD. In last years, a number of clinical trials and experimental studies have demonstrated that probiotics can modulate the host metabolism, resulting in amelioration of systemic disease phenotypes by the improvement of dyslipidemia, glycemic profile and blood pressure or CKD parameters. The beneficial effects of probiotics consumption have been associated with their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and gut-modulating properties. Despite of some mechanistic evidence, these effects are not totally elucidated. The present review summarizes and clarifies the effects of probiotics administration on CMD and CKD using combined evidence from clinical and experimental studies. Considering that the microbiota dysregulation has been associated with inflammation and oxidative stress and consequently with CMD and CKD, supplementation with probiotics is discussed as a strategy for management of CMD and CKD., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to prevent female osteoporosis using strength training (ST), raloxifene (Ral) or a combination of ST plus Ral during the natural female aging process, specifically in the periestropause period. For a total of 120 days, aging female Wistar rats at 18-21 months of age performed ST on a ladder three times per week, and Ral was administered daily by gavage (1 mg/kg/day). Bone microarchitecture, areal bone mineral density, bone strength of the femoral neck, immunohistochemistry, osteoclast and osteoblast surface were assessed. We found that the treatments modulate the bone remodeling cycle in different ways. Both ST and Ral treatment resulted in improved bone microarchitecture in the femoral neck of rats in late periestropause. However, only ST improved cortical microarchitecture and bone strength in the femoral neck. Thus, we suggest that performing ST during the late period of periestropause is a valid intervention to prevent age-associated osteoporosis in females.

Sheep milk has a high nutritional value and high concentrations of proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins, as compared to the milks of other domestic species. The physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of sheep milk can be advantageous for the manufacture of products containing prebiotic ingredients and/or probiotic bacteria, which are major categories in the functional food market. Following this technological trend, this review will address the characteristics and advantages of sheep milk as a potentially functional food, as well as the development of sheep milk dairy products containing prebiotics and/or probiotics., (© 2017 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from soy hulls by acid sulfuric hydrolysis. The resulting CNCs were characterized using TEM, AFM, WAXS, elemental analysis and TGA. The CNCs have a high crystallinity, specific surface area and aspect ratio. The aspect ratio (around 100) is the largest ever reported in the literature for a plant cellulose source. These CNCs were used as a reinforcing phase to prepare nanocomposite films by casting/evaporation using natural rubber as matrix. The mechanical properties were studied in both the linear and non-linear ranges. The reinforcing effect was higher than the one observed for CNCs extracted from other sources. It may be assigned not only to the high aspect ratio of these CNCs but also to the stiffness of the percolating nanoparticle network formed within the polymer matrix. Moreover, the sedimentation of CNCs during the evaporation step was found to play a crucial role on the mechanical properties., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Obturation of the root canal system aims to fill empty spaces, promoting hermetic sealing and preventing bacterial activity in periapical tissues. This should provide optimal conditions for repair, stimulating the process of biomineralization. An endodontic sealer should be biocompatible once it is in direct contact with periapical tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rat subcutaneous tissue response to implanted polyethylene tubes filled with Smartpaste Bio, Acroseal, and Sealapex and investigate mineralization ability of these endodontic sealers. Forty Wistar rats were assigned to the three sealers groups and control group, (n = 10 animals/group) and received subcutaneous implants containing the test sealers, and the control group were implanted with empty tubes. After days 7, 15, 30, and 60, animals were euthanized and polyethylene tubes were removed with the surrounding tissues. Inflammatory infiltrate and thickness of the fibrous capsule were histologically evaluated. Mineralization was analyzed by Von Kossa staining and polarized light. Data were tabulated and analyzed via Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's test. All tested materials induced a moderate inflammatory reaction in the initial periods. Smartpaste Bio induced the mildest inflammatory reactions after day 15. No difference was observed among groups after days 30 or 60. Von Kossa-positive staining and birefringent structures observed under polarized light revealed a larger mineralization area in Sealapex-treated animals followed by Smartpaste Bio-treated animals. At the end of the experiment, all tested sealers were found to be biocompatible. All sealers induced biomineralization, except Acroseal, which induced a mild tissue reaction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of disease severity and medication state on postural control asymmetry during challenging tasks in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Nineteen people with PD and 11 neurologically healthy individuals performed three standing task conditions: bipedal standing, tandem and unipedal adapted standing; the individuals with PD performed the tasks in ON and OFF medication state. The participants with PD were distributed into 2 groups according to disease severity: unilateral group (n=8) and bilateral group (n=11). The two PD groups performed the evaluations both under and without the medication. Two force plates were used to analyze the posture. The symmetric index was calculated for various of center of pressure. ANOVA one-way (groups) and two-way (PD groups×medication), with repeated measures for medication, were calculated. For main effects of group, the bilateral group was more asymmetric than CG. For main effects of medication, only unipedal adapted standing presented effects of PD medication. There was PD groups×medication interaction. Under the effects of medication, the unilateral group presented lower asymmetry of RMS in anterior-posterior direction and area than the bilateral group in unipedal adapted standing. In addition, the unilateral group presented lower asymmetry of mean velocity, RMS in anterior-posterior direction and area in unipedal standing and area in tandem adapted standing after a medication dose. Postural control asymmetry during challenging postural tasks was dependent on disease severity and medication state in people with PD. The bilateral group presented higher postural control asymmetry than the control and unilateral groups in challenging postural tasks. Finally, the medication dose was able to reduce postural control asymmetry in the unilateral group during challenging postural tasks., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recovery time after quadriceps muscle fatigue on gait in young adults. Forty young adults (20-40 years old) performed three 8-m gait trials at preferred velocity before and after muscle fatigue, and after 5, 10 and 20min of passive rest. In addition, at each time point, two maximal isometric voluntary contractions were preformed. Muscle fatigue was induced by repeated sit-to-stand transfers until task failure. Spatio-temporal, kinetic and muscle activity parameters, measured in the central stride of each trial, were analyzed. Data were compared between before and after the muscle fatigue protocol and after the recovery periods by one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The voluntary force was decreased after the fatigue protocol (p<0.001) and after 5, 10 and 20min of recovery compared to before the fatigue protocol. Step width (p<0.001) and RMS of biceps femoris (p<0.05) were increased immediately after the fatigue protocol and remained increased after the recovery periods. In addition, stride duration was decreased immediately after the fatigue protocol compared to before and to after 10 and 20min of rest (p<0.001). The anterior-posterior propulsive impulse was also decreased after the fatigue protocol (p<0.001) and remained low after 5, 10 and 20min of rest. We conclude that 20min is not enough to see full recovery of gait after exhaustive quadriceps muscle fatigue., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Solanum paniculatum L. (Solanaceae) is a plant species widespread throughout tropical America, especially in the Brazilian Savanna region. It is used in Brazil for culinary purposes and in folk medicine to treat liver and gastric dysfunctions, as well as hangovers. Fractionation of the ethanolic extracts (70%) from aerial parts (leaves and twigs) of S. paniculatum led to the isolation of the two new saponins (22R, 23S, 25R)-3β, 6α, 23-trihydroxy-5α-spirostane 6-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1"" → 3"')-O-[β-D-quinovopyranosyl(1″' → 2')]-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1" → 3')]-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside (1) and diosgenin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1" → 6')-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) together with four know compounds: caffeic acid (3), diosgenin β-D-glucopyranoside (4), rutin (5), and quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1"' → 6 ″)-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (6). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR experiments along with HRESIMS analyses. Different doses (31.25-500 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of leaves from S. paniculatum were evaluated against gastric ulcer induced by ethanol in rats. The lower dose of extract able to promote antiulcer effect was 125 mg/kg. The treatment with S. paniculatum by oral route was able to decrease gastric lesion area and also reduced levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the gastric mucosa. Our results reveal for the first time, steroidal saponins from S. paniculatum and the antiulcer effect of this species at this lower dose., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The unilateral predominance of Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms suggests that balance control could be asymmetrical during static tasks. Although studies have shown that balance control asymmetries exist in patients with PD, these analyses were performed using only simple bipedal standing tasks. Challenging postural tasks, such as unipedal or tandem standing, could exacerbate balance control asymmetries. To address this, we studied the impact of challenging standing tasks on postural control asymmetry in patients with PD. Twenty patients with PD and twenty neurologically healthy individuals (control group) participated in this study. Participants performed three 30s trials for each postural task: bipedal, tandem adapted and unipedal standing. The center of pressure parameter was calculated for both limbs in each of these conditions, and the asymmetry between limbs was assessed using the symmetric index. A significant effect of condition was observed, with unipedal standing and tandem standing showing greater asymmetry than bipedal standing for the mediolateral root mean square (RMS) and area of sway parameters, respectively. In addition, a group*condition interaction indicated that, only for patients with PD, the unipedal condition showed greater asymmetry in the mediolateral RMS and area of sway than the bipedal condition and the tandem condition showed greater asymmetry in the area of sway than the bipedal condition. Patients with PD exhibited greater asymmetry while performing tasks requiring postural control when compared to neurologically healthy individuals, especially for challenging tasks such as tandem and unipedal standing.

This work describes the synthesis of a new glycosylated conjugate copolymer, GlcNAc-PEO75-PPO30-PEO75-GlcNAc (GlcNAc-PluronicF68-GlcNAc), using click chemistry from Pluronic(®) F68 and propargyl-2-N-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside. Micelles were prepared by the self-assembly of GlcNAc-PluronicF68-GlcNAc in phosphate-buffered solution. The critical micelle concentration was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy, and the value was found to be equal to 5.8mgmL(-1). The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of micellization is negative, indicating that the organization of amphiphiles is governed by the hydrophobic effects in an entropy-driven process. The scattering characterization of GlcNAc-PluronicF68-GlcNAc micelles showed a hydrodynamic radius of 8.7nm and negative zeta potential (-21.0±0.9mV). The TEM image evidences the spherical shape of the objects self-assemble into highly regular micelles having a mean diameter of 10nm. The SAXS profile confirmed the spherical shape of the assemblies comprising a swollen PPO core (Rcore=2.25nm) stabilized by PEO chains following Gaussian statistics. The results of the comet assay showed that the GlcNAc-PluronicF68-GlcNAc micelles were not genotoxic, and the cell viability test was higher than 97% for all concentrations, demonstrating that GlcNAc-PluronicF68-GlcNAc is not toxic., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: To evaluate the influence of storage time on the elastic modulus, micromorphology, nanoleakage, and micromechanical behavior of the dentin-adhesive interfaces of five adhesive systems (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, Clearfil SE Bond, One Up Bond F, Adper Easy One, and Filtek LS Adhesive) after 24h (T0) and 12 months (T1)., Methods: Fifty teeth were restored and distributed according to each adhesive system (n=10). At least four specimens were obtained from each tooth. One specimen was evaluated under SEM to obtain the micromorphology of dentin-adhesive interface (DAI). Two specimens were used to assess nanoleakage, one tested in T0 and the other in T1. The last specimen was used for nanoindentation, in T0 and T1, to obtain the initial and final mechanical properties of DAI structures. Two non-restored teeth were evaluated under SEM to obtain the dentin morphology. Laboratorial data were used to build 15 finite element models to assess the maximum principal stress in each time of analysis., Results: Storage resulted in hydrolysis of the dentin-adhesive interfaces for all groups. Silver impregnation increased for all groups after 1 year storage (p<.05), except for Clearfil SE Bond. In general, a decrease in elastic modulus values was observed for all groups from T0 to T1 (p<.05), mainly at the hybrid layer. The FEAs showed higher stress levels at T1 than T0 simulations for all adhesives., Conclusion: At T1, degradation occurred at the dentin-adhesive interface formed by all adhesives, and the intensity of degradation differed depending on the type of adhesive system used. The interface formed by the self-etching primer containing the 10-MDP functional monomer showed the highest stability among the adhesive systems after 12 months of storage., (Copyright © 2014 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The use of the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) finasteride and dutasteride for prostate cancer prevention is still under debate. The FDA recently concluded that the increased prevalence of high-grade tumors among 5-ARI-treated patients must not be neglected, and they decided to disallow the use of 5-ARIs for prostate cancer prevention. This study was conducted to verify the effects of finasteride on prostate cell migration and invasion and the related enzymes/proteins in normal human and tumoral prostatic cell lines., Materials and Methods: RWPE-1, LNCaP, PC3 and DU145 cells were cultivated to 60% confluence and exposed for different periods to either 10 µM or 50 µM finasteride that was diluted in culture medium. The conditioned media were collected and concentrated, and MMP2 and MMP9 activities and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein expression were determined. Cell viability, migration and invasion were analyzed, and the remaining cell extracts were submitted to androgen receptor (AR) detection by western blotting techniques. Experiments were carried out in triplicate., Results: Cell viability was not significantly affected by finasteride exposure. Finasteride significantly downregulated MMP2 and MMP9 activities in RWPE-1 and PC3 cells and MMP2 in DU145 cells. TIMP-2 expression in RWPE-1 cells was upregulated after exposure. The cell invasion of all four tested cell lines was inhibited by exposure to 50 µM of finasteride, and migration inhibition only occurred for RWPE-1 and LNCaP cells. AR was expressed by LNCaP, RWPE-1 and PC3 cells., Conclusions: Although the debate on the higher incidence of high-grade prostate cancer among 5-ARI-treated patients remains, our findings indicate that finasteride may attenuate tumor aggressiveness and invasion, which could vary depending on the androgen responsiveness of a patient's prostate cells.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in the living environment are thought to have detrimental health effects on the population, with pregnant women and the developing foetus being at highest risk. We report on the levels of selected POPs in maternal blood of 155 delivering women residing in seven regions within the São Paulo State, Brazil. The following selected POPs were measured in the maternal whole blood: 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners (IUPAC Nos. 99, 101, 118, 138, 153, 156, 163, 170, 180, 183, 187, 194); dichlordiphenyltrichloroethane p,p'-DDT, diphenyldichloroethylene p,p'-DDE and other pesticides such as hexachlorocyclohexanes (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane derivatives cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxy-chlordane, cis-nonachlor and trans-nonachlor. Statistical comparisons between regions were performed only on compounds having concentrations above LOD in 70% of the samples. PCB118 congener was found to be highest in the industrial site (mean 4.97 ng/g lipids); PCB138 congener concentration was highest in the Urban 3 site (mean 4.27 ng/g lipids) and congener PCB153 was highest in the industrial and Urban 3 sites with mean concentration of 7.2 ng/g lipids and 5.89ng/g lipids respectively. Large differences in levels of p,p'-DDE between regions were observed with the Urban 3 and industrial sites having the highest concentrations of 645 ng/g lipids and 417 ng/g lipids, respectively; β-HCH was found to be highest in the Rural 1 site; the γ-HCH in Rural 1 and industrial; the HCB in the Rural 1 and industrial sites and oxy-chlordane and t-NC in the Rural 2 sites. An association between levels of some contaminants and maternal age and parity was also found., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Matrix degradation by cancer cells is an important attribute of malignant behaviour. We have postulated that during invasion and metastasis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by cancer cells is modulated by microenvironmental factors. To determine this, we screened human cancer cell lines of diverse histogenesis for their secreted MMP profile following exposure to a diversity of soluble and insoluble agents. Enzymatic changes were observed in the presence of phorbol ester (TPA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). More specifically, we observed: (a) increased secretion and/or activation of gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) after exposure of 8 cell lines to 10(-6) M TPA; (b) increased activation of interstitial collagenase (MMP-1) caseinolysis after stimulation of 3 cancer cell lines with 10(-7) M TPA; and (c) increased activation of MMP-2 after exposure of 2 cell lines to 0.5 mM H3O2. In functional assays, exposure of lung Calu-6 carcinoma cells to 0.5 mM H2O2 and PC-3 cells to TPA, increased their ability to degrade radiolabelled endothelial cell-derived and osteoblast-like-derived basement membranes, respectively. RNA hybridization studies confirmed and further documented these observations. We conclude that modulation of MMP activity in human cancer cells is a common phenomenon regardless of lineage. Modulatory mechanisms such as increased de novo pro-enzyme synthesis and/or release, and enhanced proenzyme activation may be involved. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that extracellular matrix degradation by human cancer cells during invasion and metastasis may be stimulated by soluble matrix-derived factors in a cell type-specific fashion.

Bronchial biopsies of 21 patients with lung cancer were analyzed by Western blot for stress protein HSP70 and p53 proteins. Squamous carcinoma was the most common type found. The p53 protein was detectable in 14 cases. The HSP70 was detectable in 17 and overexpressed in 9 patients. Eleven patients showed positivity for both protein expressions, however no statistical significance was found (Kappa's test, p>0.05). Specific associations were not observed for HSP70 overexpression and p53 detection that could be related to clinical finds or tabagism. Our results indicate that the stress protein HSP70 is detectable and may be involved in the tumor development.

The nodular form of lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease presents particular clinical and biological features that have set it apart as a distinct clinicopathological entity. It has an indolent course with long-term survival despite frequent localized relapses, and a remarkable tendency to progress into a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biological evidence strongly point to a B-cell proliferation from the start. We report the unique case of a patient with nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease in stage I who had all disease removed for diagnosis and did not receive fu;ther treatment. He relapsed in the same lymph node area twelve years later, and the biopsy was now consistent with a large B-cell lymphoma. The histopathological and immunophenotypic profiles clearly show the identity of the two lymph node proliferations. This phenomenon exemplifies the growing inter-relashionship between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.